@phdthesis{Wistlich2019,
  author    = {Wistlich, Laura},
  title     = {NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) as functional additive for biomaterials' development},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17836},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178365},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The aim of this thesis was the application of the functional prepolymer NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) for the development of new biomaterials. First, the influence of the star-shaped polymers on the mechanical properties of biocements and bone adhesives was investigated. 3-armed star-shaped macromers were used as an additive for a mineral bone cement, and the influence on the mechanical properties was studied. Additionally, a previously developed bone adhesive was examined regarding cytocompatibility. The second topic was the examination of novel functionalization steps which were performed on the surface of electrospun fibers modified with NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO). This established method of functionalizing electrospun meshes was advanced regarding the modification with proteins which was then demonstrated in a biological application. Two different kinds of antibodies were immobilized on the fiber surface in a consecutive manner and the influence of these proteins on the cell behavior was investigated. The final topic involved the quantification of surface-bound peptide sequences. By functionalization of the peptides with the UV-reactive molecule 2-mercaptopyridine it was possible to quantify this compound via UV measurements by cleavage of disulfide bridges and indirectly draw conclusions about the number of immobilized peptides. In the field of mineral biocements and bone adhesives, NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) was able to influence the setting behavior and mechanical performance of mineral bone cements based on calcium phosphate chemistry. The addition of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) resulted in a pseudo-ductile fracture behavior due to the formation of a hydrogel network in the cement, which was then mineralized by nanosized hydroxyapatite crystals following cement setting. Accordingly, a commercially available aluminum silicate cement from civil engineering could be modified. In addition, it could be shown that the use of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) is beneficial for adjusting specific material properties of bone adhesives. Here, the crosslinking behavior of the prepolymer in an aqueous medium was exploited to form an interpenetrating network (IPN) together with a photochemically curing poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) matrix. This could be used for the development of a bone adhesive with an improved adhesion to bone in a wet environment. The developed bone adhesive was further investigated in terms of possible influences of the initiator systems. In addition, the material system was tested for cytocompatibility by using different cell lines. Moreover, the preparation of electrospun fiber meshes via solution electrospinning consisting of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as a backbone polymer and NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) as functional additive is an established method for the application of the meshes as a replacement of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). In general, these fibers reveal diameters in the nanometer range, are protein and cell repellent due to the hydrophilic properties of the prepolymer and show a specific biofunctionalization by immobilization of peptide sequences. Here, the isocyanate groups presented on the fiber surface after electrospinning were used to carry out various functionalization steps, while retaining the properties of protein and cell repellency. The modification of the electrospun fibers involved the immobilization of analogs or antagonists of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the indirect detection of these by interaction with a light-producing enzyme. Here, a multimodal modification of the fiber surface with RGD to mediate cell adhesion and two different antibodies could be achieved. After culturing the cell line HT1080, the pro- or anti-inflammatory response of cells could be detected by IL-8 specific ELISA measurements. Furthermore, the quantification of molecules on the surface of electrospun fibers was investigated. It was tested whether the detection by means of super-resolution microscopy would be possible. Therefore, experiments were performed with short amino acid sequences such as RGD for quantification by fluorescence microscopy. Based on earlier results, in which a UV-spectrometrically active molecule was used to detect the quantification of RGD, it was shown that short peptides can also be quantified in a small scale on flat functional substrates (2D) such as NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) hydrogel coatings, and modified electrospun fibers produced from PLGA and NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) (3D). In addition, a collagen sequence was used to prove that a successful quantification can be carried out as well for longer peptide chains. These studies have revealed that NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) can serve as a functional additive for many applications and should be considered for further studies on the development of novel biomaterials. The rapid crosslinking reaction, the resulting hydrogel formation and the biocompatibility are to be mentioned as positive properties, which makes the prepolymer interesting for future applications.},
  subject      = {Sternpolymere},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Betz2014,
  author    = {Betz, Patrick Peter},
  title     = {Immobilisierung von Kohlenhydratbausteinen auf Nanodiamant-Partikeln mit Hilfe von C-C-Verkn{\"u}pfungsreaktionen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106421},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wurde die Erstfunktionalisierung des Diamanten durch die Diels-Alder-Reaktion realisiert und anschließend ein Thiol als weiterf{\"u}hrende Bindungsstelle etabliert. Die Thiolfunktion konnte in einer radikalischen Reaktion mit einem terminalen Alken umgesetzt werden. Als Reaktionspartner wurde ein Allylglucosid synthetisiert und mit Hilfe eines Radikalstarters an den Diamanten gebunden. F{\"u}r nicht-radikalische Verkn{\"u}pfungsreaktionen eines vorfunktionalisierten Diamanten mit dem Zielmolek{\"u}l konnte die Diazoniumsalz-Methode genutzt werden. Die Wahl der 4 Aminobenzoes{\"a}ure als Edukt der Reaktion erlaubte in einer einstufigen Reaktion die Einf{\"u}hrung einer Carbons{\"a}uregruppe auf der Oberfl{\"a}che. Durch Umsetzung mit einem Amin (Mannosecluster) konnte eine stabile Amidbindung erzeugt werden. Die erhaltenen Saccharid-Diamant-Konjugate wurden anschließend auf deren Inhibitionsverm{\"o}gen gegen{\"u}ber Escherichia coli getestet. Um eine Erweiterung der Methoden zur stabilen Erstfunktionalisierung der Diamantoberfl{\"a}che zu erreichen, wurde untersucht ob die aus der Fulleren-Chemie bekannte Bingel-Hirsch-Reaktion auf Nanodiamant {\"u}bertragbar ist. F{\"u}r die Untersuchungen am Diamanten wurden unterschiedliche Malons{\"a}urederivate eingesetzt, welche signifikante Banden im Infrarotspektrum besitzen, um eine eindeutige Funktionalisierung nachweisen zu k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Synthesediamant},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Heyer2015,
  author    = {Heyer, Steffen},
  title     = {Herstellung dotierter Nanodiamantpartikel und ihre Funktionalisierung mit schwefelhaltigen Gruppen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123465},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {In dieser Dissertation werden Methoden zur Darstellung von Stickstoff- und Bor-dotierten Nanodiamantpartikeln durch Vermahlung von makroskopischem HPHT- und CVD-Diamant mit unterschiedlichen M{\"u}hlen und Mahlverfahren beschrieben. Untersucht wird dabei der Zusammenhang von erzielten Teilchengr{\"o}ßen nach dem Mahlen und den Kristallitgr{\"o}ßen der Ausgangsdiamanten sowie der angewandten Mahlmethode. Durch Anwendung verschiedener oxidativer Methoden wird w{\"a}hrend des Mahlens entstehender sp2-Kohlenstoff entfernt. Ebenfalls wird deren Einfluss auf das Fluoreszenzverhalten NV-haltiger Nanodiamantpartikel analysiert. Des Weiteren werden Syntheserouten zur kontrolliert ablaufender Oberfl{\"a}chenfl{\"a}chenfunktionalisierung von Nanodiamant mit schwefelhaltigen Gruppen wie Thiolen, Trithiocarbonaten und Disulfiden gezeigt, welche eine selektive Anbindung der Diamantpartikel an Goldstrukturen erm{\"o}glicht. Diese Verfahren werden an Detonationsdiamant sowie fluoreszierendem HPHT- und CVD-Diamantpartikeln angewandt. Gegebenfalls kann nach erfolgreicher Anbindung fluoreszierender Nanodiamantpartikel an Goldnanostrukturen unter Ausnutzung von Plasmonenresonanz die einzigartigen Spineigenschaften der NV-Zentren mit Hinblick auf einen m{\"o}glichen Einsatz Stickstoff-dotierter Diamantnanopartikel in der Quanteninformationsverarbeitung untersucht werden.},
  subject      = {Diamant},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Heffels2012,
  author    = {Heffels, Karl-Heinz},
  title     = {Functional nanofibres for regenerative medicine},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75684},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {This thesis concerned the design and examination of a scaffold for tissue engineering applications. The template for the presented scaffold came from nature itself: the intercellular space in tissues that provides structure and support to the cells of the respective tissue, known as extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibres are a predominant characteristic feature of ECM, providing adhesion sites for cell-matrix interactions. In this dissertation a fibrous mesh was generated using the electrospinning technique to mimic the fibrous structure of the ECM. Two base polymers were explored: a biodegradable polyester, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide); and a functional PEG-based star polymer, NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO). This topic was described in three major parts: the first part was materials based, concerning the chemical design and characterisation of the polymer scaffolds; the focus was then shifted to the cellular response to this fibrous scaffold; and finally the in vivo performance of the material was preliminarily assessed. The first steps towards an electrospun mesh started with adjusting the spinning parameters for the generation of homogeneous fibres. As reported in Chapter 3 a suitable setup configuration was on the one hand comprised of a spinning solution that consisted of 28.5 w/v\% PLGA RG 504 and 6 w/v\% NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) in 450 µL acetone, 50 µL DMSO and 10 µL of an aqueous trifluoroacetic acid solution. On the other hand an ideal spinning behaviour was achieved at process parameters such as a flow rate of 0.5 mL/h, spinneret to collector distance of 12-16 cm and a voltage of 13 kV. The NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) containing fibres proved to be highly hydrophilic as the functional additive was present on the fibre surface. Furthermore, the fibres featured a bulk degradation pattern as a consequence of the proportion of PLGA. Besides the morphologic similarity to ECM fibres, the functionality of the electrospun fibres is also decisive for a successful ECM mimicry. In Chapter 4, the passive as well as active functionality of the fibres was investigated. The fibres were required to be protein repellent to prevent an unspecific cell adhesion. This was proven as even 6.5 \% sP(EO-stat-PO) in the PLGA fibres reduced any unspecific protein adsorption of bovine serum albumin and foetal calf serum to less than 1 \%. However, avidin based proteins attached to the fibres. This adhesion process was avoided by an additional fibre surface treatment with glycidol. The active functionalisation of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO)/PLGA fibres was investigated with two fluorescent dyes and biocytin. A threefold, chemically orthogonal, fibre modification was achieved with these dyes. The chapters about the chemical and mechanical properties laid the basis for the in vitro chapters where a specific fibre functionalisation with peptides was conducted to analyse the cell adhesion and biochemical expressions. Beginning with fibroblasts in Chapter 5 the focus was on the specific cell adhesion on the electrospun fibres. While NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO)/PLGA fibres without peptides did not allow any adhesion of fibroblasts, a fibre modification with GRGDS (an adhesion mediating peptide sequence) induced the adhesion and spreading of human dermal fibroblasts on the fibrous scaffolds. The control sequence GRGES that has no adhesion mediating qualities did not lead to any cell adhesion as observed on fibres without modifications. While the experiments of Chapter 5 were a proof-of-concept, in Chapter 6 a possible application in cartilage tissue engineering was examined. Therefore, primary human chondrocytes were seeded on fibrous scaffolds with various peptide sequences. Though the chondrocytes exhibited high viability on all scaffolds, an active interaction of cells and fibres was only found for the decorin derived sequence CGKLER. Live-cell-imaging revealed both cell attachment and migration within CGKLER-modified meshes. As chondrocytes undergo a de-differentiation towards a fibroblast-like phenotype, the chondrogenic re-differentiation on these scaffolds was investigated in a long term cell culture experiment of 28 days. Therefore, the glycosaminoglycan production was analysed as well as the mRNA expression of genes coding for collagen I and II, aggrecan and proteoglycan 4. In general only low amounts of the chondrogenic markers were measured, suggesting no chondrogenic differentiation. For conclusive evidence follow-up experiments are required that support or reject the findings. The success of an implant for tissue engineering relies not only on the response of the targeted cell type but also on the immune reaction caused by leukocytes. Hence, Chapter 7 dealt with primary human macrophages and their behaviour and phenotype on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces compared to three-dimensional (3D) fibrous substrates. It was found that the general non-adhesiveness of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) surfaces and fibres does not apply to macrophages. The cells aligned along the fibres on surfaces or resided in the pores of the meshes. On flat surfaces without 3D structure the macrophages showed a retarded adhesion kinetic accompanied with a high migratory activity indicating their search for a topographical feature to adhere to. Moreover, a detailed investigation of cell surface markers and chemokine signalling revealed that macrophages on 2D surfaces exhibited surface markers indicating a healing phenotype while the chemokine release suggested a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, the opposite situation was found on 3D fibrous substrates with pro-inflammatory surface markers and pro-angiogenic cytokine release. As the immune response largely depends on cellular communication, it was concluded that the NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO)/PLGA fibres induce an adequate immune response with promising prospects to be used in a scaffold for tissue engineering. The final chapter of this thesis reports on a first in vivo study conducted with the presented electrospun fibres. Here, the fibres were combined with a polypropylene mesh for the treatment of diaphragmatic hernias in a rabbit model. Two scaffold series were described that differed in the overall surface morphology: while the fibres of Series A were incorporated into a thick gel of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO), the scaffolds of Series B featured only a thin hydrogel layer so that the overall fibrous structure could be retained. After four months in vivo the treated defects of the diaphragm were significantly smaller and filled mainly with scar tissue. Thick granulomas occurred on scaffolds of Series A while the implants of Series B did not induce any granuloma formation. As a consequence of the generally positive outcome of this study, the constructs were enhanced with a drug release system in a follow-up project. The incorporated drug was the MMP-inhibitor Ilomastat which is intended to reduce the formation of scar tissue. In conclusion, the simple and straight forward fabrication, the threefold functionalisation possibility and general versatile applicability makes the meshes of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO)/PLGA fibres a promising candidate to be applied in tissue engineering scaffolds in the future.},
  subject      = {Nanofaser},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mallak2006,
  author    = {Mallak, Matthias},
  title     = {Beschichtung planarer Substrate durch Fl{\"u}ssigphasenabscheidung von Titandioxid},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25008},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Es wurden planare Substrate mittels Fl{\"u}ssigphasenabscheidung mit Titandioxid beschichtet. Durch Absorption von Polyelektrolyten konnte die chemische Beschaffenheit der Substratoberfl{\"a}che so ver{\"a}ndert werden, daß die verwendbaren Substratmaterialien zur Beschichtung mit dem LPD-Verfahren um Glas, Polycarbonat, PET und Polyethylen erweitert wurden. Bedeutung kommt besonders der LPD-Beschichtung auf Borosilicatglas zu, da damit erstmalig ein Vergleich zwischen TiO2-Schichten aus der Fl{\"u}ssigphasenabscheidung und Schichten, die mittels Sol-Gel-Verfahren gewonnen wurden, m{\"o}glich wurde. Der systematische Vergleich zwischen den Schichten der beiden Beschichtungsverfahren, ergab, daß Sol-Gel-Beschichtungen eine thermische Nachbehandlung mit Temperaturen gr{\"o}ßer 400°C ben{\"o}tigen, um ihre optimalen optischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften zu erreichen. Dabei tritt zwar eine starke Schrumpfung durch die Pyrolyse organischer Reste und Kristallisation auf. Jedoch f{\"u}hrt diese Schrumpfung zu keiner Rißbildung oder Delaminierung. Im Gegenteil, die Ausbildung eines anorganischen Netzwerkes f{\"u}hrt zum Aush{\"a}rten der Schicht. Die bei h{\"o}heren Temperaturen auftretende Kristallisation erm{\"o}glicht einen h{\"o}heren Brechungsindex der Schicht bei gleichbleibend sehr guter Transparenz. Die bereits teilkristallin abgeschiedenen TiO2-Filme aus dem LPD-Verfahren schrumpfen zwar weit weniger stark als die Sol-Gel-Schichten, durch eine schlechte Haftung auf der Glasoberfl{\"a}che verbreitern sich jedoch bereits vorhandene schmale Risse. Die Pyrolyse des Polyelektrolytlayers f{\"u}hrt zum Verlust der haftvermittelnden Schicht und damit zu einem drastischen R{\"u}ckgang der Schichthaftung und daraus bedingend der Bleistifth{\"a}rte. Die Rißbildung verursacht einen starken Anstieg der Schichttr{\"u}bung. Weiterhin verursacht die Rißverbreitung bei steigender Temperatur einen geringeren Brechzahlanstieg, als dies das LPD-Material erm{\"o}glichen w{\"u}rde. Durch diese Ergebnisse wird offensichtlich, daß f{\"u}r Substrate, die hohe Temperaturen erm{\"o}glichen, Sol-Gel-Beschichtungen dem LPD-Verfahren vorzuziehen ist. F{\"u}r thermisch nicht belastbare Substrate stellt die Fl{\"u}ssigphasenabscheidung jedoch ein sehr gutes Beschichtungsverfahren dar. Um bestm{\"o}gliche Ergebnisse mit dem LPD-Verfahren zu erzielen, kommt der Modifizierung der Substratoberfl{\"a}che eine entscheiden Bedeutung zu. Zur bereits bekannten Oberfl{\"a}chenmodifizierung durch {\"A}tzen mit Natriumperoxodisulfat (Hydroxylierung) wurde hierbei die zus{\"a}tzliche bzw. alleinige Funktionalisierung durch Adsorption eines Polyelektrolytbilayers untersucht. Durch die Verwendung eines Polyelektrolytbilayers konnte die Dichte an Kristallisationsstellen im Vergleich zum unbehandelten bzw. hydroxylierten Substrat erh{\"o}ht werden. Dies f{\"u}hrte im Einklang mit dem bekannten Schichtwachstummodell zu gleichm{\"a}ßigeren Beschichtungen. Der Einsatz des Polyelektrolytbilayers konnte in allen F{\"a}llen dazu genutzt werden, die Tr{\"u}bung der Schicht zu verringern. Dabei wurden Tr{\"u}bungswerte gr{\"o}ßer 50 \% meist auf Werte von ca. 20 \% und kleiner verbessert. Hohe Keimdichten bewirken dabei eine geringe Tr{\"u}bung. Jedoch konnte auch bei geringeren Keimdichten durch den Polyelektrolytbilayer geringe Tr{\"u}bungswerte erreicht werden. Bei der mechanischen Charakterisierung der TiO2-Schichten konnte festgestellt werden, daß bei den polymeren Substraten durch Hydroxylierung oder den Polyelektrolytbilayer die Schichthaftung verbessert werden. Eine Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der mechanischen Schichteigenschaften von der Substrath{\"a}rt konnte mit Ausnahme des sehr weichen Polyethylens nicht gefunden werden. Jedoch ist f{\"u}r eine hohe Bleistifth{\"a}rte eine gute Haftung n{\"o}tig. Abriebuntersuchungen mit einem Filzstempel (Crockmetertest) zeigten ein analoges Verhalten zum Bleistifth{\"a}rtetest. Um eventuell auftretende Nachteile der weichen Polymere ausgleichen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden parallel Polystyrolsubstrate, beschichtet mit einer ORMOCER®-Hartschicht, untersucht. Dabei wurden sehr gute Ergebnisse in Hinblick auf Keimstellendichte, optische und mechanische Eigenschaften erzielt.},
  subject      = {Anorganische Beschichtung},
  language  = {de}
}