@phdthesis{Friedrichs2007,
  author    = {Friedrichs, Bettina},
  title     = {Evaluation des Raucherentw{\"o}hnungsprogramms der Rehabilitationskliniken der bayerischen Landesversicherungsanstalten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22672},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Zielsetzung: Evaluation des Raucherentw{\"o}hnungsprogramms der Rehabilitationskliniken der bayerischen Landesversicherungsanstalten. Design: Prospektive Kohortenstudie. Hintergrund: Beteiligte Rehabilitationskliniken: Bad Aibling, Bad Br{\"u}ckenau, Bad F{\"u}ssing, Bad Kissingen, Bad Reichenhall, Bad Steben, Bad Tegernsee, Bad W{\"o}rishofen, Bernried, H{\"o}henklinik Bischofsgr{\"u}n, Buching, Lindenberg-Ried, Oberstdorf, Ohlstadt und Rangauklinik Ansbach. Patienten: 251 freiwillige station{\"a}re Patienten, die wegen unterschiedlicher Indikation an einer Rehamaßnahme teilnahmen. Intervention. Das Programm besteht aus einer medizinischen Eingangsuntersuchung, einem psychologischen Vorgespr{\"a}ch, vier Gruppensitzungen und einem begleitenden Bewegungsprogramm. Wesentliche Messinstrumente: Ein selbstentwickelter Fragebogen, der im Wesentlichen die Anzahl der gerauchten Zigaretten, das Rauchverhalten und den Einfluss der einzelnen Programmelemente erhebt. Ergebnisse: Bei Reha-Ende bezeichneten sich 27\% der Teilnehmer als Nichtraucher und 16\% als Nichtraucher mit R{\"u}ckf{\"a}llen, 47\% der Patienten reduzierten ihren Tabakkonsum, w{\"a}hrend 10\% ihr Rauchverhalten nicht {\"a}nderten. In der Halbjahreskatamnese waren 30\% Nichtraucher, 21\% hatten R{\"u}ckf{\"a}lle, 31\% reduzierten ihren Zigarettenkonsum. Bei 15\% war die {\"A}nderung des Rauchverhaltens vor{\"u}bergehend, und bei 4\% hatte es sich nicht ge{\"a}ndert. Im Durchschnitt rauchten die Teilnehmer zu Beginn der Reha 22 Zigaretten/Tag (, am Ende der Reha nur noch 7 Zigaretten/Tag . Auch nach sechs Monaten wurden im Mittel 9 Zigaretten/Tag geraucht. Insgesamt wurde das Programm von den Teilnehmern als in hohem Maße hilfreich eingesch{\"a}tzt (M = 4, SD = 1.2, Skala: 0 = "{\"u}berhaupt nicht hilfreich" bis 5 = "sehr hilfreich"). Es zeigten sich keine statistisch signifikanten Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen den erfragten Wirkkomponenten des Raucherentw{\"o}hnungsprogramms und dem Behandlungserfolg. Allein die Verwendung eines Nikscheint {\"u}berzuf{\"a}llig mit einer Verringerung des Zigarettenkonsums zu korrelieren. Schlussfolgerung: Es zeigt sich ein signifikanter positiver kurz- unotinpflasters d mittelfristiger Effekt sowohl hinsichtlich einer Verringerung der mittleren Anzahl gerauchter Zigaretten als auch bez{\"u}glich des Anteils der starken Raucher nach der Teilnahme am Raucherentw{\"o}hnungsprogramm bzw. einem sechsmonatigen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{StippekohlWinklerWalteretal.2012,
  author    = {Stippekohl, Bastian and Winkler, Markus H. and Walter, Bertram and Kagerer, Sabine and Mucha, Ronald F. and Pauli, Paul and Vaitl, Dieter and Stark, Rudolf},
  title     = {Neural Responses to Smoking Stimuli Are Influenced by Smokers' Attitudes towards Their Own Smoking Behaviour},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046782},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124393},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {An important feature of addiction is the high drug craving that may promote the continuation of consumption. Environmental stimuli classically conditioned to drug-intake have a strong motivational power for addicts and can elicit craving. However, addicts differ in the attitudes towards their own consumption behavior: some are content with drug taking (consonant users) whereas others are discontent (dissonant users). Such differences may be important for clinical practice because the experience of dissonance might enhance the likelihood to consider treatment. This fMRI study investigated in smokers whether these different attitudes influence subjective and neural responses to smoking stimuli. Based on self-characterization, smokers were divided into consonant and dissonant smokers. These two groups were presented smoking stimuli and neutral stimuli. Former studies have suggested differences in the impact of smoking stimuli depending on the temporal stage of the smoking ritual they are associated with. Therefore, we used stimuli associated with the beginning (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) and stimuli associated with the terminal stage (END-smoking-stimuli) of the smoking ritual as distinct stimulus categories. Stimulus ratings did not differ between both groups. Brain data showed that BEGIN-smoking-stimuli led to enhanced mesolimbic responses (amygdala, hippocampus, insula) in dissonant compared to consonant smokers. In response to END-smoking-stimuli, dissonant smokers showed reduced mesocortical responses (orbitofrontal cortex, subcallosal cortex) compared to consonant smokers. These results suggest that smoking stimuli with a high incentive value (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) are more appetitive for dissonant than consonant smokers at least on the neural level. To the contrary, smoking stimuli with low incentive value (END-smoking-stimuli) seem to be less appetitive for dissonant smokers than consonant smokers. These differences might be one reason why dissonant smokers experience difficulties in translating their attitudes into an actual behavior change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WuWinklerWieseretal.2015,
  author    = {Wu, Lingdan and Winkler, Markus H. and Wieser, Matthias J. and Andreatta, Marta and Li, Yonghui and Pauli, Paul},
  title     = {Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  number    = {1555},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01555},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145225},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers' cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts.},
  language  = {en}
}