@phdthesis{Geiger2020,
  author    = {Geiger, Maximilian Johannes},
  title     = {Das neuronale Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerk aus dem Gleichgewicht - Ein ‚imaging genetics' Modell der Panikst{\"o}rung},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16178},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161787},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund: Eine Panikattacke beginnt typischerweise mit der Wahrnehmung einer physiologischen oder psychischen Ver{\"a}nderung, die von der Person als bedrohlich eingestuft wird. W{\"a}hrend in klassischen neuroanatomischen Modellen der Panikst{\"o}rung die Amygdala in der sich anschließenden aufschaukelnden Symptomatik in den Mittelpunkt gestellt wurde, erweitern aktuelle Studien dieses amygdalozentrische Bild und lenken die Aufmerksamkeit auf extratemporale neuronale Netzwerke. Dysfunktionen im neuronalen Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerk, relevant f{\"u}r die Wahrnehmung und Regulierung exterozeptiver und interozeptiver Prozesse, k{\"o}nnten zur Entstehung einer Panikst{\"o}rung beitragen. Weiterhin scheinen bestimmte Risikogenotypen f{\"u}r die Panikst{\"o}rung wie z.B. im Adenosin Rezeptor 2A (ADORA2A) oder dem Neuropeptid S Rezeptor (NPSR1) Gen und die entsprechenden Neurotransmittersysteme in der Regulierung der Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerke involviert zu sein. Fragestellung: Dysfunktionen im noradrenergen bottom-up Alertingnetzwerk und in der dopaminergen exekutiven top-down Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle k{\"o}nnten in einem neurokognitiven Entstehungsmodell der Panikst{\"o}rung eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Mit Hilfe funktioneller Bildgebung soll die Funktion des neuronalen Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerkes in einer nichtklinischen Stichprobe abh{\"a}ngig von genetischen Risikofaktoren und einer klinischen Stichprobe von und nach einer kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie untersucht werden. Methoden: Im nichtklinischen Teil der Untersuchung wurden in Studie 1 47 gesunde Versuchspersonen f{\"u}r die NPSR1 rs324981 Variante stratifiziert rekrutiert. Mittels fMRT wurde die Aktivit{\"a}t des Alertingnetzwerks und des Executive Control Netzwerks auf neuronaler Ebene mit dem Attentional Networt Test (ANT) untersucht. In Studie 2 wurde bei N=65 Versuchspersonen stratifiziert f{\"u}r die ADORA2A rs5751876 Variante als zus{\"a}tzliches Verhaltensmaß die F{\"a}higkeit zur interozeptiven Wahrnehmung in Bezug zur Konnektivit{\"a}t im insul{\"a}ren Ruhenetzwerk untersucht. Im klinischen Teil der Untersuchung (Studie 3) wurden 44 Patienten mit Panikst{\"o}rung sowie eine entsprechend große und gematchte Kontrollgruppe rekrutiert. Es wurden fMRT Ruhemessungen vor und nach Abschluss einer kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie erhoben. Als zus{\"a}tzliches Verhaltensmaß wurde die selbstberichtete Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle zwischen der Patienten- und der Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Ergebnisse: Tr{\"a}ger des NPSR1 TT und des ADORA2A TT Risikogenotyps f{\"u}r Angst und Angsterkrankungen zeigten eine erh{\"o}hte Aktivit{\"a}t in Teilen des Alertingnetzwerks. Die Aktivit{\"a}t im Executive Control Netzwerk war arealabh{\"a}ngig teilweise erh{\"o}ht, teilweise reduziert. Innerhalb eines interozeptiven Netzwerks zeigten Tr{\"a}ger des ADORA2A TT Genotyps Hinweise auf eine dysfunktionale fronto-striatale-insul{\"a}re Interaktion. Im klinischen Teil der Studie zeigten Patienten mit Panikst{\"o}rung eine reduzierte Konnektivit{\"a}t des dorsolateralen Pr{\"a}frontalkortex (dlPFC) im fronto-parietalen Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerk. Die Konnektivit{\"a}t innerhalb dieses Netzwerks korrelierte mit Defiziten in selbstberichteter Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle bei Patienten mit Panikst{\"o}rung. Nach Abschluss der Therapie zeigte sich bei Patienten, die von der Therapie profitiert hatten, wieder eine Zunahme oder Verbesserung der Konnektivit{\"a}t mit dem dlPFC. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung betonen die Rolle dysfunktionaler interozeptiver und exterozeptiver Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerke in der Entstehung von Angsterkrankungen. Bei Patienten mit Panikst{\"o}rung sowie gesunden Versuchspersonen mit bestimmten pr{\"a}disponierenden genetischen Variationen scheint eine Dysbalance des neuronalen Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerks bzgl. der Abstimmung von bottom-up und top-down Netzwerken vorzuliegen.},
  subject      = {Angstst{\"o}rung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kunz2021,
  author    = {Kunz, Julian},
  title     = {Wertigkeit der Absoluten Quantitativen Perfusionsauswertung nach Myokardinfarkt im Akutstadium und im Langzeitverlauf mittels Magnetresonanztomographie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-22095},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220952},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Es wurden Perfusionsmessungen mittels MRT an Infarktpatienten im Akutstadium und im Langzeitverlauf durchgef{\"u}hrt und quantitativ mittels einem Sektormodell ausgewertet. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass sich die Perfusionswerte im Infarktareal und gesunden Myokard nicht signifikant unterschieden und dass sich diese auch im Jahresverlauf nicht signifikant {\"a}nderten. Es ergab sich auch keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen der Gr{\"o}ße des Infarkareales und den gemessenen Perfusionswerten.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomografie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Leinfelder2022,
  author    = {Leinfelder, Teresa},
  title     = {Untersuchung von Trainingseffekten bei der Verwendung einer auditorischen P300-basierten EEG Gehirn-Computer Schnittstelle mittels fMRI Analyse},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29068},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290683},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In dieser Dissertation untersuchten wir die neuronalen Korrelate des Training-Effektes einer auditorischen P300 Gehirn-Computer Schnittstelle mittels fMRI Analyse in einem pr{\"a}-post Design mit zehn gesunden Testpersonen. Wir wiesen in drei Trainings-sitzungen einen Trainingseffekt in der EEG-Analyse der P300 Welle nach und fanden entsprechende Kontraste in einer pr{\"a}-post Analyse von fMRI Daten, wobei in allen f{\"u}nf Sitzungen das gleiche Paradigma verwendet wurde. In der fMRI Analyse fanden wir fol-gende Ergebnisse: in einem Target-/ Nichttarget Kontrast zeigte sich verst{\"a}rkte Aktivie-rung in Generatorregionen der P300 Welle (temporale und inferiore frontale Regionen) und interessanterweise auch in motorassoziierten Arealen, was h{\"o}here kognitiver Pro-zesse wie Aufmerksamkeitslenkung und Arbeitsspeicher widerspiegeln k{\"o}nnte. Der Kon-trast des Trainingseffektes zeigte nach dem Training einen st{\"a}rkeren Rebound Effekt im Sinne einer verst{\"a}rkten Aktivierung in Generatorregionen der P300 Welle, was eine ver-besserte Erkennung und Prozessierung von Target-Stimuli reflektieren k{\"o}nnte. Eine Ab-nahme von Aktivierung in frontalen Arealen in diesem Kontrast k{\"o}nnte durch effizientere Abl{\"a}ufe kognitiver Prozesse und des Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis erkl{\"a}rt werden.},
  subject      = {Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Saulin2023,
  author    = {Saulin, Anne Christin},
  title     = {Sustainability of empathy as driver for prosocial behavior and social closeness: insights from computational modelling and functional magnetic resonance imaging},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30555},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-305550},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Empathy, the act of sharing another person's affective state, is a ubiquitous driver for helping others and feeling close to them. These experiences are integral parts of human behavior and society. The studies presented in this dissertation aimed to investigate the sustainability and stability of social closeness and prosocial decision-making driven by empathy and other social motives. In this vein, four studies were conducted in which behavioral and neural indicators of empathy sustainability were identified using model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Applying reinforcement learning, drift-diffusion modelling (DDM), and fMRI, the first two studies were designed to investigate the formation and sustainability of empathy-related social closeness (study 1) and examined how sustainably empathy led to prosocial behavior (study 2). Using DDM and fMRI, the last two studies investigated how empathy combined with reciprocity, the social norm to return a favor, on the one hand and empathy combined with the motive of outcome maximization on the other hand altered the behavioral and neural social decision process. The results showed that empathy-related social closeness and prosocial decision tendencies persisted even if empathy was rarely reinforced. The sustainability of these empathy effects was related to recalibration of the empathy-related social closeness learning signal (study 1) and the maintenance of a prosocial decision bias (study 2). The findings of study 3 showed that empathy boosted the processing of reciprocity-based social decisions, but not vice versa. Study 4 revealed that empathy-related decisions were modulated by the motive of outcome maximization, depending on individual differences in state empathy. Together, the studies strongly support the concept of empathy as a sustainable driver of social closeness and prosocial behavior.},
  subject      = {Einf{\"u}hlung <Motiv>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwarzmeier2023,
  author    = {Schwarzmeier, Hanna},
  title     = {From fear extinction to exposure therapy: neural mechanisms and moderators of extinction},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-22330},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223304},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Emotional-associative learning processes such as fear conditioning and extinction are highly relevant to not only the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders (ADs), but also to their treatment. Extinction, as the laboratory analogue to behavioral exposure, is assumed a core process underlying the treatment of ADs. Although exposure-based treatments are highly effective for the average patient suffering from an AD, there remains a gap in treatment efficacy with over one third of patients failing to achieve clinically significant symptom relief. There is ergo a pressing need for intensified research regarding the underlying neural mechanisms of aberrant emotional-associative learning processes and the neurobiological moderators of treatment (non-)response in ADs. The current thesis focuses on different applications of the fundamental principles of fear conditioning and extinction by using two example cases of ADs from two different multicenter trials. First, we targeted alterations in fear acquisition, extinction, and its recall as a function of psychopathology in panic disorder (PD) patients compared to healthy subjects using fMRI. Second, exposure-based therapy and pre-treatment patient characteristics exerting a moderating influence on this essential learning process later on (i.e. treatment outcome) were examined using multimodal functional and structural neuroimaging in spider phobia. We observed aberrations in emotional-associative learning processes in PD patients compared to healthy subjects indicated by an accelerated fear acquisition and an attenuated extinction recall. Furthermore, pre-treatment differences related to defensive, regulatory, attentional, and perceptual processes may exert a moderating influence on treatment outcome to behavioral exposure in spider phobia. Although the current results need further replication, on an integrative meta level, results point to a hyperactive defensive network system and deficient emotion regulation processes (including extinction processes) and top-down control in ADs. This speaks in favor of transdiagnostic deficits in important functional domains in ADs. Deficits in transdiagnostic domains such as emotion regulation processes could be targeted by enhancing extinction learning or by means of promising tools like neurofeedback. The detection of pre-treatment clinical response moderators, for instance via machine learning frameworks, may help in supporting clinical decision making on individually tailored treatment approaches or, respectively, to avoid ineffective treatment and its related financial costs. In the long run, the identification of neurobiological markers which are capable of detecting non-responders a priori represents an ultimate goal.},
  subject      = {Extinktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Seeger2023,
  author    = {Seeger, Fabian Reinhard},
  title     = {Moderators of exposure-based treatment outcome in anxiety disorders: an fMRI approach},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21435},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214356},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Even though exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) constitutes a first-line treatment for anxiety disorders, a substantial proportion of patients does not respond in a clinically significant manner. The identification of pre-treatment patient characteristics that are associated with treatment outcome might aid in improving response rates. Therefore, the present doctoral thesis aimed at investigating moderators of treatment outcome in anxiety disorders: first, we investigated the neural correlates of comorbidity among primary panic disorder/agoraphobia (PD/AG) and secondary social anxiety disorder (SAD) moderating treatment outcome towards exposure-based CBT. Second, pre-treatment functional resting-state connectivity signatures of treatment response in specific phobia were studied. Within the first study, we compared PD/AG patients with or without secondary SAD regarding their clinical and neurofunctional outcome towards a manualized CBT treatment focusing on PD/AG symptoms. Prior to treatment, PD/AG+SAD compared to PD/AG-SAD patients exhibited a specific neural signature within the temporal lobe, which was attenuated to the level of PD/AG-SAD patients afterwards. CBT was equally effective in both groups. Thus, comorbidity among those two anxiety disorders did not alter treatment outcome substantially. This might be due to the high overlap of shared pathophysiological features within both disorders. In the second study, we assessed pre-treatment functional resting-state connectivity within a sample of spider phobic patients that were treated with massed in virtuo exposure. We found responders already prior to treatment to be characterized by stronger inhibitory frontolimbic connectivity as well as heightened connectivity between the amygdala and regions related to the ventral visual stream. Furthermore, patients demonstrating high within-session extinction exhibited pronounced intrinsic prefrontal connectivity. Our results point to responders exhibiting a brain prepared for the mechanism of action of exposure. Taken together, results highlight the major impact of pre-treatment characteristics on treatment outcome. Both, PD/AG+SAD patients as well as responders within the SpiderVR study exhibited heightened activation or connectivity within the ventral visual pathway and the amygdala. Pronounced visual processing together with enhanced executive control and emotion regulation seem to constitute a fruitful soil for successful exposure. The results provide starting points for personalized treatment approaches in order to improve treatment success in the anxiety disorders. Future studies are needed to investigate the benefit of neuroscientifically informed CBT augmentation strategies such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.},
  subject      = {Angstst{\"o}rung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Siminski2023,
  author    = {Siminski, Niklas},
  title     = {Temporal predictability of threat: Evaluation of differential involvement of amygdala and BNST, and relevance for therapy response prediction in spider phobia},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24664},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246643},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Predictability of threat is one of the key modulators of neural activity in fear and anxiety-related threat processes and there is a considerable number of studies focusing on the exact contribution of centromedial amygdala and Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) in animals as well as in humans. In this research field, some studies already investigated the differential involvement of both areas during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat processes in humans. However, these studies showed several limitations e.g. small sample size, no predictable threat conditions, no separation of anticipation and confrontation processes, which should be addressed in future studies. Furthermore, evidence for group-based inter-individual differences of amygdala and BNST activity during predictable and unpredictable threat processes have not been studied extensively. Several studies suggest a relevant role of the amygdala and BNST activity in phobic processes in patients with specific phobia, but no study so far has investigated the exact contribution of centromedial amygdala (CM) and BNST during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat processes in specific phobia. This thesis consisted of three studies and aimed to evaluate the exact contribution of CM and BNST during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat anticipation and confrontation with the use of an optimized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm, which aimed to solve methodological limitations of recent studies. Study 1 used a large sample of healthy participants who were grouped based on NPSR1 genotype, and study 2 and study 3 used a sample of patients with spider phobia. In sum, the results of all three studies indicated, that BNST is more relevant for anticipation processes as compared to the CM. Contrary, during the confrontation phase the CM displays a greater relevance for threat confrontation processes. In recent years, various studies have investigated the extent to which treatment success can be predicted in patients with anxiety disorders based on pre-treatment fMRI activity. Therefore, this was investigated for the first time in study 3 in patients with spider phobia during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat processes. Results indicated that independent of temporal predictability lower anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity during threat anticipation and engaged BNST during threat confrontation might be benefitting factors for successful therapy response in spider phobia.},
  subject      = {Amygdala},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ulrich2016,
  author    = {Ulrich, Natalie},
  title     = {Processing of Near Outcomes and Outcome Sequences in Gambling: Implications for the Biopsychological Basis of Problem Gambling},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-139612},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Gambling is a popular activity in Germany, with 40\% of a representative sample reporting having gambled at least once in the past year (Bundeszentrale f{\"u}r gesundheitliche Aufkl{\"a}rung, 2014). While the majority of gamblers show harmless gambling behavior, a subset develops serious problems due to their gambling, affecting their psychological well-being, social life and work. According to recent estimates, up to 0.8\% of the German population are affected by such pathological gambling. People in general and pathological gamblers in particular show several cognitive distortions, that is, misconceptions about the chances of winning and skill involvement, in gambling. The current work aimed at elucidating the biopsychological basis of two such kinds of cognitive distortions, the illusion of control and the gambler's and hot hand fallacies, and their modulation by gambling problems. Therefore, four studies were conducted assessing the processing of near outcomes (used as a proxy for the illusion of control) and outcome sequences (used as a proxy for the gambler's and hot hand fallacies) in samples of varying degrees of gambling problems, using a multimethod approach. The first study analyzed the processing and evaluation of near outcomes as well as choice behavior in a wheel of fortune paradigm using electroencephalography (EEG). To assess the influence of gambling problems, a group of problem gamblers was compared to a group of controls. The results showed that there were no differences in the processing of near outcomes between the two groups. Near compared to full outcomes elicited smaller P300 amplitudes. Furthermore, at a trend level, the choice behavior of participants showed signs of a pattern opposite to the gambler's fallacy, with longer runs of an outcome color leading to increased probabilities of choosing this color again on the subsequent trial. Finally, problem gamblers showed smaller feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitudes relative to controls. The second study also targeted the processing of near outcomes in a wheel of fortune paradigm, this time using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a group of participants with varying degrees of gambling problems. The results showed increased activity in the bilateral superior parietal cortex following near compared to full outcomes. The third study examined the peripheral physiology reactions to near outcomes in the wheel of fortune. Heart period and skin conductance were measured while participants with varying degrees of gambling problems played on the wheel of fortune. Near compared to full outcomes led to increased heart period duration shortly after the outcome. Furthermore, heart period reactions and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were modulated by gambling problems. Participants with high relative to low levels of gambling problems showed increased SCRs to near outcomes and similar heart period reactions to near outcomes and full wins. The fourth study analyzed choice behavior and sequence effects in the processing of outcomes in a coin toss paradigm using EEG in a group of problem gamblers and controls. Again, problem gamblers showed generally smaller FRN amplitudes compared to controls. There were no differences between groups in the processing of outcome sequences. The break of an outcome streak led to increased power in the theta frequency band. Furthermore, the P300 amplitude was increased after a sequence of previous wins. Finally, problem gamblers compared to controls showed a trend of switching the outcome symbol relative to the previous outcome symbol more often. In sum, the results point towards differences in the processing of near compared to full outcomes in brain areas and measures implicated in attentional and salience processes. The processing of outcome sequences involves processes of salience attribution and violation of expectations. Furthermore, problem gamblers seem to process near outcomes as more win-like compared to controls. The results and their implications for problem gambling as well as further possible lines of research are discussed.},
  subject      = {Spielsucht},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wiemer2015,
  author    = {Wiemer, Julian},
  title     = {Maintaining factors of fear-relevant illusory correlations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116960},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Biased cognitive processes are very likely involved in the maintenance of fears and anxiety. One of such cognitive processes is the perceived relationship between fear-relevant stimuli and aversive consequences. If this relationship is perceived although objective contingencies have been random, it is called an (a posteriori) illusory correlation. If this relationship is overestimated before objective contingencies are experienced, it is called an (a priori) expectancy bias. Previous investigations showed that fear-relevant illusory correlations exist, but very few is known about how and why this cognitive bias develops. In the present dissertation thesis, a model is proposed based on a review of the literature on fear-relevant illusory correlations. This model describes how psychological factors might have an influence on fear and illusory correlations. Several critical implications of the model were tested in four experiments. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that people do not only overestimate the proportion of aversive consequences (startle sounds) following emotionally negative stimuli (pictures of mutilations) relative to neutral stimuli (pictures of household objects), but also following highly arousing positive stimuli (pictures of erotic scenes), because arousal might be an important determinant of illusory correlations. The result was a significant expectancy bias for negative stimuli and a much smaller expectancy bias for positive stimuli. Unexpectedly, expectancy bias was restricted to women. An a posteriori illusory correlation was not found overall, but only in those participants who perceived the aversive consequences following negative stimuli as particularly aversive. Experiment 2 tested the same hypothesis as experiment 1 using a paradigm that evoked distinct basic emotions (pictures inducing fear, anger, disgust or happiness). Only negative emotions resulted in illusory correlations with aversive outcomes (startle sounds), especially the emotions of fear and disgust. As in experiment 1, the extent of these illusory correlations was correlated with the perceived aversiveness of aversive outcomes. Moreover, only women overestimated the proportion of aversive outcomes during pictures that evoked fear, anger or disgust. Experiment 3 used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to measure biased brain activity in female spider phobics during an illusory correlation paradigm. Both spider phobics and healthy controls expected more aversive outcomes (painful electrical shocks) following pictures of spiders than following neutral control stimuli (pictures of mushrooms). Spider phobics but not healthy controls overestimated the proportion of aversive outcomes following pictures of spiders in a trial-by-trial memory task. This a posteriori illusory correlation was correlated with enhanced shock aversiveness and activity in primary sensory-motor cortex in phobic participants. Moreover, spider phobics' brain activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was elevated in response to spider images. This activity also predicted the extent of the illusory correlation, which supports the theory that executive and attentional resources play an important role in the maintenance of illusory correlations. Experiment 4 tested the hypothesis that the enhanced aversiveness of some outcomes would be sufficient to causally induce an illusory correlation. Neutral images (colored geometric figures) were paired with differently aversive outcomes (three startle sounds varying in intensity). Participants developed an illusory correlation between those images, which predicted the most aversive sound and this sound, which means that this association was overestimated relative to the other associations. The extent of the illusory correlation was positively correlated with participants' self-reported anxiety. The results imply that the previously found relationship between illusory correlations and outcome aversiveness might reflect a causal impact of outcome aversiveness or salience on illusory correlations. In sum, the conducted experiments indicate that illusory correlations between fear-relevant stimuli and aversive consequences might persist - among other factors - because of an enhanced aversiveness or salience of aversive consequences following feared stimuli. This assumption is based on correlational findings, a neural measure of outcome perception and a causal influence of outcome aversiveness on illusory correlations. Implications of these findings were integrated into a model of fear-relevant illusory correlations and potential implications are discussed. Future investigations should further elucidate the role of executive functions and gender effects. Moreover, the trial-by-trial assessment of illusory correlations is recommended to increase reliability of the concept. From a clinical perspective, the down-regulation of aversive experiences and the allocation of attention to non-aversive experiences might help to cure anxiety and cognitive bias.},
  subject      = {Verzerrte Kognition},
  language  = {en}
}