@phdthesis{Diebold2023,
  author    = {Diebold, Mathias},
  title     = {Virtuelles Screening und Entwicklung selektiver Liganden des Aurora-A - MYCN Komplexes und computergest{\"u}tzte Methoden zur Analyse und Design von PROTACs},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31759},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317594},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Die Interaktion des onkogenen Transkriptionsfaktors MYCN mit der Ser/Thr Kinase Aurora-A verhindert dessen Abbau {\"u}ber das Ubiquitin Proteasomsystem indem die Rekrutierung des SCF FbxW7 Komplexes verhindert wird. Die Kinase nimmt mit der Bindung an MYCN eine aktive Konformation ein und erh{\"a}lt somit die F{\"a}higkeit zur Kinaseaktivit{\"a}t ohne die sonst notwendige Phosphorylierung von Thr288 oder die Anwesenheit eines Aktivators wie TPX2. Da hohe MYCN Konzentrationen Tumore wie Neuroblastome antreiben, ist die St{\"o}rung der Komplexbildung mit Aurora-A eine valide Strategie zur Entwicklung von Chemotherapeutika. Einige Inhibitoren von Aurora-A wie Alisertib (MLN8237) sind in der Lage, eine Konformations{\"a}nderung in der Kinase zu verursachen, die mit der Bindung von MYCN inkompatibel ist und auf diese Weise den Abbau des Transkriptionsfaktors induziert. Da Aurora-A wichtige Funktionen in der Mitose {\"u}bernimmt, k{\"o}nnte eine direkte Adressierung des Komplexes anstelle einer systemischen Inhibition der Kinase vielversprechender sein. Ziel des Projektes war die Identifizierung von Molek{\"u}len, die selektiv an das Interface des Aurora-A - MYCN Komplexes binden und weiter optimiert werden k{\"o}nnen, um einen gezielten Abbau des Transkriptionsfaktors {\"u}ber einen PROTAC Ansatz zu erm{\"o}glichen. Virtuelle Screenings und molekulardynamische Simulationen wurden durchgef{\"u}hrt, um kommerziell erh{\"a}ltliche Verbindungen zu identifizieren, welche mit einer Bindetasche des Komplexes interagieren, die nur zustande kommt, wenn beide Proteine miteinander interagieren. Aus einem ersten Set von zehn potentiellen Liganden wurde f{\"u}r vier eine selektive Interaktion mit dem Protein - Protein Komplex gegen{\"u}ber Aurora-A oder MYCN alleine in STD-NMR Experimenten best{\"a}tigt. Zwei der Hits besaßen ein identisches Grundger{\"u}st und wurden als Ausganspunkt f{\"u}r die Optimierung zu potenteren Liganden genutzt. Das Ger{\"u}st wurde fragmentweise vergr{\"o}ßert und in Richtung besserer in-silico Ergebnisse und Funktionalisierung zur Anbringung von E3-Ligase-Liganden optimiert. Neun dieser Liganden der zweiten Generation wurden synthetisiert. Um quantitative Bindungsdaten zu erhalten, wurde ein kovalent verkn{\"u}pftes Aurora-A - MYCN Konstrukt entworfen. Die strukturelle und funktionale Integrit{\"a}t wurde in STD-NMR und BLI Experimenten mit bekannten Aurora-A Inhibitoren best{\"a}tigt, sowie in NMR-basierten ATPase Assays. Zus{\"a}tzlich konnte die Kristallstruktur des Konstrukts gel{\"o}st und damit die Validit{\"a}t des Designs best{\"a}tigt werden. Quantitative Messungen der synthetisierten Molek{\"u}le identifizierten HD19S als Hit mit einer zehnfach h{\"o}heren Affinit{\"a}t f{\"u}r das Aurora-A - MYCN Konstrukt im Vergleich zu der Kinase allein. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden in-silico Untersuchungen zu PROTACs der Aurora-A Kinase durchgef{\"u}hrt. Interaktionen zwischen Aurora-A, der E3-Ligase Cereblon und den Liganden wurden modelliert und f{\"u}r die Erkl{\"a}rung unterschiedlicher Aktivit{\"a}ten der eingesetzten PROTACs verwendet. Zudem zeigte das aktivste PROTAC eine hohe Selektivit{\"a}t f{\"u}r Aurora-A gegen{\"u}ber Aurora-B, obwohl die verwendete Erkennungseinheit (Alisertib) an beide Aurora-Proteine bindet. Dieser Umstand konnte durch energetische Analysen von molekulardynamischen Simulationen der tern{\"a}ren Komplexe erkl{\"a}rt werden. Optimierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten f{\"u}r eine effizientere Degradation von Aurora-A durch die PROTACs wurden basierend auf modifizierten Erkennungseinheiten und verbesserten Linkern untersucht.},
  subject      = {Arzneimitteldesign},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Luckner2009,
  author    = {Luckner, Sylvia},
  title     = {Towards the development of high affinity InhA and KasA inhibitors with activity against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43621},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis and responsible for more than eight million new infections and about two million deaths each year. Novel chemotherapeutics are urgently needed to treat the emerging threat of multi drug resistant and extensively drug resistant strains. Cell wall biosynthesis is a widely used target for chemotherapeutic intervention in bacterial infections. In mycobacteria, the cell wall is comprised of mycolic acids, very long chain fatty acids that provide protection and allow the bacteria to persist in the human macrophage. The type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes fatty acids with a length of up to 56 carbon atoms that are the precursors of the critical mycobacterial cell wall components mycolic acids. KasA, the mycobacterial ß-ketoacyl synthase and InhA, the mycobacterial enoyl reductase, are essential enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and validated drug targets. In this work, KasA was expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis, purified and co-crystallized in complex with the natural thiolactone antibiotic thiolactomycin (TLM). High-resolution crystal structures of KasA and the C171Q KasA variant, which mimics the acyl enzyme intermediate of the enzyme, were solved in absence and presence of bound TLM. The crystal structures reveal how the inhibitor is coordinated by the enzyme and thus specifically pinpoint towards possible modifications to increase the affinity of the compound and develop potent new drugs against tuberculosis. Comparisons between the TLM bound crystal structures explain the preferential binding of TLM to the acylated form of KasA. Furthermore, long polyethylene glycol molecules are bound to KasA that mimic a fatty acid substrate of approximately 40 carbon atoms length. These structures thus provide the first insights into the molecular mechanism of substrate recognition and reveal how a wax-like substance can be accommodated in a cytosolic environment. InhA was purified and co-crystallized in complex with the slow, tight binding inhibitor 2-(o-tolyloxy)-5-hexylphenol (PT70). Two crystal structures of the ternary InhA-NAD+-PT70 were solved and reveal how the inhibitor is bound to the substrate binding pocket. Both structures display an ordered substrate binding loop and corroborate the hypothesis that slow onset inhibition is coupled to loop ordering. Upon loop ordering, the active site entrance is more restricted and the inhibitor is kept inside more tightly. These studies provide additional information on the mechanistic imperatives for slow onset inhibition of enoyl ACP reductases.},
  subject      = {Tuberkelbakterium},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Aminake2012,
  author    = {Aminake, Makoah Nigel},
  title     = {Towards malaria combination therapy: Characterization of hybrid molecules for HIV/malaria combination therapy and of thiostrepton as a proteasome-targeting antibiotic with a dual mode of action},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71841},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Malaria and HIV are among the most important global health problems of our time and together are responsible for approximately 3 million deaths annually. These two diseases overlap in many regions of the world including sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, leading to a higher risk of co-infection. In this study, we generated and characterized hybrid molecules to target P. falciparum and HIV simultaneously for a potential HIV/malaria combination therapy. Hybrid molecules were synthesized by covalent fusion between azidothymidine (AZT) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), tetraoxane or chloroquine (CQ); and a small library was generated and tested for antiviral and antimalarial activity. Our data suggest that dihyate is the most potent molecule in vitro, with antiplasmodial activity comparable to that of DHA (IC50 = 26 nM, SI > 3000), a moderate activity against HIV (IC50 = 2.9 µM; SI > 35) and safe to HeLa cells at concentrations used in the assay (CC50 > 100 µM). Pharmacokinetic studies further revealed that dihyate is metabolically unstable and is cleaved following an O-dealkylation once in contact with cytochrome P450 enzymes. The later further explains the uneffectiveness of dihyate against the CQ-sensitive P. berghei N strain in mice when administered by oral route at 20 mg/kg. Here, we report on a first approach to develop antimalarial/anti-HIV hybrid molecules and future optimization efforts will aim at producing second generation hybrid molecules to improve activity against HIV as well as compound bioavailability. With the emergence of resistant parasites against all the counterpart drugs of artemisinin derivatives used in artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs), the introduction of antibiotics in the treatment of malaria has renewed interest on the identification of antibiotics with potent antimalarial properties. In this study we also investigated the antiplasmodial potential of thiostrepton and derivatives, synthesized using combinations of tail truncation, oxidation, and addition of lipophilic thiols to the terminal dehydroamino acid. We showed that derivatives SS231 and SS234 exhibit a better antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 1 µM SI > 59 and SI > 77 respectively) than thiostrepton (IC50 = 8.95 µM, SI = 1.7). The antiplasmodial activity of these derivatives was observed at concentrations which are not hemolytic and non-toxic to human cell lines. Thiostrepton and derivatives appeared to exhibit transmission blocking properties when administered at their IC50 or IC90 concentrations and our data also showed that they attenuate proteasome activity of Plasmodium, which resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins after incubation with their IC80 concentrations. Our results indicate that the parasite's proteasome could be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this regard, thiostrepton derivatives are promising candidates by dually acting on two independent targets, the proteasome and the apicoplast, with the capacity to eliminate both intraerythrocytic asexual and transmission stages of the parasite. To further support our findings, we evaluated the activity of a new class of antimalarial and proteasome inhibitors namely peptidyl sulfonyl fluorides on gametocyte maturation and analogues AJ34 and AJ38 were able to completely suppress gametocytogenesis at IC50 concentrations (0.23 µM and 0.17 µM respectively) suggesting a strong transmission blocking potential. The proteasome, a major proteolytic complex, responsible for the degradation and re-cycling of non-functional proteins has been studied only indirectly in P. falciparum. In addition, an apparent proteasome-like protein with similarity to bacterial ClpQ/hslV threonine-peptidases was predicted in the parasite. Antibodies were generated against the proteasome subunits alpha type 5 (α5-SU), beta type 5 (β5-SU) and pfhslV in mice and we showed that the proteasome is expressed in both sexual and asexual blood stages of P. falciparum, where they localize in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. However, expression of PfhslV was only observed in trophozoites and shizonts. The trafficking of the studied proteasome subunits was further investigated by generating parasites expressing GFP tagged proteins. The expression of α5-SU-GFP in transgenic parasite appeared to localize abundantly in the cytoplasm of all blood stages, and no additional information was obtained from this parasite line. In conclusion, our data highlight two new tools towards combination therapy. Hybrid molecules represent promising tools for the cure of co-infected individuals, while very potent antibiotics with a wide scope of activities could be useful in ACTs by eliminating resistant parasites and limiting transmission of both, resistances and disease.},
  subject      = {Malaria},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eltschkner2020,
  author    = {Eltschkner, Sandra},
  title     = {Targeting the Bacterial Fatty-Acid Synthesis Pathway: Towards the Development of Slow-Onset Inhibitors and the Characterisation of Protein-Protein Interactions},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-15664},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156643},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A continuous arms race between the development of novel antibiotics and the evolution of corresponding resistance mechanisms in bacteria has been observed, since antibiotic agents like arsphenamines (e.g. Salvarsan, developed by Paul Ehrlich [1]), sulphonamides (e.g. Prontosil, Gerhard Domagk [2]) and penicillin (Alexander Fleming [3]) were first applied to effectively cure bacterial infections in the early 20th century. The rapid emergence of resistances in contrast to the currently lagging discovery of antibiotics displays a severe threat to human health. Some serious infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis or melioidosis, which were either thought to be an issue only in Third-World countries in case of tuberculosis, or regionally restricted with respect to melioidosis, are now on the rise to expand to other areas. In contrast, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is already present in clinical setups all over the world and causes severe infections in immunocompromised patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for new and effective antimicrobial agents, which impair vital functions of the pathogen's metabolism. One central metabolic pathway is represented by the bacterial fatty-acid synthesis pathway (FAS II), which is essential for the synthesis of long and branched-chain fatty acids, as well as mycolic acids. These substances play a major role as modulating components of the properties of the most important protective barrier - the cell envelope. The integrity of the bacterial cell wall and the associated membrane(s) is crucial for cell growth and for protection against physical strain, intrusion of antibiotic agents and regulation of uptake of ions and other small molecules. Thus, this central pathway represents a promising target for antibiotic action against pathogens to combat infectious diseases. The last and rate-limiting step is catalysed by the trans-2-enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR) FabI or InhA (in mycobacteria), which has been demonstrated to be a valuable target for drug design and can be addressed, amongst others, by diphenyl ether (DPE) compounds, derived from triclosan (TCL) - the first one of this class which was discovered to bind to ENR enzymes [4, 5]. Based on this scaffold, inhibitors containing different combinations of substituents at crucial positions, as well as a novel type of substituent at position five were investigated regarding their binding behaviour towards the Burkholderia pseudomallei and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ENR enzymes bpFabI and InhA, respectively, by structural, kinetic and in-vivo experiments. Generally, substitution patterns modulate the association and dissociation velocities of the different ENR inhibitors in the context of the two-step slow-onset binding mechanism, which is observed for both enzymes. These alterations in the rapidity of complex formation and decomposition have a crucial impact on the residence time of a compound and hence, on the pharmacokinetic properties of potential drug candidates. For example, the substituents at the 2'-position of the DPE scaffold influence the ground- and transition state stability during the binding process to bpFabI, whereas 4'-substituents primarily alter the transition state [6]. The novel triazole group attached to the 5-position of the scaffold, targeting the hydrophobic part of the substrate-binding pocket in InhA, significantly enhances the energy barrier of the transition state of inhibitor binding [7] and decelerates the association- as well as the dissociation processes. Combinations with different substituents at the 2'-position can enhance or diminish this effect, e.g. by ground-state stabilisation, which will result in an increased residence time of the respective inhibitor on InhA. Further structural investigations carried out in this work, confirm the proposed binding mode of a customised saFabI inhibitor [8], carrying a pyridone moiety on the DPE scaffold to expand interactions with the protein environment. Structural and preliminary kinetic data confirm the binding of the same inhibitor to InhA in a related fashion. Comparisons with structures of the ENR inhibitor AFN-1252 [9] bound to ENR enzymes from other organisms, addressing a similar region as the pyridone-moiety of the DPE inhibitor, suggest that also the DPE inhibitor bears the potential to display binding to homologues of saFabI and InhA and may be optimised accordingly. Both of the newly investigated substituents, the pyridone moiety at the 4'-position as well as the 5-triazole substituent, provide a good starting point to modify the DPE scaffold also towards improved kinetic properties against ENR enzymes other than the herein studied and combining both groups on the DPE scaffold may have beneficial effects. The understanding of the underlying binding mechanism is a crucial factor to promote the dedicated design of inhibitors with superior pharmacokinetic characteristics. A second target for a structure-based drug-design approach is the interaction surface between ENR enzymes and the acyl-carrier protein (ACP), which delivers the growing acyl chain to each distinct enzyme of the dissociated FAS-II system and presumably recognises its respective interaction partner via electrostatic contacts. The interface between saACP and saFabI was investigated using different approaches including crosslinking experiments and the design of fusion constructs connecting the ACP and the FabI subunits via a flexible linker region of varying lengths and compositions. The crosslinking studies confirmed a set of residues to be part of the contact interface of a previously proposed complex model [10] and displayed high crosslinking efficiency of saACP to saFabI when mutated to cysteine residues. However, crystals of the complex obtained from either the single components, or of the fusion constructs usually displayed weak diffraction, which supports the assumption that complex formation is highly transient. To obtain ordered crystals for structural characterisation of the complex it is necessary to trap the complex in a fixed state, e.g. by a high-affinity substrate attached to ACP [11], which abolishes rapid complex dissociation. For this purpose, acyl-coupled long-residence time inhibitors might be a valuable tool to elucidate the detailed architecture of the ACP-FabI interface. This may provide a novel basis for the development of inhibitors that specifically target the FAS-II biosynthesis pathway.},
  subject      = {Fetts{\"a}urestoffwechsel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hirschbeck2012,
  author    = {Hirschbeck, Maria Wenefriede},
  title     = {Structure-based drug design on the enoyl-ACP reductases of Yersinia pestis and Burkholderia pseudomallei},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70869},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Spreading drug resistances among Gram-negative pathogens and the paucity of new agents on the antibacterial drug market against these tenacious bacteria create a pressing need for the development of new antibiotics. The bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis pathway FAS-II, especially the enoyl-ACP reductase catalyzing the last step of the elongation cycle, is an established drug target against tuberculosis but has not been extensively exploited for drug design against other bacterial pathogens. In this thesis the enoyl-ACP reductases of the Gram-negative biothreat organisms Burkholderia pseudomallei and Yersinia pestis were targeted in a structure-based drug design approach. The structure of the most recently identified enoyl-ACP isoenzyme FabV was characterized by X-ray crystallography and could be determined in three different states. FabV from B. pseudomallei was obtained in the apo-form of the enzyme, whereas FabV from Y. pestis was characterized in a binary complex with the cofactor NADH as well as in a ternary complex with NADH and the triclosan-based 2-pyridone inhibitors PT172 and PT173. Analysis of the FabV structure revealed the typical fold of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily with the NADH-binding Rossmann fold and a substrate-binding pocket with a conserved active site geometry compared to the related isoenzyme FabI. Additional structural elements of FabV are located around the active site. The monomeric form of the enzyme is thereby stabilized and the substrate-binding loop is kept in a closed, helical conformation. The ternary complexes of FabV exhibited a similar inhibitor-binding mode as observed for triclosan inhibition in FabI and point to a potential substrate-binding mechanism. B. pseudomallei possesses FabI as an additional enoyl-ACP reductase isoenzyme, which was structurally characterized in the apo form and in ternary complexes with NAD+ and the diphenyl ether inhibitors triclosan, PT02, PT12 or PT404 as well as the 4-pyridone inhibitor PT155. The structural data of the ternary enoyl-ACP reductases complexes of B. pseudomallei and Y. pestis hold the promise for the possibility to develop antibacterials targeting FabV or even both isoenzymes, FabI and FabV, based on the triclosan scaffold.},
  subject      = {Yersinia},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Narkhede2018,
  author    = {Narkhede, Yogesh},
  title     = {In silico structure-based optimisation of pyrrolidine carboxamides as Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-152468},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The high infection rates and recent emergence of extremely drug resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pose a significant challenge for global health. The NADH- dependent enoyl-ACP-reductase InhA of the type II mycobacterial fatty acid biosynthesis pathway is a well-validated target for inhibiting mycobacterial growth. InhA has been shown to be inhibited by a variety of compound series. Prominent classes of InhA inhibitors from literature include diaryl ethers, pyrrolidine carboxamides and arylamides which can be subjected to further development. Despite the progress in this area, very few compounds are in clinical development phase. The present work involves a detailed computational investigation of the binding modes and structure-based optimisation of pyrrolidine carboxamides as InhA inhibitors. With substituents of widely varying bulkiness, the pyrrolidine carboxamide dataset presented a challenge for prediction of binding mode as well as affinity. Using advanced docking protocols and in-house developed pose selection procedures, the binding modes of 44 compounds were predicted. The poses from docking were used in short molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to ascertain the dominant binding conformations for the bulkier members of the series. Subsequently, an activity-based classification strategy could be developed to circumvent the affinity prediction problems observed with this dataset. The prominent motions of the bound ligand and the active site residues were then ascertained using Essential Dynamics (ED). The information from ED and literature was subsequently used to design a total of 20 compounds that were subjected to extensive in-silico evaluations. Finally, the molecular determinants of rapid-reversible binding of pyrrolidine carboxamides were investigated using long MD simulations.},
  subject      = {Tuberkelbakterium},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bothe2021,
  author    = {Bothe, Sebastian Helmut},
  title     = {Fragmentbasiertes Design von p97-Liganden: Identifizierung von Startstrukturen zur Entwicklung von Protein-Protein-Interaktionsinhibitoren f{\"u}r die SHP-Bindestelle der AAA+ ATPase p97},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23911},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239112},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Die AAA+ ATPase p97 ist ein essenzielles Protein, das an einer Vielzahl zellul{\"a}rer Prozesse beteiligt ist und eine Schl{\"u}sselrolle in der Protein-Hom{\"o}ostase spielt. Die funktionale Diversit{\"a}t von p97 beruht auf der Interaktion zahlreicher unterschiedlicher Kofaktoren, die vorwiegend an die N-Dom{\"a}ne von p97 binden. Aufgrund seiner Bedeutung in der Regulierung diverser physiologischer und pathologischer Prozesse stellt p97 eine interessante Zielstruktur f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe dar, die insbesondere in der Krebstherapie von Bedeutung sein k{\"o}nnte. Bekannte p97-Inhibitoren greifen vor allem die ATPase-Funktion des Proteins an. Ein neuer pharmakologischer Ansatz stellt die Inhibierung der Kofaktorbindung an die N-Dom{\"a}ne dar. Ein solcher Protein-Protein-Interaktionsinhibitor w{\"a}re nicht nur von therapeutischem Interesse, sondern h{\"a}tte auch einen besonderen Nutzen f{\"u}r die Entschl{\"u}sselung molekularer und zellul{\"a}rer Funktionen von p97-Kofaktoren. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein fragmentbasierter Ansatz f{\"u}r die Identifizierung von chemischen Startstrukturen f{\"u}r die Entwicklung eines Protein-Protein- Interaktionsinhibitors verfolgt. Als Zielstruktur wurde die SHP-Bindestelle in der N-Dom{\"a}ne gew{\"a}hlt. Die Identifizierung von Liganden erfolgte sowohl durch computergest{\"u}tzte Methoden (insbesondere virtuelles Screening und Molekulardynamik-Simulationen) als auch experimentell durch biophysikalische Techniken (wie Biolayer-Interferometrie, R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalyse und ligandbasierte NMR-Techniken). Die Grundlage des computerbasierten Designs stellte eine Analyse der bekannten Kristallstrukturen der p97-Komplexe mit den SHP-Motiven der Kofaktoren UFD1 und Derlin-1 dar. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus dienten Molekulardynamik-Simulationen der Analyse der Wassereigenschaften innerhalb der SHP-Bindestelle. Darauf aufbauend wurden verschiedene Pharmakophormodelle entwickelt, die die Grundlage des im Anschluss durchgef{\"u}hrten virtuellen Screenings und Dockings bildeten. Anhand der Ergebnisse von Molekulardynamik-Simulationen wurden zehn Verbindungen f{\"u}r die experimentelle Validierung ausgew{\"a}hlt. Hiervon konnten zwei Fragmente in STD-NMR- und Biolayer-Interferometrie-Experimenten als Liganden best{\"a}tigt werden. In einem parallel durchgef{\"u}hrten biophysikalischen Fragmentscreening mittels Biolayer-Interferometrie wurden unter mehr als 650 Verbindungen 22 identifiziert, die an die N-Dom{\"a}ne binden. 15 dieser Fragmente wurden durch einen orthogonalen STD-NMR-Assay best{\"a}tigt. F{\"u}nf dieser Verbindungen zeigten Affinit{\"a}ten mit KD-Werten kleiner 500μMund g{\"u}nstigen Ligandeffizienzen. Des Weiteren konnte die Bindungskinetik und Affinit{\"a}t des in der Literatur als p97-Inhibitor berichteten Naturstoffes Xanthohumol bestimmt und eine Bindung an die N-Dom{\"a}ne best{\"a}tigt werden. Zur Identifizierung m{\"o}glicher Bindestellen dieser f{\"u}nf Fragmente wurden mixed-solvent Molekulardynamik-Simulationen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Diese ergaben, dass alle Verbindungen die SHP-Bindestelle in der N-Dom{\"a}ne adressieren. Die Regionen fielen mit hot spots der Kofaktorwechselwirkungen zusammen und stellen somit m{\"o}gliche Ankerpunkte f{\"u}r die Weiterentwicklung dar. F{\"u}r zwei Fragmente konnten die postulierten Bindestellen mittels R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalyse bzw. STD-NMR-Messungen an p97-Alanin-Mutanten best{\"a}tigt werden. Die erhaltene R{\"o}ntgenstruktur ist die erste p97-Struktur, die ein gebundenes Fragment an der N-Dom{\"a}ne zeigt.},
  subject      = {Arzneimitteldesign},
  language  = {de}
}