@phdthesis{Mueller2020,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Kerstin},
  title     = {Einzelmolek{\"u}l- und Ensemble-Fluoreszenzstudien an funktionalisierten, halbleitenden Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20994},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209942},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Ziel dieser Dissertation war es zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis hinsichtlich folgender Themen beizutragen und M{\"o}glichkeiten aufzuzeigen, mit welchen die Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r Anwendungen von einzelnen, funktionalisierten Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren, wie u.a. Einzelphotonenquellen, erf{\"u}llt werden k{\"o}nnen. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die Funktionalisierung von einzelnen Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren ist zun{\"a}chst eine Probenpr{\"a}paration, welche SWNT-Suspensionen mit einem hohen Anteil an vereinzelten SWNTs hoher PL-Intensit{\"a}t bereitstellen kann. Um solche SWNT-Suspensionen herstellen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden drei verschiedene Rohmaterialien und Dispergiermittel auf deren Entb{\"u}ndelungseffizienz- und relativer Photolumineszenzquantenausbeute untersucht. Anhand von photolumineszenzspektroskopischen Untersuchungen und Messungen der Extinktion stellte sich heraus, dass in Kombination des unaufbereiteten CVD-Kohlenstoffnanorohrrußes mit dem Copolymer PFO:BPy als Dispergiermittel und einem speziell in dieser Dissertation entwickelten Herstellungsverfahren f{\"u}r die Mikroskopieproben, stabile (6,5)-SWNT-Suspensionen mit einem großen Anteil an einzelnen SWNTs hoher PL-Intensit{\"a}t, hergestellt werden k{\"o}nnen. Letztere Suspension diente als Ausgangsmaterial f{\"u}r die, in dieser Dissertation neuartige, entwickelte Methodik zur Differenzierung zwischen einzelnen SWNTs und Aggregaten mittels PL- und Ramanmessungen an einem PL-Mikroskopie-Aufbau, welche eine weitere Voraussetzung f{\"u}r Einzelpartikelstudien darstellt. Hierbei wurden im Rahmen einer statistischen Messreihe PL- und Ramanspektren von 150 SWNT-Objekten aufgenommen und hieraus resultierend die Parameter FWHM, Energie des S1-Emissions-Zustands und relative Photolumineszenzquantenausbeute ermittelt. Schließlich konnten die zwischen einer einzelnen SWNT und einem Aggregat charakteristischen Differenzen anhand der Korrelationen zwischen den drei Parametern dargestellt werden. Zudem erfolgte eine statistische Analyse zur Bestimmung der statistischen Signifikanz dieser Korrelationen. Hierbei wurde anhand der nicht-parametrischen Spearman-Korrelationskoeffizienten und der p-Werte gezeigt, dass in Kombination dieser drei Messparameter mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit zwischen einer einzelnen SWNT und einem Aggregat differenziert werden kann. Demnach konnte eine neuartige, im Vergleich zur Literatur, praktikable Methodik zur Differenzierung zwischen einzelnen SWNTs und Aggregaten, etabliert werden, welche die Voraussetzung f{\"u}r Einzelrohrstudien ist. Der Fokus dieser Dissertation ist die Entschl{\"u}sselung der Reaktionsmechanismen der Arylierung und reduktiven Alkylierung von (6,5)-SWNTs im Ensemble und auf Einzelrohrbasis. Durch diese kovalenten Funktionalisierungsverfahren entstehen neue fluoreszierende Defekt-Zust{\"a}nde, deren zeitabh{\"a}ngiges Intensit{\"a}tsverhalten in der vorliegenden Arbeit n{\"a}her untersucht wurde. Hinsichtlich der Arylierung von SWNTs mit Diazoniumsalzen postulieren Studien einen zweistufigen Reaktionsmechanismus, welcher durch eine kombinatorische, spektroskopische Gesamtbetrachtung im Rahmen dieser Dissertation best{\"a}tigt werden konnte. Auch konnte erstmalig in der Literatur gezeigt werden, dass die Reaktion in hohem Maße reproduzierbar ist. Reproduzierbarkeitsstudien wurden auch im Falle der reduktiven Alkylierung unternommen, wobei erstmalig festgestellt wurde, dass diese Reaktion lediglich im hohen Maße reproduzierbar ist, sofern die Reduktionsl{\"o}sung mindestens 17 Stunden vor Reaktionsstart angesetzt wird. Basierend auf diesem Resultat, wurden reproduzierbare Messreihen zur Untersuchung der Reaktionsbedingungen und des Reaktionsmechanismus unternommen, da diesbez{\"u}glich unzureichend Kenntnis in der Literatur vorhanden ist. Zur Kl{\"a}rung des Reaktionsmechanismus, von welchem lediglich Annahmen existieren, wurde zum einen der Einfluss der Laseranregung auf die Reaktion untersucht. Da lediglich f{\"u}r den Falle des Ansetzens der Reduktionsl{\"o}sung unmittelbar vor Messbeginn, wobei die reaktiven SO2- -Radikale erzeugt werden, ein Einfluss der Laseranregung festgestellt werden konnte, nicht jedoch im weiteren Reaktionsverlauf, ist von keiner radikalischen Reaktion im Funktionalisierungsschritt auszugehen. Dies konnte durch den Einsatz von Konstitutionsisomeren des Iodbutans best{\"a}tigt werden, wobei das Iodbutanisomer, welches im Fall einer radikalischen Reaktion die h{\"o}chste Reaktivit{\"a}t zeigen sollte, zu keiner Funktionalisierung der SWNTs f{\"u}hrte. Im Gegensatz hierzu, konnte durch das 1-Iodbutan, mit dem prim{\"a}ren C-Atom, eine hohe PL-Intensit{\"a}t der defekt-induzierten Zust{\"a}nde E11- und T- verzeichnet werden, was die weitere Annahme einer SN2-Reaktion st{\"u}tzt. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation konnte zudem erstmalig entdeckt werden, dass unter deren alkalischen, reduktiven Bedingungen, eine Funktionalisierung mit Acetonitril erfolgen kann, was durch die Durchstimmung der PL-Intensit{\"a}t des Defektzustands bei Variation des Volumenanteils von Acetonitril best{\"a}tigt werden konnte. Hierbei gilt es jedoch weiter zu analysieren, auf welche Art die Koordination bzw. Funktionalisierung von Acetonitril an den SWNTs erfolgt, was u.a. durch Ramanmessungen untersucht werden k{\"o}nnte. Auch konnten neuartige Kenntnisse bez{\"u}glich der Reaktionskinetik basierend auf den Studien dieser Dissertation erhalten werden, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass das Reaktionsprofil mit dem einer komplexen Folgereaktion angen{\"a}hert werden kann. Zudem konnten neuartige Kenntnisse aus der Thermodynamik, wie die Ermittlung der Aktivierungsenergie der Adsorption von DOC-Molek{\"u}len auf der SWNT-Oberfl{\"a}che, durch die Zugabe des Tensids DOC zum Reaktionsansatz und dem hieraus resultierenden Reaktionsabbruch, erhalten werden. Schließlich fand eine {\"U}bertragung der Ergebnisse aus den Ensemblestudien der reduktiven Alkylierung auf Einzelpartikeluntersuchungen statt, wobei letztere erstmalig im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden. Aus der statistischen Analyse, welche von Martina Wederhake durchgef{\"u}hrt wurde, resultierte durch Erh{\"o}hung des Stoffmengenverh{\"a}ltnisses von 1-Iodbutan zu Kohlenstoff eine inhomogene Steigerung des Funktionalisierungsgrades. Ausblickend gilt es nun zu pr{\"u}fen, ob die zeitlichen Reaktionsverl{\"a}ufe der photolumineszierenden Zust{\"a}nde, welche aus den Ensemble-Studien erhalten wurden, auf Einzelrohrbasis reproduziert werden k{\"o}nnen. Es l{\"a}sst sich demnach festhalten, dass mithilfe der Studien dieser Dissertation ein Probenherstellungsverfahren, welches stabile SWNT-Suspensionen mit einem großen Anteil an einzelnen Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren, hoher PL-Intensit{\"a}t erm{\"o}glicht, etabliert werden konnte. Zudem wurde eine neuartige, praktikable und statistisch signifikante Methodik zur Differenzierung zwischen einzelnen Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren und Aggregaten entwickelt. Schließlich konnten neue, essentielle Informationen bez{\"u}glich des Reaktionsmechanismus und den Reaktionsbedingungen der Arylierung und reduktiven Alkylierung von halbleitenden (6,5)-SWNTs erhalten werden. Wie in der Einleitung bereits erw{\"a}hnt, sind sowohl der Erhalt einer stabilen SWNT-Suspension mit einem großen Anteil an einzelnen Nanor{\"o}hren hoher PL-Intensit{\"a}t, die M{\"o}glichkeit der Identifizierung einzelner SWNTs, als auch ein ausgiebiges Verst{\"a}ndnis der Reaktionsmechanismen der Funktionalisierungsreaktionen, essentielle Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r die Verwirklichung von Einzelphotonenquellen auf Basis einzelner, funktionalisierter Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren. Diese k{\"o}nnen aufgrund derer geeigneter Emissionseigenschaften als vielversprechende Kandidaten f{\"u}r das Ausgangsmaterial von Einzelphotonenquellen in der Quanteninformationstechnologie angesehen werden.},
  subject      = {Einwandige Kohlenstoff-Nanor{\"o}hre},
  language  = {de}
}
@unpublished{WohlgemuthMitric2020,
  author    = {Wohlgemuth, Matthias and Mitric, Roland},
  title     = {Excitation energy transport in DNA modelled by multi-chromophoric field-induced surface hopping},
  series = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  journal   = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  edition   = {submitted version},
  doi       = {10.1039/D0CP02255A},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209467},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Absorption of ultraviolet light is known as a major source of carcinogenic mutations of DNA. The underlying processes of excitation energy dissipation are yet not fully understood. In this work we provide a new and generally applicable route for studying the excitation energy transport in multi-chromophoric complexes at an atomistic level. The surface-hopping approach in the frame of the extended Frenkel exciton model combined with QM/MM techniques allowed us to simulate the photodynamics of the alternating (dAdT)10 : (dAdT)10 double-stranded DNA. In accordance with recent experiments, we find that the excited state decay is multiexponential, involving a long and a short component which are due to two distinct mechanisms: formation of long-lived delocalized excitonic and charge transfer states vs. ultrafast decaying localized states resembling those of the bare nucleobases. Our simulations explain all stages of the ultrafast photodynamics including initial photoexcitation, dynamical evolution out of the Franck-Condon region, excimer formation and nonradiative relaxation to the ground state.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{HumeniukBužančićHocheetal.2020,
  author    = {Humeniuk, Alexander and Bužančić, Margarita and Hoche, Joscha and Cerezo, Javier and Mitric, Roland and Santoro, Fabrizio and Bonačić-Koutecky, Vlasta},
  title     = {Predicting fluorescence quantum yields for molecules in solution: A critical assessment of the harmonic approximation and the choice of the lineshape function},
  series = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
  journal   = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-199305},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {For the rational design of new fluorophores, reliable predictions of fluorescence quantum yields from first principles would be of great help. However, efficient computational approaches for predicting transition rates usually assume that the vibrational structure is harmonic. While the harmonic approximation has been used successfully to predict vibrationally resolved spectra and radiative rates, its reliability for non-radiative rates is much more questionable. Since non-adiabatic transitions convert large amounts of electronic energy into vibrational energy, the highly excited final vibrational states deviate greatly from harmonic oscillator eigenfunctions. We employ a time-dependent formalism to compute radiative and non-radiative rates for transitions and study the dependence on model parameters. For several coumarin dyes we compare different adiabatic and vertical harmonic models (AS, ASF, AH, VG, VGF, VH), in order to dissect the importance of displacements, frequency changes and Duschinsky rotations. In addition we analyze the effect of different broadening functions (Gaussian, Lorentzian or Voigt). Moreover, to assess the qualitative influence of anharmonicity on the internal conversion rate, we develop a simplified anharmonic model. We adress the reliability of these models considering the potential errors introduced by the harmonic approximation and the phenomenological width of the broadening function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{TitovHumeniukMitric2020,
  author    = {Titov, Evgenii and Humeniuk, Alexander and Mitric, Roland},
  title     = {Comparison of moving and fixed basis sets for nonadiabatic quantum dynamics at conical intersections},
  series = {Chemical Physics},
  journal   = {Chemical Physics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-199225},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We assess the performance of two different types of basis sets for nonadiabatic quantum dynamics at conical intersections. The basis sets of both types are generated using Ehrenfest trajectories of nuclear coherent states. These trajectories can either serve as a moving (time-dependent) basis or be employed to sample a fixed (time-independent) basis. We demonstrate on the example of two-state two-dimensional and three-state five-dimensional models that both basis set types can yield highly accurate results for population transfer at intersections, as compared with reference quantum dynamics. The details of wave packet evolutions are discussed for the case of the two-dimensional model. The fixed basis is found to be superior to the moving one in reproducing nonlocal spreading and maintaining correct shape of the wave packet upon time evolution. Moreover, for the models considered, the fixed basis set outperforms the moving one in terms of computational efficiency.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Le2020,
  author    = {Le, Thien Anh},
  title     = {Theoretical investigations of proton transfer and interactions or reactions of covalent and non-covalent inhibitors in different proteins},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17051},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170511},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Nowadays, computational-aided investigations become an essential part in the chemical, biochemical or pharmaceutical research. With increasing computing power, the calculation of larger biological systems becomes feasible. In this work molecular mechanical (MM) and quantum mechanical approaches (QM) and the combination of both (QM/MM) have been applied to study several questions which arose from different working groups. Thus, this work comprises eight different subjects which deals with chemical reactions or proton transfer in enzymes, conformational changes of ligands or proteins and verification of experimental data. This work firstly deals with reaction mechanisms of aromatic inhibitors of cysteine proteases which can be found in many organisms. These enzymes are responsible for various cancer or diseases as for example Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or the Chagas disease. Aromatic SNAr-type electrophiles might offer a new possibility to covalently modify these proteases. Quantum mechanical calculations have been performed to gain insights into the energetics and possible mechanisms. The next chapter also deals with Trypanosomiasis but the focus was set on a different enzyme. The particularity of Trypanosomiasis is the thiol metabolism which can also be modified by covalent inhibitors. In this context, the wild type and point mutations of the enzyme tryparedoxin have been investigated via molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to examine the influence of specific amino acids in regard to the inhibitor. Experimental data showed that a dimerization of the enzyme occurs if the inhibitor is present. Simulations revealed that the stability of the dimer decreases in absence of the inhibitor and thus confirms these experiments. Further investigations concerning cysteine proteases such as cruzain and rhodesain have been conducted with respect to experimental kinetic data of covalent vinylsulfone inhibitors. Several approaches such as QM or QM/MM calculations and docking, MD or MMPBSA/MMGBSA simulations have been applied to reproduce these data. The utilization of force field approaches resulted in a qualitatively accurate prediction. The kinase AKT is involved in a range of diseases and plays an important role in the formation of cancer. Novel covalent-allosteric inhibitors have been developed and crystallized in complex with AKT. It was shown that depending on the inhibitor a different cysteine residue is modified. To investigate these differences in covalent modification computational simulations have been applied. Enoyl-(acyl carrier) (ENR) proteins are essential in the last step of the fatty acid biosynthesis II (FAS) and represent a good target for inhibition. The diphenylether inhibitor SKTS1 which was originally designed to target the ENR's of Staphylococcus aureus was also crystallized in InhA, the ENR of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). Crystal structures indicate a change of the inhibitor's tautomeric form. This subject was investigated via MD simulations. Results of these simulations confirmed the tautomerization of the inhibitor. This work also deals with the development of a covalent inhibitor originating from a non-covalent ligand. The target FadA5 is an essential enzyme for the degradation of steroids in TB and is responsible for chronic tuberculosis. This enzyme was crystallized in complex with a non-covalent ligand which served as starting point for this study. Computations on QM or QM/MM level and docking and MD simulations have been applied to evaluate potential candidates. The next chapter focuses on the modification of the product spectrum of Bacillus megaterium levansucrase, a polymerase which catalyzes the biosynthesis of fructans. The covalent modification of the wild type or mutants of the enzyme lead to an accumulation of oligosaccharides but also to polymers with higher polymerization degree. To understand these changes in product spectra MD simulations have been performed. Finally, the proton transfer in catalytic cysteine histidine dyads was investigated. The focus was set on the influence of the relaxation of the protein environment to the reaction. Calculations of the enzymes FadA5 and rhodesain revealed that the preferred protonation state of the dyade depends on the protein environment and has an impact on the reaction barrier. Furthermore, the adaptation of the environment to a fixed protonation state was analyzed via MD simulations.},
  subject      = {Computational chemistry},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MezaChinchaLindnerSchindleretal.2020,
  author    = {Meza-Chincha, Ana-Lucia and Lindner, Joachim O. and Schindler, Dorothee and Schmidt, David and Krause, Ana-Maria and R{\"o}hr, Merle I. S. and Mitrić, Roland and W{\"u}rthner, Frank},
  title     = {Impact of substituents on molecular properties and catalytic activities of trinuclear Ru macrocycles in water oxidation},
  issn      = {2041-6539},
  doi       = {10.1039/d0sc01097a},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204653},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Herein we report a broad series of new trinuclear supramolecular Ru(bda) macrocycles bearing different substituents at the axial or equatorial ligands which enabled investigation of substituent effects on the catalytic activities in chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation. Our detailed investigations revealed that the activities of these functionalized macrocycles in water oxidation are significantly affected by the position at which the substituents were introduced. Interestingly, this effect could not be explained based on the redox properties of the catalysts since these are not markedly influenced by the functionalization of the ligands. Instead, detailed investigations by X-ray crystal structure analysis and theoretical simulations showed that conformational changes imparted by the substituents are responsible for the variation of catalytic activities of the Ru macrocycles. For the first time, macrocyclic structure of this class of water oxidation catalysts is unequivocally confirmed and experimental indication for a hydrogen-bonded water network present in the cavity of the macrocycles is provided by crystal structure analysis. We ascribe the high catalytic efficiency of our Ru(bda) macrocycles to cooperative proton abstractions facilitated by such a network of preorganized water molecules in their cavity, which is reminiscent of catalytic activities of enzymes at active sites.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Welz2020,
  author    = {Welz, Eileen},
  title     = {Theoretical Investigations on Inorganic, Boron-containing Biradicals with a unique Structure},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20259},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202598},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this work, biradical boron containing systems with various structures are investigated to reveal the dependency of the biradical character on the ligated carbene (NHC, CAAC) and the related steric demands of the substituents.},
  subject      = {Biradical},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MukhopadhyaySchleierWirsingetal.2020,
  author    = {Mukhopadhyay, Deb Pratim and Schleier, Domenik and Wirsing, Sara and Ramler, Jaqueline and Kaiser, Dustin and Reusch, Engelbert and Hemberger, Patrick and Preitschopf, Tobias and Krummenacher, Ivo and Engels, Bernd and Fischer, Ingo and Lichtenberg, Crispin},
  title     = {Methylbismuth: an organometallic bismuthinidene biradical},
  series = {Chemical Science},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Chemical Science},
  number    = {29},
  doi       = {10.1039/D0SC02410D},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251657},
  pages     = {7562-7568},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We report the generation, spectroscopic characterization, and computational analysis of the first free (non-stabilized) organometallic bismuthinidene, BiMe. The title compound was generated in situ from BiMe\(_3\) by controlled homolytic Bi-C bond cleavage in the gas phase. Its electronic structure was characterized by a combination of photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectroscopy and DFT as well as multi-reference computations. A triplet ground state was identified and an ionization energy (IE) of 7.88 eV was experimentally determined. Methyl abstraction from BiMe\(_3\) to give [BiMe(_2\)]• is a key step in the generation of BiMe. We reaveal a bond dissociation energy of 210 ± 7 kJ mol\(^{-1}\), which is substantially higher than the previously accepted value. Nevertheless, the homolytic cleavage of Me-BiMe\(_2\) bonds could be achieved at moderate temperatures (60-120 °C) in the condensed phase, suggesting that [BiMe\(_2\)]• and BiMe are accessible as reactive intermediates under these conditions.},
  subject      = {Photoelektronenspektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SaalfrankFantuzziKupferetal.2020,
  author    = {Saalfrank, Christian and Fantuzzi, Felipe and Kupfer, Thomas and Ritschel, Benedikt and Hammond, Kai and Krummenacher, Ivo and Bertermann, R{\"u}diger and Wirthensohn, Raphael and Finze, Maik and Schmid, Paul and Engel, Volker and Engels, Bernd and Braunschweig, Holger},
  title     = {cAAC-Stabilized 9,10-diboraanthracenes—Acenes with Open-Shell Singlet Biradical Ground States},
  series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  number    = {43},
  doi       = {10.1002/anie.202008206},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217795},
  pages     = {19338 -- 19343},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps and high charge-carrier mobilities make larger acenes potentially high-efficient materials for organic electronic applications. The performance of such molecules was shown to significantly increase with increasing number of fused benzene rings. Bulk quantities, however, can only be obtained reliably for acenes up to heptacene. Theoretically, (oligo)acenes and (poly)acenes are predicted to have open-shell singlet biradical and polyradical ground states, respectively, for which experimental evidence is still scarce. We have now been able to dramatically lower the HOMO-LUMO gap of acenes without the necessity of unfavorable elongation of their conjugated π system, by incorporating two boron atoms into the anthracene skeleton. Stabilizing the boron centers with cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes gives neutral 9,10-diboraanthracenes, which are shown to feature disjointed, open-shell singlet biradical ground states.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleinJoheWagneretal.2020,
  author    = {Klein, Philipp and Johe, Patrick and Wagner, Annika and Jung, Sascha and K{\"u}hlborn, Jonas and Barthels, Fabian and Tenzer, Stefan and Distler, Ute and Waigel, Waldemar and Engels, Bernd and Hellmich, Ute A. and Opatz, Till and Schirmeister, Tanja},
  title     = {New cysteine protease inhibitors: electrophilic (het)arenes and unexpected prodrug identification for the Trypanosoma protease rhodesain},
  series = {Molecules},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Molecules},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1420-3049},
  doi       = {10.3390/molecules25061451},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203380},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Electrophilic (het)arenes can undergo reactions with nucleophiles yielding π- or Meisenheimer (σ-) complexes or the products of the S\(_N\)Ar addition/elimination reactions. Such building blocks have only rarely been employed for the design of enzyme inhibitors. Herein, we demonstrate the combination of a peptidic recognition sequence with such electrophilic (het)arenes to generate highly active inhibitors of disease-relevant proteases. We further elucidate an unexpected mode of action for the trypanosomal protease rhodesain using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, enzyme kinetics and various types of simulations. After hydrolysis of an ester function in the recognition sequence of a weakly active prodrug inhibitor, the liberated carboxylic acid represents a highly potent inhibitor of rhodesain (K\(_i\) = 4.0 nM). The simulations indicate that, after the cleavage of the ester, the carboxylic acid leaves the active site and re-binds to the enzyme in an orientation that allows the formation of a very stable π-complex between the catalytic dyad (Cys-25/His-162) of rhodesain and the electrophilic aromatic moiety. The reversible inhibition mode results because the S\(_N\)Ar reaction, which is found in an alkaline solvent containing a low molecular weight thiol, is hindered within the enzyme due to the presence of the positively charged imidazolium ring of His-162. Comparisons between measured and calculated NMR shifts support this interpretation},
  language  = {en}
}