@phdthesis{Knorr2024,
  author    = {Knorr, Susanne},
  title     = {Pathophysiology of early-onset isolated dystonia in a DYT-TOR1A rat model with trauma-induced dystonia-like movements},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20609},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-206096},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Early-onset torsion dystonia (DYT-TOR1A, DYT1) is an inherited hyperkinetic movement disorder caused by a mutation of the TOR1A gene encoding the torsinA protein. DYT-TOR1A is characterized as a network disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), including predominantly the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop resulting in a severe generalized dystonic phenotype. The pathophysiology of DYTTOR1A is not fully understood. Molecular levels up to large-scale network levels of the CNS are suggested to be affected in the pathophysiology of DYT-TOR1A. The reduced penetrance of 30\% - 40\% indicates a gene-environmental interaction, hypothesized as "second hit". The lack of appropriate and phenotypic DYT-TOR1A animal models encouraged us to verify the "second hit" hypothesis through a unilateral peripheral nerve trauma of the sciatic nerve in a transgenic asymptomatic DYT-TOR1A rat model (∆ETorA), overexpressing the human mutated torsinA protein. In a multiscale approach, this animal model was characterized phenotypically and pathophysiologically. Nerve-injured ∆ETorA rats revealed dystonia-like movements (DLM) with a partially generalized phenotype. A physiomarker of human dystonia, describing increased theta oscillation in the globus pallidus internus (GPi), was found in the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), the rodent equivalent to the human GPi, of nerve-injured ∆ETorA rats. Altered oscillation patterns were also observed in the primary motor cortex. Highfrequency stimulation (HFS) of the EP reduced DLM and modulated altered oscillatory activity in the EP and primary motor cortex in nerve-injured ∆ETorA rats. Moreover, the dopaminergic system in ∆ETorA rats demonstrated a significant increased striatal dopamine release and dopamine turnover. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes of the circadian clock and the energy metabolism, thereby pointing towards novel, putative pathways in the pathophysiology of DYTTOR1A dystonia. In summary, peripheral nerve trauma can trigger DLM in genetically predisposed asymptomatic ΔETorA rats leading to neurobiological alteration in the central motor network on multiple levels and thereby supporting the "second hit" hypothesis. This novel symptomatic DYT-TOR1A rat model, based on a DYT-TOR1A genetic background, may prove as a valuable chance for DYT-TOR1A dystonia, to further investigate the pathomechanism in more detail and to establish new treatment strategies.},
  subject      = {Dystonie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Panjwani2015,
  author    = {Panjwani, Priyadarshini},
  title     = {Induction, Imaging, Histo-morphological and Molecular Characterization of Myocarditis in the Rat to Explore Novel Diagnostic Strategies for the Detection of Myocardial Inflammation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122469},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Fulminant myocarditis is rare but a potentially life-threatening disease. Acute or mild myocarditis following acute ischemia is generally associated with a profound activation of the host's immune system. On one hand this is mandatory to protect the host's heart by fighting the invading agents (i.e., bacteria, viruses or other microbial agents) and/or to induce healing and repair processes in the damaged myocardium. On other hand, uncontrolled activation of the immune system may result in the generation of auto-reactive (not always beneficial) immune cells. Myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy is characterized by focal or diffuse infiltrates, myocyte necrosis and/or apoptosis and subsequent fibrotic replacement of the heart muscle. In humans, about 30\% of the myocarditis-patients develop dilated cardiomyopathy. As the clinical picture of myocarditis is multifaceted, it is difficult to diagnose the disease. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to test and further develop novel non-invasive methods for the detection of myocardial inflammation by employing both contrast enhanced MRI techniques as well as novel nuclear tracers that are suitable for in vivo PET/ SPECT imaging. As a part of this thesis, a pre-clinical animal model was successfully established by immunizing female Lewis rats with whole-porcine cardiac myosin (CM). Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis (EAM) is considered successful when anti-myosin antibody titers are increased more than 100-fold over control animals and pericardial effusion develops. In addition, cardiac tissues from EAM-rats versus controls were analyzed for the expression of various pro-inflammatory and fibrosis markers. To further exploit non-invasive MRI techniques for the detection of myocarditis, our EAM-rats were injected either with (1) ultra-small Paramagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO's; Feraheme®), allowing for in vivo imaging , (2) micron sized paramagnetic iron oxide particles (MPIO) for ex vivo inflammatory cell-tracking by cMRI, or (3) with different radioactive nuclear tracers (67gallium citrate, 68gallium-labeled somatostatin analogue, and 68gallium-labeled cyclic RGD-peptide) which in the present work have been employed for autoradiographic imaging, but in principle are also suitable for in vivo nuclear imaging (PET/SPECT). In order to compare imaging results with histology, consecutive heart sections were stained with hematoxylin \& eosin (HE, for cell infiltrates) and Masson Goldner trichrome (MGT, for fibrosis); in addition, immuno-stainings were performed with anti-CD68 (macrophages), anti-SSRT2A (somatostatin receptor type 2A), anti-CD61 (β3-integrins) and anti-CD31 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1). Sera from immunized rats strongly reacted with cardiac myosin. In immunized rats, echocardiography and subsequent MRI revealed huge amounts of pericardial effusion (days 18-21). Analysis of the kinetics of myocardial infiltrates revealed maximal macrophage invasion between days 14 and 28. Disappearance of macrophages resulted in replacement-fibrosis in formerly cell-infiltrated myocardial areas. This finding was confirmed by the time-dependent differential expression of corresponding cytokines in the myocardium. Immunized animals reacted either with an early or a late pattern of post-inflammation fibrosis. Areas with massive cellular infiltrates were easily detectible in autoradiograms showing a high focal uptake of 67gallium-citrate and 68gallium labeled somatostatin analogues (68Ga DOTA-TATE). Myocardium with a loss of cardiomyocytes presented a high uptake of 68gallium labeled cyclic RGD-peptide (68Ga NOTA-RGD). MRI cell tracking experiments with Feraheme® as the contrast-agent were inconclusive; however, strikingly better results were obtained when MPIOs were used as a contrast-agent: histological findings correlated well with in vivo and ex vivo MPIO-enhanced MRI images. Imaging of myocardial inflammatory processes including the kinetics of macrophage invasion after microbial or ischemic damage is still a major challenge in, both animal models and in human patients. By applying a broad panel of biochemical, histological, molecular and imaging methods, we show here that different patterns of reactivity may occur upon induction of myocarditis using one and the same rat strain. In particular, immunized Lewis rats may react either with an early or a late pattern of macrophage invasion and subsequent post-inflammation fibrosis. Imaging results achieved in the acute inflammatory phase of the myocarditis with MPIOs, 67gallium citrate and 68gallium linked to somatostatin will stimulate further development of contrast agents and radioactive-nuclear tracers for the non-invasive detection of acute myocarditis and in the near future perhaps even in human patients.},
  subject      = {Ratte},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Paletta2015,
  author    = {Paletta, Daniel Sylvester},
  title     = {Die Variabilit{\"a}t des Ratten iNKT TCR},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114521},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Typ 1 NKT Zellen oder iNKT Zellen (invariante Nat{\"u}rliche Killer T Zellen) stellen eine Subpopulation der abT Zellen dar, die sich durch mehrere charakteristische Eigenschaften aus- zeichnet. Ihr Hauptmerkmal ist die Expression eines semi-invarianten T Zellrezeptors (TCR), der die Bindung von CD1d:Glycolipid Komplexen erm{\"o}glicht, wohingegen ‚klassische' T Zellen an Komplexe aus MHC (Haupthistokompatibilit{\"a}tskomplex) Molek{\"u}len und Peptiden binden. Die w{\"a}hrend der Reifung im Thymus durch Transkriptionsfaktoren festgelegte Voraktivierung der iNKT Zellen erm{\"o}glicht das unmittelbare Freisetzen von Cytokinen bei Antigenkontakt, wodurch iNKT Zellen die adaptive Immunantwort stark beeinflussen k{\"o}nnen: Sie tragen sowohl zur Regulation von Autoimmunerkrankungen als auch der Bek{\"a}mpfung von Krebs und Infektionen bei. Der iNKT TCR setzt sich aus einer invarianten a-Kette (AV14/AJ18 in der Maus bzw. AV24/AJ18 im Menschen) und einer charakteristischen Auswahl an b-Ketten (vorwiegend BV8S2, BV7 und BV2 in der Maus und BV11 im Menschen) zusammen. Das Cerebrosid a-Galactosylceramid (aGC, KRN7000) stellt eines der potentesten Antigene f{\"u}r iNKT Zellen dar. Die Pr{\"a}sentation dieser Antigenklasse erfolgt durch CD1d Molek{\"u}le, die, abgesehen von tiefen hydrophoben Bindungstaschen, strukturell MHC I Molek{\"u}len {\"a}hneln, jedoch nicht polymorph sind und außerhalb des MHC Locus codiert sind. Die, zwischen Maus und Mensch hochkon- servierte, Interaktion von iNKT TCR und CD1d:aGC Komplex zeichnet sich bei potenten Antigenen durch die eingeschr{\"a}nkte Nutzung der Antigenspezifit{\"a}t bestimmenden Regionen aus: CDR1a, CDR3a und CDR2b. Die den CDR3b definierende V-D-J Umlagerung der b-Kette stellt im iNKT TCR den Bereich der h{\"o}chsten Variabilit{\"a}t dar, beeinflusst jedoch nur die Bindung schw{\"a}cherer Antigene. Nat{\"u}rlich auftretende Variabilit{\"a}t innerhalb der a-Kette kann durch Abweichungen von der kanonischen V-J Umlagerung am Beginn des CDR3a entstehen und beeinflusst ebenfalls die Bindung des iNKT TCR. Die iNKT Zellpopulation in F344 Ratten {\"a}hnelt in Frequenz und Korezepotorexpression derjenigen des Menschen. Ratten besitzen ein CD1D Gen, welches hoch homolog zu denen der Maus ist und zwei dem BV8S2 Gensegment der Maus homologe BV Segmente (BV8S2 und BV8S4), die in F344 Ratten beide funktionell sind. Eine Besonderheit der Ratte ist jedoch das Auftreten einer AV14 Multigenfamilie von bis zu zehn Gensegmenten. Diese unterscheiden sich neben dem HV4 vor allem in ihren CDR2 Sequenzen und werden anhand dieser Unterschiede in zwei Gruppen (Typ 1 und 2) eingeteilt. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde in der iNKT Zellpopulation eine hohe Frequenz an nat{\"u}rlich auftretenden A93G Substitutionen in der TCR↵ Kette beschrieben und es wurde gezeigt, dass, im Gegensatz zur Kreuzreaktivit{\"a}t zwischen iNKT TCR und CD1d von Maus und Mensch, iNKT Zellen der Ratte nicht an Maus CD1d binden. Die Besonderheiten des Ratten iNKT TCR und deren Auswirkungen auf die TCR Expression und Ligandenbindung der Ratten iNKT Zellpopulation wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht. Durch in dieser Arbeit durchgef{\"u}hrte in vitro Mutagenesestudien konnten Position 68 in der vierten Hypervariablen Schleife (HV4↵) und Position 93 zu Be- ginn des CDR3↵ als entscheidende Modulatoren der CD1d Bindung im iNKT TCR von Ratte und Maus identifiziert werden, wobei auch speziesspezifische Unterschiede aufgedeckt werden konnten. Die Spezieskreuzreaktivit{\"a}t des Ratten iNKT TCR selbst hing stark von einer A93G Substitution im TCRa ab. Bei Untersuchungen der b-Kette zeigte sich, dass sowohl BV Segmente als auch CDR3b Region die Ligandenbindung in differenziellem Zusammenspiel beeinflussen, was bei Paarung mit unterschiedlichen AV14 Segmenten verschieden ausgepr{\"a}gt sein konnte. Weiterhin wurden humane CD1d Dimere generiert und zum ersten Mal die Bindung von Ratten CD1d an humane iNKT TCR gezeigt. Weiterhin wurde in dieser Arbeit das TCR Repertoire von iNKT Zellen der F344 Ratte und deren CD1d Bindungseigenschaften charakterisiert. Hierzu wurde die bereits etablierte Methode der in vitro Expansion von iNKT Zellen aus der Rattenmilz weiterentwickelt, was die Langzeitkultur und -expansion der sortierten iNKT Zellpopulation erm{\"o}glichte. Bei Untersuchung der TCR Expression konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Auswahl der im Ratten iNKT TCR genutzten BV Gensegmente {\"a}hnlich limitiert ist wie in der Maus. Neben der dominanten Nutzung der BV8S4 und BV8S2 Gensegmente wurden haupts{\"a}chlich BV8S1, BV14 und BV7 gefunden. Bei Untersuchungen der CD1d Dimerbindung der iNKT Zellpopulation konnte der Einfluss der na- t{\"u}rlich auftretenden A93G Substitution in der iNKT TCRa Kette best{\"a}tigt werden. Außerdem zeigte sich hier ebenfalls der Einfluss des BV Gensegments auf die Ligandenbindung, wobei BV8S4 negative Zellen im Vergleich zu BV8S4 positiven Zellen eine st{\"a}rkere Ratten CD1d Dimerbindung zeigten.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Camara2014,
  author    = {Camara, Monika},
  title     = {Die Rolle der CD8+ T Zellen in der Pathogenese der Experimentellen Autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis in der Lewis Ratte},
  publisher = {Journal of Neuroimmunology (2013)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98497},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and its corresponding animal model Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) are autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Besides CD4+ T cells specific for myelin-derived antigens CD8+ T cells additionally contribute to the pathogenesis of that disease. However, the role of CD8+ T cells during the induction phase of the disease outside the CNS has not been clarified so far. Thus the contribution of CD8+ T cells to the immunopathogenesis of EAE in the Lewis rat was investigated in this work. For that purpose active EAE was induced in normal Lewis rats and animals that were deficient for CD8+ T cells due to the application of CD8-specific monoclonal antibodies. The CD8-depleted animals showed diminished disease activity in comparison to control rats. Equally, CD8-knockout rats, characterized by the absence of functional CD8+ T cells, developed clearly reduced symptoms of the disease in comparison to wild type littermates. Reduced disease activity of the CD8-deficient animals was accompanied by reduced infiltration of T cells and macrophages into the CNS. In the draining lymph nodes activated gpMBP-specific CD4+ T cells could be detected in the absence of CD8+ T cells, but they produced less amounts of proinflammatory cytokines like interferon-gamma than CD4+ T cells of normal rats. Obviously in the active EAE, myelin-specific CD4+ T cells are not able to differentiate completely into effector cells and invade the CNS upon absence of CD8+ T cells. In contrast fully differentiated encephalitogenic CD4+ effector cells equally potently induced EAE upon transfer into either normal or CD8-deficient rats. Hence, the pathogenic potential of completely differentiated CD4+ effector cells does not depend on the presence of CD8+ T cells. With the help of a rat-IFN-gamma ELISpot interferon-gamma-producing gpMBP-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in animals immunized with gpMBP. To directly detect gpMBP-specific CD8+ T cells, RT1.Al-Ig dimeres were generated and loaded with different gpMBP-derived peptides. Indeed, CD8+ T cells specifically recognizing RT1.Al-Ig dimeres loaded with gpMBP125-133 could be detected in the draining lymph nodes of rats, immunized with gpMBP in CFA. The results of this work allow the conclusion that in the EAE of the Lewis rat interferon--producing CD8+ T cells interact with myelin-specific CD4+ T cells, thus licensing these cells to differentiate into CNS invading effector cells.},
  subject      = {Multiple Sklerose},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wang2014,
  author    = {Wang, Ying},
  title     = {Immune and peripheral endogenous opioid mechanisms of electroacupuncture analgesia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98326},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {A precious treasure in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), acupuncture played a vital and irreplaceable role in contributing to people's health in the thousands of years of Chinese history, and in 2010 was officially added to the "Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by the United Nations. Because of the side-effects of long-term drug therapy for pain, and the risks of dependency, acupuncture has been widely accepted as one of the most important alternative choice therapies for treating varieties of acute and chronic pain-related disorders. The clinical application and scientific mechanism research of acupuncture have therefore increased intensively in the last few decades. Besides hand acupuncture, other treatment approaches e.g. electroacupuncture (EA) have been widely accepted and applied as an important acupuncture-related technique for acupuncture analgesia (AA) research. The involvement of opioid peptides and receptors in acute AA has been shown via pre-EA application of opioid receptor/peptide antagonists. However, existing publications still cannot illuminate the answer to the following question: how does sustained antinociception happen by EA treatment? The hypothesis of opioid peptide-mediated tonic AA might be able to answer the question. In the first part of this thesis, the institution of a reproducible acupuncture treatment model as well as the endogenous opioid-related mechanisms was demonstrated. An anatomically-based three-dimensional (3D) rat model was established to exhibit a digital true-to-life organism, accurate acupoint position and EA treatment protocol on bilateral acupoint GB-30 Huantiao. The optimal EA treatment protocol (100 Hz, 2-3 mA, 0.1 ms, 20 min) at 0 and 24 h after induction of inflammatory pain by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) on conscious free-moving rats was then established. EA elicited significant sustained mechanical and thermal antinociception up to 144 h. Post-EA application of opioid receptors (mu opioid receptor, MOR; delta opioid receptor, DOR) antagonists naloxone (NLX) and naltrindole (NTI), or opioid peptide antibodies anti-beta-endorphin (anti-END), met-enkephalin (anti-ENK) or -dynorphin A (anti-DYN) could also block this effect at a late phase (96 h) of CFA post-EA, which suggested opioid-dependent tonic analgesia was produced by EA. Meanwhile, EA also reduced paw temperature and volume at 72-144 h post CFA indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Nociceptive thresholds were assessed by paw pressure threshold (Randall-Sellito) or paw withdrawal latency (Hargreaves) and an anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by measurement of plantar temperature and volume of inflamed paw. The second part of the thesis further suggests the correlation between the chemokine CXCL10 (= interferon-gamma inducible protein 10, IP-10) and opioid peptides in EA-induced antinociception. Based on a comprehensive Cytokine Array of 29 cytokines, targeted cytokines interleukin (IL)-1alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, interleukin (IL)-13, interferon (IFN)-gamma as well as CXCL10 were selected and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) quantification confirmed upregulation of CXCL10 mRNA at both 72 and 96 h. The following hyperalgesic assessment suggested the antinociceptive effect of CXCL10. The double immunostaining localizing opioid peptides with macrophages expressed the evident upregulation of CXCR3-receptor of CXCL10 in EA treated samples as well as the significant upregulation or downregulation of opioid peptides by repeated treatment of CXCL10 or antibody of CXCL10 via behavioral tests and immune staining. Subsequent immunoblotting measurements showed non-alteration of opioid receptor level by EA, indicating that the opioid receptors did not apparently contribute to AA in the present studies. In vitro, CXCL10 did not directly trigger opioid peptide END release from freshly isolated rat macrophages. This might implicate an indirect property of CXCL10 in vitro stimulating the opioid peptide-containing macrophages by requiring additional mediators in inflammatory tissue. In summary, this project intended to explore the peripheral opioid-dependent analgesic mechanisms of acupuncture with a novel 3D treatment rat model and put forward new information to support the pivot role of chemokine CXCL10 in mediating EA-induced tonic antinociception via peripheral opioid peptides.},
  subject      = {Elektroakupunktur},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{MonzonCasanova2010,
  author    = {Monz{\´o}n Casanova, Elisa},
  title     = {Rat iNKT Cells: Phenotype and Function},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56526},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {iNKT cells are a population of T cells with unique characteristics. In contrast to most αβ T cells which recognize peptides presented by highly polymorphic MHC molecules, iNKT cells are reactive to glycolipids presented by CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC-I like molecule. Moreover, whereas MHC-restricted αβ T cells bear highly variable receptors (TCRs) formed after somatic recombination of the V(D)J gene segments, the TCR of iNKT cells is formed by an invariant α chain, which always contains the same gene segments: AV14 and AJ18; and a β chain of limited BV gene usage: BV8S2, BV7 or BV2, in the mouse. This invariant α chain is the reason for which these cells are named "i" and the NK part of their name refers to the expression of receptors typical of natural killer (NK) cells. iNKT cells recognize glycolipids of endogenous and microbial origin. After activation they secrete large amounts of very different cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-4 and thus influence immune responses and pathological conditions. One of the most potent iNKT cell agonists, recognized by the semi-invariant TCR, is the synthetic glycolipid α-Galactosylceramide (α-Gal). iNKT cells can be visualized using CD1d-multimeric complexes loaded with α-Gal and flow cytometry, since this reagent has enough avidity to stain these cells. Interestingly, mouse iNKT cells can be stained with human α-Gal-loaded CD1d oligomers and human iNKT cells can also be visualized with mouse α-Gal-loaded CD1d oligomers, indicating a high degree of conservation of the recognition of α-Gal presented by CD1d through evolution. Previous studies showed that rats have the genes necessary to build semi-invariant TCRs: They have a CD1d homologue; one or two BV8S2 homologues and interestingly, up to ten AV14 gene segments, which are highly conserved when compared to the mouse genes. Importantly, it has been shown at least for two of these AV14 gene segments that they can produce invariant TCRα chains which, when coexpressed with BV8-containing β chains, react to α-Gal presented by rat CD1d. Furthermore, ex vivo stimulation of primary splenocytes with α-Gal results in the secretion of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Surprisingly, rat semi-invariant TCRs do not recognize α-Gal presented by mouse CD1d and accordingly, mouse α-Gal-loaded CD1d tetramers failed to stain a discrete population of rat iNKT cells. Taking all together, despite that strong evidence suggested that iNKT cells are present in the rat, the direct identification of such population and the analysis of CD1d-restricted immune responses were still pending for this species. Hence the work presented in this doctoral thesis was aimed to identify iNKT cells, to analyze their phenotype and also to study the distribution and function of CD1d in the rat. For these purposes, we produced essential reagents which were still lacking such as rat specific anti-CD1d monoclonal antibodies and rat CD1d oligomers. Importantly, two of three anti-rat CD1d monoclonal antibodies (all of them generated in our laboratory before this thesis was initiated) also recognized mouse CD1d and therefore allowed a direct comparison of CD1d expression between rat and mouse. Whereas CD1d distribution in the hematopoietic system was found to be extremely similar between these two species; in non-lymphatic tissues important differences were observed. Interestingly, CD1d protein was detected at not yet described sites such as the rat exocrine pancreas and rat and mouse Paneth cells. These monoclonal antibodies did not only allowed the analysis of CD1d expression, but also the first demonstration of the function of rat CD1d as an antigen presenting molecule, since cytokine release in response to α-Gal was blocked when they were added to ex vivo cultures of rat primary cells. Staining of primary rat iNKT cells (possible now with the newly generated rat CD1d oligomers) revealed interesting similarities with human iNKT cells. First, we observed that rat iNKT cells are only a minority among all NKR-P1A/B positive T cells. Human iNKT cells constitute also a very small proportion of NKR-P1A (CD161) expressing T cells, whereas in mice inbred strains which express NKR-P1C (NK1.1), most of NKRP1C expressing T cells are iNKT cells. Second, the majority of rat iNKT cells are either CD4 or DN and only a small proportion expresses CD8β. These findings are similar to humans and different to mice which lack CD8+ iNKT cells. Third, analysis of various inbred rat strains demonstrated different iNKT cell frequencies which correlated with cytokine secretion after α-Gal stimulation of primary cells. In comparison to mice, iNKT cell numbers are markedly reduced in rats. In F344 rats, inbred rat strain which released the highest cytokine amounts after α-Gal stimulation, approximately 0.25\% and 0.1\% of total liver and spleen lymphocytes, respectively, are iNKT cells. In contrast, in LEW rats iNKT cells were practically absent and neither IL-4 nor IFN-γ were detected after stimulation of primary cells with α-Gal. Once more, these frequencies are very close to those observed in humans. Last, as reported for human peripheral blood cells, rat iNKT cells could be easily expanded in vitro by adding α-Gal to cultures of intrahepatic lymphocytes, whereas the expansion of mouse iNKT cells was not possible using the same protocol. The presence of a multimember AV14 gene segment family in the rat is an intriguing characteristic. These AV14 gene segments are extremely homologous except in the CDR2α region. Based on the amino acid sequence of this region they have been divided into two different types: Type I and II. A specific tissue distribution of the different types was proposed in the first study where the presence of several AV14 gene segments was described. We also analyzed the AV14 gene segment usage in F344 and LEW inbred rat strains. In F344 rats we found no preferential usage of either AV14 gene segment type in the spleen and the liver but type II AV14 gene segments appeared more frequently in the thymus. In contrast, LEW rats show a preferential usage of type I AV14 gene segments in all three compartments analyzed: Thymus, spleen and liver. Taken all together, the usage of newly generated reagents allowed to gain novel insights into CD1d expression in the rat and in the mouse and to directly identify rat iNKT cells for the first time. The phenotypic and functional analysis of rat iNKT cells revealed numerous similarities with human iNKT cells. These are of special interest, since rats serve to investigate several pathological conditions including models for autoimmune diseases. The possibility now to analyze iNKT cells and CD1d-restricted T cell responses in the rat might help to understand the pathogenesis of such diseases. In addition, the uncomplicated in vitro expansion and culture of rat iNKT cells should facilitate the analysis of the immunomoldulatory capacities of these cells.},
  subject      = {Ratte},
  language  = {en}
}