@phdthesis{Lippert2021,
  author    = {Lippert, Malte},
  title     = {Die Rolle von CD84 in der Immunzellrekrutierung der Atherosklerose},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-22924},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229249},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {CD84 ist ein Transmembran-Glykoprotein vom Typ 1, welches ein Mitglied der Familie der SLAM 5 ist. Es ist ein homophiles Adh{\"a}sionsmolek{\"u}l, das von unterschiedlichen Immunzellpopulationen exprimiert wird, einschließlich Monozyten, Makrophagen, Granulozyten, T-Zellen, dendritischen Zellen und Mastzellen, die im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung der Atherosklerose stehen. Um die funktionelle Bedeutung von CD84 in der Pathogenese der Atherosklerose bestimmen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden CD84-/- M{\"a}use mit ApoE-/- M{\"a}usen gekreuzt, um Tiere zu erhalten, die CD84-defizient und anf{\"a}llig f{\"u}r Atherosklerose waren. Die Bedeutung dieses Molek{\"u}ls f{\"u}r die Atherogenese sowie f{\"u}r die Adh{\"a}sion, Transmigration, Immunzellrekrutierung allgemein und Integrinexpression und -aktivierung wurde im Mausmodell in vivo und in vitro untersucht. Nach acht und 16 Wochen pro-atherogener, fettreicher Western-Type Di{\"a}t waren die Auspr{\"a}gung der atherosklerotischen L{\"a}sionen in der Aortenwurzel, sowie deren Gehalt an Makrophagen in den ApoE-/-.CD84-/- Tieren im Vergleich zu den ApoE-/- Kontrolltieren signifikant vermindert. Weiter zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass die Viabilit{\"a}t von Makrophagen, denen CD84 fehlte, in vitro nicht ver{\"a}ndert war. Der Einfluss von CD84 auf die akute Immunzellrekrutierung wurde mittels verschiedener in vivo und in vitro Experimente untersucht. Eine verminderte Rekrutierung von CD84-/- proinflammatorischer Ly6Chigh Monozyten konnte in vivo im Rahmen des Hintergliedmaßen-Isch{\"a}miemodells festgestellt werden, nicht hingegen im Air pouch-Modell. Es konnte weiterhin weder eine Ver{\"a}nderung der Adh{\"a}sion und chemotaktischen Transmigration von Monozyten in vitro noch der Immunzellrekrutierung in atherosklerotische L{\"a}sionen in Ldlr-/- M{\"a}usen in vivo bei Abwesenheit von CD84 festgestellt werden. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass CD84 zwar keine Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Integri-nexpression auf Monozyten hat, jedoch f{\"u}r die ad{\"a}quate Aktivierung von LFA-1 auf T-Zellen. Diese Arbeit tr{\"a}gt summa summarum zum verbesserten Verst{\"a}ndnis des Prozesses der Atherogenese sowie der funktionellen Bedeutung von CD84 innerhalb dieses Prozesses sowie im Rahmen der Immunzellrekrutierung und Integrinaktivierung bei. Diese Erkenntnisse k{\"o}nnten in Zukunft dabei helfen, durch die Entwicklung neuer phar-makologischer Therapieans{\"a}tze, spezifischer in von CD84 mitregulierte inflammatorische Prozesse, wie die Atherosklerose, einzugreifen. Dies k{\"o}nnte im Zusammenspiel mit Forschungsarbeiten gelingen, die weitere pr{\"a}zise Erkenntnisse zu spezifischen funktionellen Eigenschaften von CD84 hinsichtlich der Im-munzellrekrutierung und Integrinaktivierung liefern.},
  subject      = {Arteriosklerose},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{MuellerScholden2021,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller-Scholden, Lara},
  title     = {Einfluss spezifischer kardiovaskul{\"a}rer Risikofaktoren und ihrer Kombination auf die Karotis-Intima-Media-Dicke und Erstellung von Normwerten - Ergebnisse der STAAB Kohortenstudie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-22029},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220292},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Primary prevention in cardiovascular diseases is becoming more and more important as they are still the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Many cardiovascular events may even occur in clinically asymptomatic patients. The atherosclerosis as underlying pathogenesis is increasingly well understood and risk factors with a harmful influence are identified. However, by measuring the carotid-intima-media-thickness (CIMT) via B-mode ultrasound there is a widely accepted, safe, noninvasive, sensitive and reproducible technique to assess subclinical vascular diseases. The CIMT is established as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis and its increase is associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. The basic prerequisite for further risk stratification, according to the level of arteriosclerosis represented by the CIMT, is to define gender-, age- and region-specific reference values. The latest version of the international guidelines for cardiovascular risk prediction do no longer recommend the use of CIMT for cardiovascular risk prediction in the general population. This may be attributed to the fact, that the experts refer to studies in which only the measurement of a single segment was considered. Thus the aim of the present study was to assess a potential segment-specific impact of particular cardiovascular risk factors on the CIMT. Furthermore the goal was to evaluate the relevance of the existing models for risk prediction and to discuss the current recommendations for the use of CIMT. Additionally, reference values were developed from data of a representative group of the general population of W{\"u}rzburg and the reproducibility of the data collection was examined. Subjects derived from the population-based STAAB (Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression) cohort study, that included people of the general population of W{\"u}rzburg aged 30 to 79 years [12]. CIMT was measured on the far wall of both sides in three different predefined locations: common carotid artery (CCA), bulb, and internal carotid artery (ICA). Diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity were considered as risk factors. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, odds ratios of risk factors per location were estimated for the endpoint of individual age- and sex-adjusted 75th percentile of CIMT. These thresholds were derived from the standard values of the general population. An apparently healthy subpopulation was formed to generate these reference values, which consists only of people that did not exhibit any of the above mentioned risk factors or manifest cardiovascular diseases. 2492 subjects were included in the analysis. Segment-specific CIMT was highest in the bulb, followed by CCA, and lowest in the ICA. The reproducibility between the investigators was overall weaker than in comparable studies, therefore a potential improvement of the training protocol for inexperienced persons was assumed. Moreover, the results of the reproducibility analysis illustrate the need for a standardized, internationally recognized protocol for the training of CIMT investigators and an exact measurement protocol. The reference values of the apparently healthy population were consistent with values from other authors collected in a comparable way and formed the basis for further investigations. CIMT increases with age and independently with the number of risk factors. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking were associated with higher CIMT, but diabetes and obesity were not (OR (95\% CI) between 1.28 (0.98 - 1.65), ACC, and 1.86 (1.53 - 2.27), bulb). We observed no segment-specific association between the three different locations and risk factors, except for a possible interaction between smoking and ICA. As no segment-specific association between cardiovascular risk factors and CIMT became evident, one simple measurement of one location may suffice to assess the cardiovascular risk of an individual. In addition, the identified risk factors are reflected in the current models for risk prediction and prevention, so that the added value of the use of CIMT in the general population loses importance.},
  subject      = {Arteriosklerose},
  language  = {de}
}