@phdthesis{Waibel2008,
  author    = {Waibel, Benjamin},
  title     = {NMR-Methoden zur Identifizierung von Makromolek{\"u}l-Ligand-Interaktionen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26589},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Komplexstrukturen k{\"o}nnen {\"u}ber NMR-Experimente aufgekl{\"a}rt werden, die intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen {\"u}ber den Raum detektieren k{\"o}nnen. Meist kommen dabei NOE- bzw. ROE-Experimente und Weiterentwicklungen dieser Sequenzen zum Einsatz. Auch mit einfachen Versuchen, wie der Bestimmung der Ver{\"a}nderung der chemischen Verschiebungen bei Komplexierung, lassen sich wertvolle Strukturinformationen gewinnen. Durch die Bindung eines Liganden an ein Makromolek{\"u}l {\"a}ndern sich viele NMR-spezifische Parameter des Liganden. Dazu geh{\"o}ren NMR-Relaxationszeiten und Diffusionskoeffizienten mit deren Hilfe sich Dissoziationskonstanten der Komplexe ermitteln lassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit den M{\"o}glichkeiten der Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Ligand-Makromolek{\"u}l-Interaktionen mittels NMR-Spektroskopie. Drei unterschiedliche Fragestellungen wurden bearbeitet. Einfluss von Harnstoff auf beta-Cyclodextrin-Einschlusskomplexe mit Dipeptiden: Bei kapillarelektrophoretischen Enantiomerentrennungen von Dipeptiden mittels beta-Cyclodextrin kommen h{\"a}ufig sehr hohe Konzentrationen an Harnstoff zum Einsatz, um die Wasserl{\"o}slichkeit des beta-CD zu verbessern. Dabei wird die eventuelle Beteiligung des Harnstoffs am Komplex oftmals außer Acht gelassen. Durch den Einsatz unterschiedlichster NMR- und Simulations-Techniken konnte die Beteiligung des Harnstoffs an dem Komplex untersucht und aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Relaxationsstudien von Fluorchinolonen mit Micrococcus luteus: Ziel dieser Versuchsreihe war es, anhand von longitudinalen und transversalen Relaxationsmessungen Einblick in das Bindungsverhalten von Fluorchinolonen (Gyrasehemmer) an Bakterienzellen zu erhalten. Mittels der Bestimmung von selektiven 1H-T1-Zeiten in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit des Antibiotikum/Bakterien-Verh{\"a}ltnisses konnten Dissoziationskonstanten der untersuchten Pharmaka an die Bakterienzelle ermittelt werden. Desweiteren wurden 19F-Spin-Spin-Relaxationsexperimente durchgef{\"u}hrt. Proteinbindungsstudien von Gyrasehemmern an BSA: Durch die Bindung von Fluorchinolonen an bovines Serumalbumin {\"a}ndern sich die scheinbare Molek{\"u}lmasse und der hydrodynamische Radius des Arzneistoffs stark. Durch selektive T1-Relaxationsmessungen konnten f{\"u}r drei Gyrasehemmer mit unterschiedlichen Proteinbindungseigenschaften die jeweiligen Dissoziationskonstanten an das Albumin ermittelt werden. Eine weitere M{\"o}glichkeit Dissoziationskonstanten zu bestimmen war es, Diffusionskoeffizienten bei unterschiedlichen Konzentrationsverh{\"a}ltnissen zu bestimnmen. {\"U}ber die Ermittlung sogenannter „Affinit{\"a}tsindices" war es m{\"o}glich, die St{\"a}rke der Proteinbindung zu charakterisieren. Um den Effekt unterschiedlicher Korrelationszeiten verschiedener Kerne auszumitteln, wurde eine Normalisierung dieser Indices durchgef{\"u}hrt. Auch die Werte dieser Affinit{\"a}tsindices gaben die St{\"a}rke der Proteinbindung der unterschiedlichen Antibiotika sehr gut wider.},
  subject      = {Kernspinrelaxation},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Urlaub2021,
  author    = {Urlaub, Jonas},
  title     = {Development of analytical methods for the quality assessment of mineral oil based excipients and mechanochemically stressed active pharmaceutical ingredients},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24346},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-243465},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {For the quality assurance of substances for pharmaceutical use, a variety of analytical techniques are available to address specific analytical problems. In this field of application, liquid chromatography (LC) stands out as the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry. Various detectors can be employed, which are e.g. based on UV/Vis spectroscopy for the examination of molecules with a chromophore, or mass spectrometry (MS) for structural elucidation of analytes. For the separation of enantiomers, the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) may be more favorable due to the high separation efficiency and easy-to-use and comparatively inexpensive chiral selectors, in contrast to chiral columns for LC, which are usually very expensive and limited to a restricted number of analytes. For structure elucidation in impurity profiling, one- and multidimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy is a valuable tool as long as the analyte molecule has got nuclei that can be detected, which applies for the magnitude of organic pharmaceutical substances. For the evaluation of the amount of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in various paraffin samples from different suppliers, a straightforward method based on 1H NMR spectroscopy was elaborated. The MOAH/MOSH ratio was used to indicate the amount of MOAH of paraffins and to evaluate the extent of refining. In addition, a representative paraffin sample was measured without sample solvent at high temperatures (about 340 K) to avoid the interfering residual solvent signals in the spectral regions of interest. The results of both methods were in good accordance. Moreover, the 1H NMR results were complemented with the UV measurements from the purity testing of paraffins according to the DAB 8. Correlations of the NMR and UV spectroscopic data indicated a linear relationship of both methods for the determination of MOAH in paraffins. Finally, the 1H NMR data was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) to explore differences within the paraffin samples and the spectral regions in the 1H NMR spectrum which are responsible for the formation of groups. It could be found that most variation is due to the MOSH of the paraffins. The PCA model was capable of differentiating between soft, liquid and solid paraffins on the one hand and between natural and synthetic liquid paraffins on the other hand. The impurity profiling of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (A2PMg) was performed by means of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Several ethylated impurities could be detected, which were likely to be formed during synthesis of A2PMg. The structures of two of the ethylated impurities were identified as ascorbic acid 2-phosphate ethyl ester and ethanol, (residual solvent from synthesis). NMR spectroscopic studies of the fractions obtained from preparative HPLC of A2PMg revealed two additional impurities, which were identified as phosphorylated derivatives of ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid 3,5-phosphate and ascorbic acid 5-phosphate. Solid state mechanochemistry as an alternative approach for stress testing was applied on the drug substances S-Ibuprofen (Ibu) and Clopidogrel (CLP) using a ball mill, in order to study their degradation profile: First, the isomerization of S-Ibu was investigated, which was stressed in the solid state applying several milling frequencies and durations under basic, acidic and neutral conditions. For the separation of Ibu enantiomers, a chiral CE method was developed and validated according to ICH Q2(R1). It was found that S-Ibu is overall very stable to isomerization; it shows minor conversion into the R-enantiomer under basic environment applying long milling times and high frequencies. Last, the degradation profile of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CLP) was investigated, which was stressed in the solid state under various oxidative conditions. An already existing HPLC-UV method was adjusted to sufficiently separate the degradation products, which were characterized by means of UV and MS/(MS) detection. Most of the degradation products identified were already reported to result from conventional CLP stress tests. The degradation profile of CLP was mainly influenced by the material of the milling jar and the type of catalyst used.},
  subject      = {HPLC},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Triyasmono2024,
  author    = {Triyasmono, Liling},
  title     = {Development and Application of Quantitative \(^1\)H NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Quality Determination of Red Fruit (\(Pandanus\) \(conoideus\), Lam.) Oil},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30272},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302726},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, a new approach of a qNMR method has been investigated to demonstrate the reliability and importance of this method as an alternative solution for analyzing oil quality parameters, especially in RFO, which has particular characteristics (red color). This study also includes the chemometric evaluation of spectral data for authentication, visual grouping, and prediction of RFO quality based on the degree of unsaturation, FFA value, and unsaturated fatty acid content. The analytical measurement procedure of NMR spectroscopy begins with optimization of the analytical acquisition parameters, including effect of solvent, effect of sample concentration, selection of appropriate internal standards, determination of T1, and method validation. Furthermore, the results of the method development were interpreted to RFO samples evaluation, which began with determining the assignment of signal spectra for the determination of AV, SV, EV, and IV simultaneously with: the hydrolysis approach and standard addition of palmitic acid.},
  subject      = {NMR-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stetter2007,
  author    = {Stetter, Christian E.},
  title     = {In vivo Untersuchung des kardialen Stoffwechsels bei Morbus Fabry mittels 31Phosphor-MR-Spektroskopie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27344},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Der Morbus Fabry ist eine lysosomale Speicherkrankheit, die auf einem Mangel des Enzyms a-Galaktosidase A beruht. Die Krankheit wird X-chromosomal rezessiv vererbt und entsteht durch Mutation des a-Galaktosidase-Gens auf dem langen Arm des Chromosoms Xq22. Durch die erniedrigte bzw. fehlende Enzymaktivit{\"a}t kommt es zu einer {\"u}berm{\"a}ßigen Ablagerung von Glykosphingolipiden in s{\"a}mtlichen Geweben des menschlichen K{\"o}rpers, besonders betroffen sind Herz, Nieren, Gef{\"a}ße und ZNS. Die Krankheit ist durch einen progredienten Verlauf und einer eingeschr{\"a}nkten Lebenserwartung gekennzeichnet. Insbesondere die kardialen Auswirkungen wie Herzrhythmusst{\"o}rungen, Klappenvitien und linksventrikul{\"a}re Hypertrophie f{\"u}hren zur Herzinsuffizienz und fast immer zu einem meist fr{\"u}hzeitigen Tod durch Herzversagen. Seit einiger Zeit steht in der Enzymersatztherapie mit rekombinanter a-Galaktosidase A (Agalsidase) eine kausale Behandlung zur Verf{\"u}gung. Unter der Therapie mit Agalsidase zeigen sich auch Verbesserungen der kardialen Parameter, insbesondere eine Reduktion der linksventrikul{\"a}ren Masse. Zur Kontrolle und zur Dokumentation der medikament{\"o}sen Wirkung an den verschiedenen Organen waren und sind klinische Studien und Untersuchungen der betroffenen Patienten notwendig. Zur Beurteilung der kardialen Funktion steht, neben den bekannten Routineverfahren wie der Echokardiographie und der MR-Bildgebung, mit der 31P-Magnetresonanz-Spektroskopie ein nicht invasives Verfahren zur Beurteilung des myokardialen Stoffwechsels zur Verf{\"u}gung. Mit Hilfe von speziellen Auswerteprogrammen k{\"o}nnen die Absolutkonzentrationen von energiereichen Metaboliten, besonders von Phosphokreatin und Adenosintriphosphat, im Herzmuskel in vivo bestimmt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war zun{\"a}chst einmal die Messung der Konzentrationen der energiereichen Metabolite im Myokard von Patienten mit Morbus Fabry und der Vergleich der Daten mit denen von gesunden Probanden. Des weiteren wurde die Patientengruppe unter Therapie mit Agalsidase b einer fr{\"u}hen und einer sp{\"a}ten Kontrolluntersuchung mittels MR-Spektroskopie unterzogen, um Ver{\"a}nderungen im kardialen Metabolismus darzustellen. Die spektroskopischen Daten gaben Aufschluss {\"u}ber Ausmaß der Beeintr{\"a}chtigung des myokardialen Stoffwechsels aufgrund der Gb3-Ablagerungen und erg{\"a}nzten die klinischen und bildmorphologischen Untersuchungen. Hierbei konnte eine tendenzieller Anstieg der PCr- und ATP-Konzentrationen unter ERT im Myokard nachgewiesen werden, gleichfalls zeigten sich in dem untersuchten Kollektiv eine Abnahme der linksventrikul{\"a}ren Masse und eine erh{\"o}hte Ejektionsfraktion. Ebenso konnte dargelegt werden, dass wie auch bei anderen Herzerkrankungen, wie zum Beispiel der dilatativen Kardiomyopathie oder der koronaren Herzkrankheit, bei einer Stoffwechselerkrankung wie der Fabry-Krankheit deutlich verringerte Konzentrationen energiereicher Phosphate in den Herzmuskelzellen vorliegen.},
  subject      = {NMR-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Stepanenko2008,
  author    = {Stepanenko, Vladimir},
  title     = {Self-Assembly of Bay-Substituted Perylene Bisimide by Ligand-Metal Ion Coordination},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32063},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The subject of this thesis is the synthesis and characterization of PBI-based fluorescent metallosupramolecular polymers and cyclic arrays. Terpyridine receptor functionalized PBIs of predesigned geometry have been used as building blocks to construct desired macromolecular structures through metal-ion-directed self-assembly. These metallosupramolecular architectures have been investigated by NMR, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy.},
  subject      = {Supramolekulare Chemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Skiera2013,
  author    = {Skiera, Christina},
  title     = {1H NMR spectroscopic determination of deterioration marker compounds in fats and oils},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95756},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In food and pharmaceutical analysis, the classical indices peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV) and p-anisidine value (ANV) still play an important role as quality and authenticity control parameters of fats and oils. These indices are sum parameters for certain deterioration products (PV for hydroperoxides, AV for free fatty acids, ANV for aldehydes) and are obtained using volumetric or UV/VIS spectroscopic analytical approaches. 1H NMR spectroscopy provides a fast and simple alternative to these classical approaches. In the present work, novel 1H NMR methods to determine hydroperoxides, free fatty acids and aldehydes in fats and oils were developed. Hydroperoxides: The influence of solvent, water, free fatty acids and sample weight on the hydroperoxide group proton (OOH) signal was investigated. On the basis of the obtained results, the sample preparation procedure of the new 1H NMR method was established. A rough assignment of the hydroperoxide group signals in edible fats and oils to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate was conducted. Furthermore, to gain information on how many different hydroperoxide species originate from trioleate autoxidation, a kinetic study on trioleate monohydroperoxides was performed. The evaluation of the data strongly indicates that all of the conceivable 18 trioleate monohydroperoxides were formed during trioleate autoxidation. The analytical performance of the NMR method was compared to that of the classical PV approach by means of the so-called "relative sensitivity" according to Mandel. It was shown that both methods exhibit a similar analytical performance. A total of 444 edible oil samples were analysed using both methods. For some oil varieties considerable discrepancies were found between the results. In the case of black seed oil and olive oil two substances were identified that influence the classical PV determination and thus cause positive (black seed oil) and negative (olive oil) deviations from the theoretical PV expected from the NMR values. Free fatty acids: In order to find the optimal solvent mixture to measure the carboxyl group protons (COOH) of free fatty acids in fats and oils, the effect of solvent on the COOH signal was investigated for different mixtures of CDCl3 and DMSO-d6. The comparison of the NMR method with the classical AV method by means of the relative sensitivity revealed that both methods exhibit a similar analytical performance. 420 edible oil samples were analysed by both approaches. Except for pumpkin seed oil, where slight deviations were observed, there was a good compliance between the results obtained from the two methods. Furthermore, the applicability of the 1H NMR assay to further lipids with relevance in pharmacy was tested. For hard fat, castor oil, waxes and oleyl oleate modifications of the original sample preparation procedure of the NMR method were necessary to achieve comparable results for both methods. Aldehydes: The new 1H NMR method enables the determination of the molar amounts of n-alkanals, (E)-2-alkenals and (E,E)-2,4-alkadienals. It was illustrated that the ANV can be modelled as a linear combination of the NMR integrals of these aldehyde species. A functional relationship was derived on the basis In conclusion, the new 1H NMR methods provide an excellent alternative to of calibration experiments. The suitability of the model was shown by comparing the NMR-determined ANVs with the measured classical ANVs of 79 commercially available edible oils of different oil types. In conclusion, the new 1H NMR methods provide an excellent alternative to the determination of the classical indices PV, AV and ANV. They have several advantages over the classical methods including the consumption of small solvent amounts, the ability to automatize measurement and to acquire several different parameters out of the same NMR spectrum. Especially concerning their selectivity, the 1H NMR methods are highly superior to the classical methods.},
  subject      = {Fett},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwedhelm2009,
  author    = {Schwedhelm, Kai Florian},
  title     = {Optimierte Methoden der Magnetresonanz-Spektroskopie zur molekularen Charakterisierung neuartiger Wirkstoffe gegen Infektionskrankheiten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38535},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In diesem Projekt wurde die Wechselwirkung des PPIase-Enzyms MIP mit Kollagen IV unter- sucht. MIP ist maßgeblich f{\"u}r die Infekti{\"o}sit{\"a}t von Legionella pneumophila verantwortlich, einem Bakterium, welches im Menschen schwere Lungenentz{\"u}ndungen ausl{\"o}sen kann. Das Enzym zeigt eine hohe Affinit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber einem kurzen Peptidsequenzabschnitt in Kolla- gen IV (genannt „P290"), welches unter anderem im Epithel der Lunge zu finden ist. Die Interaktionsoberfl{\"a}che der Molek{\"u}le wurde durch den Einsatz eines paramagnetischen Spin-Labels in NMR-Experimenten charakterisiert. Mit Hilfe von Docking und Molek{\"u}ldy- namiksimulationen konnte aus diesen Daten ein Modell des MIP-Kollagen-Komplexes be- rechnet werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass MIP als Dimer in der Lage ist, nach Kollagen IV zu „greifen" und sich dann an das Molek{\"u}l heranzuziehen. Wahrscheinlich dient dieser Mechanismus der Adh{\"a}- sion von L. pneumophila an die Wirtszelle. Neben der zuvor postulierten Destabilisierung von Kollagen IV durch MIP, welche hier nicht beobachtet wurde, k{\"o}nnte die Adh{\"a}sion ein wichtiger Faktor f{\"u}r die Virulenz von L. pneumophila sein. Weiterhin wurde die inhibitorische Wirkung des isolierten Peptids P290 auf die biologische PPIase-Aktivit{\"a}t von MIP untersucht. Durch NMR-Messungen und anschließenden Mole- k{\"u}ldynamiksimulationen konnte gezeigt werden, dass P290 sich stabil in die Bindungsta- sche von MIP einlagert und durch den Sequenzabschnitt -CYS130-PRO131---TRP134- das Enzym blockiert. Die {\"u}brigen Aminos{\"a}uren in P290 dienen der Stabilisierung des Kom- plexes und sorgen f{\"u}r die Selektivit{\"a}t von P290, welches, im Unterschied zu bekannten Wirkstoffen, das humane Homolog zu MIP nicht inhibiert. Die Vorhersagen der Simulatio- nen konnten durch ein Peptid Microarray und Messungen der enzymatischen Aktivit{\"a}t von MIP in PPIase-Assays best{\"a}tigt werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden zur Optimierung von P290 eingesetzt, indem die Peptidsequenz durch den Austausch zweier Aminos{\"a}uren ver{\"a}ndert und das Molek{\"u}l zu einem Ring geschlossen wurde. Die entstandene Struktur besitzt deut- lich verbesserte Bindungseigenschaften und k{\"o}nnte k{\"u}nftig als Basis f{\"u}r eine neue Klasse von Wirkstoffen gegen L. pneumophila dienen. In diesem Projekt wurde eine Methode zur Aufkl{\"a}rung der Molek{\"u}lstruktur neuartiger Wirkstoffe gegen Malaria im Komplex mit ihrem paramagnetischen Zielmolek{\"u}l etabliert und weiterentwickelt. Die Vorgehensweise leitet intermolekulare Distanzinformationen aus der sog. paramagnetischen Relaxation ab, einem Effekt, der den Einsatz klassischer Me- thoden zur Molek{\"u}lstrukturaufkl{\"a}rung mittels NMR verhindert. Es werden drei Parameter durch NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt: 1. die longitudinale Relaxationszeit der Wasserstoff- atome in Wirkstoffmolek{\"u}l, 2. die effektive Korrelationszeit des Komplexes und 3. der Spin- Zustand des Eisenions im Zielmolek{\"u}l. Mit Hilfe dieser Messmethode konnte die Komplexstruktur mehrerer bekannter Medika- mente gegen Malaria aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Weiterhin wurden zwei neue Klassen von Wirkstof- fen untersucht, die C,C-gekoppelten Naphthylisoquinolin-Alkaloide und die N,C-gekoppelte Naphthylisoquinolin-Alkaloide. In {\"U}bereinstimmung mit theoretischen Vorhersagen aus der Literatur lagern sich die Wirkstoffe stets um einen Winkel geneigt und in Richtung des Randes des Zielmolek{\"u}ls verschoben an. Diese Konfiguration maximiert die attraktiven \&\#960;- \&\#960;-Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Molek{\"u}len. Aufgrund der gewonnenen Ergebnisse aus NMR, UV-Spektroskopie und Massenspektrome- trie konnte die Existenz eines bisher nicht bekannten Tetramer-Komplexes nachgewiesen werden, welcher eine wichtige Zwischenstufe in der Biokristallisation von H{\"a}mozoin durch die Malariaparasiten darstellen k{\"o}nnte, und Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r den weiterhin nicht vollst{\"a}n- dig bekannten Wirkmechanismus der meisten Antimalaria-Wirkstoffe liefert. F{\"u}r die Naphthylisoquinolin-Alkaloide zeigte sich weiterhin, dass Wasser eine essenzielle Rolle in der Komplexbildung spielt. In Molek{\"u}ldynamiksimulationen der N,C-gekoppelten Naphthylisoquinolin-Alkaloide konnte die Entstehung einer Wasserstoffbr{\"u}cke zwischen Wirkstoff und Zielmolek{\"u}l gezeigt werden, welche einen zus{\"a}tzlichen Weg der Komplex- stabilisierung neben den bereits bekannten \&\#960;-\&\#960;-Wechselwirkungen aufzeigt. Die N,C-NIQs konnten erstmals auch bei einem pH-Wert von 5,6 beobachtet werden, einer chemischen Umgebung wie sie auch in-vivo in der Verdauungsvakuole des Malariaparasiten herrscht.},
  subject      = {NMR-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schlauersbach2023,
  author    = {Schlauersbach, Jonas},
  title     = {The bile-drug-excipient interplay},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29653},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296537},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The bile system in vertebrates is an evolutionary conserved endogenous solubilization system for hydrophobic fats and poorly water-soluble vitamins. Bile pours out from the gallbladder through the common bile duct into the duodenum triggered by cholecystokinin. Cholecystokinin is released from enteroendocrine cells after food intake. The small intestine is also the absorption site of many orally administered drugs. Most emerging drug candidates belong to the class of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSDs). Like hydrophobic vitamins, these PWSDs might as well be solubilized by bile. Therefore, this natural system is of high interest for drug formulation strategies. Simulated intestinal fluids containing bile salts (e.g., taurocholate TC) and phospholipids (e.g., lecithin L) have been widely applied over the last decade to approximate the behavior of PWSDs in the intestine. Solubilization by bile can enhance the oral absorption of PWSDs being at least in part responsible for the positive "food effect". The dissolution rate of PWSDs can be also enhanced by the presence of bile. Furthermore, some PWSDs profit from supersaturation stabilization by bile salts. Some excipients solubilizing PWSDs seemed to be promising candidates for drug formulation when investigated in vitro without bile. When tested in vivo, these excipients reduced the bioavailability of drugs. However, these observations have been hardly examined on a molecular level and general links between bile interaction in vitro and bioavailability are still missing. This thesis investigated the interplay of bile, PWSDs, and excipients on a molecular level, providing formulation scientists a blueprint for rational formulation design taking bile/PWSD/excipient/ interaction into account. The first chapter focus on an in silico 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based algorithm for bile/drug interaction prediction. Chapter II to IV report the impact of excipients on bioavailability of PWSDs interacting with bile. At last, we summarized helpful in vitro methods for drug formulation excipient choice harnessing biopharmaceutic solubilization in chapter V. Chapter I applies 1H NMR studies with bile and drugs on a large scale for quantitative structure-property relationship analysis. 141 drugs were tested in simulated intestinal media by 1H NMR. Drug aryl-proton signal shifts were correlated to in silico calculated molecular 2D descriptors. The probability of a drug interacting with bile was dependent on its polarizability and lipophilicity, whereas interaction with lipids in simulated intestinal media components was dependent on molecular symmetry, lipophilicity, hydrogen bond acceptor capability, and aromaticity. The probability of a drug to interact with bile was predictive for a positive food effect. This algorithm might help in the future to identify a bile and lipid interacting drug a priori. Chapter II investigates the impact of excipients on bile and free drug fraction. Three different interaction patterns for excipients were observed. The first pattern defined excipients that interacted with bile and irreversibly bound bile. Therefore, the free drug fraction of bile interacting drugs increased. The second pattern categorized excipients that formed new colloidal entities with bile which had a high affinity to bile interacting drugs. These colloids trapped the drug and decreased the free drug fraction. The last excipient pattern described excipients that formed supramolecular structures in coexistence with bile and had no impact on the free drug fraction. These effects were only observed for drugs interacting with bile (Perphenazine and Imatinib). Metoprolol's free drug fraction, a compound not interacting with bile, was unaffected by bile or bile/excipient interaction. We hypothesized that bile/excipient interactions may reduce the bioavailability of bile interacting drugs. Chapter III addresses the hypothesis from chapter II. A pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that the absorption of Perphenazine was reduced by bile interacting excipients due to bile/excipient interaction. The simultaneous administration of excipient patterns I and II did not further reduce or enhance Perphenazine absorption. Conversely, the absorption of Metoprolol was not impacted by excipients. This reinforced the hypothesis, that drugs interacting with bile should not be formulated with excipients also interacting with bile. Chapter IV further elaborates which in vitro methods using simulated intestinal fluids are predictive for a drug's pharmacokinetic profile. The PWSD Naporafenib was analyzed in vitro with simulated intestinal fluids and in presence of excipients regarding solubility, supersaturation, and free drug fraction. Naporafenib showed a strong interaction with TC/L from simulated bile. Assays with TC/L, but not without identified one excipient as possibly bioavailability reducing, one as supersaturation destabilizing, and the last as bile not interacting and supersaturation stabilizing excipient. A pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs outlined and confirmed the in vitro predictions. The Appendix summarizes in vivo predictive methods as presented in chapter I to IV and rationalizes experimental design paving the way towards a biopharmaceutic excipient screening. The first presented preliminary decision tree is transformed into a step-by-step instruction. The presented decision matrix might serve as a blueprint for processes in early phase drug formulation development. In summary, this thesis describes how a drug can be defined as bile interacting or non-interacting and gives a guide as well how to rate the impact of excipients on bile. We showed in two in vivo studies that bile/excipient interaction reduced the bioavailability of bile interacting drugs, while bile non-interacting drugs were not affected. We pointed out that the bile solubilization system must be incorporated during drug formulation design. Simulated gastrointestinal fluids offer a well-established platform studying the fate of drugs and excipients in vivo. Therefore, rational implementation of biopharmaceutic drug and excipient screening steers towards efficacy of oral PWSD formulation design.},
  subject      = {Solubilisation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Remmert2008,
  author    = {Remmert, Haiko},
  title     = {Quantitative klinische kardiale MR-Spektroskopie - Optimierung und Anwendung bei Patienten mit akutem Myokardinfarkt im Rahmen einer umfassenden Analyse von Anatomie, Funktion und Metabolismus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35643},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Die 31P-MRS ist aktuell die einzige verf{\"u}gbare nicht-invasive Methode mit der der Herzmetabolismus ohne radioaktive Tracer untersucht werden kann. MRS erm{\"o}glicht Einblicke in die Energetik der isch{\"a}mischen Herzkrankheit, des Herzinfarkts, der hypertrophen Kardiomyopathie oder auch der Herzklappenfehler. Ferner kann die Methode zur {\"U}berwachung des Therapieerfolgs o.g. Krankheiten genutzt werden. Gegenw{\"a}rtig wird die MR-Spektroskopie, aufgrund der geringen r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Aufl{\"o}sung sowie der geringen Reproduzierbarkeit, jedoch nur in der Forschung angewendet. Die Einf{\"u}hrung von MRT-Sytemen h{\"o}herer Feldst{\"a}rke, z.B. 7 Tesla, wird vermutlich eine Optimierung der Aufl{\"o}sung und Reproduzierbarkeit erm{\"o}glichen und damit die 31P-MRS in die klinische Diagnostik integrieren k{\"o}nnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich neben der methodischen Weiterentwicklung und Standardisierung der MRS mit einem direkten Vergleich MR-tomographischer (LE) und MR-spektroskopischer (AW-CSI) Techniken zur Detektion von Infarktfolgen. Hierbei konnte durch die simultane Anwendung von MRS und Late Enhancement, ein bereits in der klinischen Infarktdiagnostik etabliertes Verfahren, die Aussagekraft der MR-Spektroskopie in Bezug auf die Infarktlokalisation validiert werden. Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der MRS gegen{\"u}ber dem Late Enhancement besteht darin, dass bereits fr{\"u}hzeitig pathologische Ver{\"a}nderungen des Metabolismus in Arealen wie dem remote, stunned oder hibernating myocardium detektiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Letztere demarkieren sich nicht beim LE. Unter Etablierung eines Segmentationsalgorithmus konnten sehr niedrige Variabilit{\"a}ten bei dem verwendeten Quantifizierungsprogramm („SLOOP") erreicht werden. Zus{\"a}tzlich gelang es durch systematische Analysen die f{\"u}r die Auswertung der MRS ben{\"o}tigten Nachbearbeitungszeiten drastisch zu verk{\"u}rzen. Als klinische Anwendung erfolgte die Bestimmung des kardialen Metabolismus mittels akquisitionsgewichteter 31P-3D-CSI bei Patienten mit Hinterwandinfarkt. Damit konnten erstmalig spulenferne Myokardareale (Hinterwand) hinsichtlich Ver{\"a}nderungen im Metabolismus erfasst werden. Ver{\"a}nderte PCr/\&\#947;ATP-ratios wurden bei Infarktpatienten gegen{\"u}ber einem Kollektiv herzgesunder Probanden gefunden. Eine exakte Lokalisation der untersuchten Infarkte und damit eine Validierung der spektroskopischen Datenanalyse wurden durch den Vergleich mit den simultan aufgenommenen Late Enhancement Bildern m{\"o}glich. Damit er{\"o}ffnet sich in Verbindung mit zunehmend zur Verf{\"u}gung stehenden Hochfeldger{\"a}ten (3T und mehr) f{\"u}r die MRS der Weg zu einem wichtigen klinischen Diagnostikwerkzeug zur Bestimmung von Prognoseparametern bei kardialen Erkrankungen.},
  subject      = {NMR-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Nagl2022,
  author    = {Nagl, Patrick Alexander},
  title     = {Chemistry meets Cancer Immunotherapy: Synthesis and Characterization of Hapten-like Compounds for Selective Immunotherapy},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21138},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211385},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are able to specifically direct T cells to tumor antigens and therapy with anti-CD19 CARs has already cured cancer patients with B-cell lymphomas who have undergone long-term therapy non-successful. Despite this impressive result, the therapy is currently only approved as a last treatment option for blood cancers due to its life-threatening deficiencies. For patient safety and to enable additional application such as the treatment of solid tumors, CAR-T cells must be controllable, e. g. by chemically programmable CARs (cpCARs) regulated by hapten-like compounds. This thesis reports the synthesis and characterization of such hapten-like compounds. In the first step, seven different warheads with two different spacers were bound to biotin in order to find a suitable warhead for programming the cpCAR. In a second step, synthetic routes for the three pharmacophores folate, c(RGD), and an RGD peptidomimetic were developed. The routes allow the modification of the pharmacophores with one of the warheads from the first step. CuAAC was chosen as a bioorthogonal approach to link pharmacophores and warheads. In total, three different pharmacophores were modified with the 1,3-diketone motif of compound 21 leading to 112, 113 and 128. Activation of the T-cell signaling cascade was tested after binding of these hapten-like compounds to the cpCAR in the presence of suitable target structures. For 112, only a slight, non-significant, activation of the T-cell signaling cascade was observed, whereas for 113 and 128, a significant activation of the T-cell signaling cascade was observed. The poor solubility of the folate compounds led to alternative strategies. Folic acid was exchanged by pteroic acid and the bifunctional, linear compounds were enlarged to trifunctional dendrimers. Besides the reported regioisomer in 112, a second one, which was not reported to date, occurred by the cyclization of the linear RGD pentapeptide leading to 113. After the reported synthesis of an RGD peptidomimetic analogous to 128 could not be reproduced, a new synthetic route was developed. It also consists of 17 steps, but reduces the number of linear steps from 13 to 10. Moreover, the developed route contains an asymmetric hydrogenation step and is, compared to the published one, more flexible by the use of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). In addition, an unknown reaction was observed. Instead of the formation of a Schiff base in the reductive amination of 129, an insertion of propargylamine occurred forming 131. The reaction is almost quantitative and in high purity. After requiring no purification, it could be predestined for industrial purposes, such as the synthesis of N-functionalized 1,2-dihydroquinolines or as a building block with various orthogonal functional groups. Besides the sulfonamide 16, the diketone (21, 27, 31) and lactam compounds (39 - 41), experiments on adapter molecules with further warheads were performed. In the synthesis of a proadapter approach, in which the warhead is formed only after the retro-aldol reaction catalyzed by the mAb, 6 of 10 steps were successfully performed. A newly developed synthesis to keto-sulfonyl and keto-sulfoxide compounds could not be completed but was performed on a small scale to the point of keto-sulfonyl and keto-sulfoxide. Furthermore, a universal synthesis route was designed to allow the introduction of the warhead at the end of the synthesis by acylation. Thus, after 5 shared steps, 3 of them in quantitative yield, different warheads may be introduced. Moreover, this also facilitates the purification and the analysis of the compounds by the absence of tautomerism or labile groups. However, the acylation experiments were not successful with either the acid cyanide or the Weinreb amide. In summary, this thesis has proven that the 1,3-diketone motif is a suitable warhead for programming the cpCAR, which was developed by Hudecek et al. (unpublished data). The hapten-like compounds 112, 113 and 128 simultaneously bind to integrin \${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3\$ and the cpCAR activating the T-cell signaling cascade. The modular synthesis strategy and the use of the bioorthogonal CuAAC allow straightforward access to these valuable immunotherapeutics but revealed the need for an additional purification step to remove copper ions.},
  subject      = {Organische Synthese},
  language  = {en}
}