@phdthesis{Groh2006,
  author    = {Groh, Ullrich},
  title     = {Spektromikroskopische Untersuchungen an organischen Nanostrukturen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21071},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Die Struktur und die elektronischen Eigenschaften organischer Halbleiter sind f{\"u}r die Herstellung organischer Bauelemente von entscheidender Bedeutung. Da diese gerade durch das Wachstum der organischen Molek{\"u}lfilme nachhaltig beeinflusst werden, ist ein Verst{\"a}ndnis der Wachstumsmechanismen zur Herstellung organischer Halbleiterbauelemente unabdingbar. Von besonderem Interesse sind die ultrad{\"u}nnen organischen Filme, die aus nur wenigen Molek{\"u}llagen bestehen. Gerade bei diesen kommt es auf die homogene Dichte der Filme, Dom{\"a}nen, Kristallite sowie deren Grenzen und Orientierungen an. In dieser Arbeit werden das Wachstum und die entstehenden Strukturen zweier organischer Molek{\"u}le untersucht: PTCDA und das eng mit diesem verwandte NTCDA. Als Substrate kommen die (111)-Oberfl{\"a}chen von Silber- und Gold-Einkristallen zum Einsatz. Bei allen vier Modellsystemen bilden die Molek{\"u}le lateral hochgeordnete Filme auf den Oberfl{\"a}chen aus. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit dem Spektromikroskop mit Aberrationskorrektur f{\"u}r viele relevanten Techniken (SMART) an der Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle BESSY II durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dieses Ger{\"a}t erlaubt, die unterschiedlichsten Untersuchungsmethoden der Oberfl{\"a}chenphysik ortsaufgel{\"o}st und in Echtzeit an einer Probe in situ anzuwenden. Es kamen sowohl mikroskopische (Hg-PEEM, X-PEEM, LEEM), beugende (LEED), als auch spektroskopische Methoden (NEXAFS, PES) zum Einsatz. F{\"u}r PTCDA ergeben die Experimente, dass es in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Substrattemperatur auf beiden Oberfl{\"a}chen ein Franck-van der Merwe- (Lage-f{\"u}r-Lage-) oder ein Stranski-Krastanov-Wachstum (dreidimensionale Inseln auf einem geschlossenen Film) zeigt. In beiden F{\"a}llen sind die Molek{\"u}le innerhalb der einzelnen Lagen und Inseln parallel zum Substrat orientiert. Das Wachstum wird neben der Substrattemperatur auch nachhaltig von der Morphologie des Substrates beeinflusst, da die Filme auf ebenen Terrassen schneller wachsen als auf Stufenkanten oder -b{\"u}ndeln. Die Beweglichkeit der Molek{\"u}le erkl{\"a}rt den Einfluss beider Wachstumsfaktoren. Die hohe laterale Ordnung der Filme spiegelt sich auch in sehr großen Dom{\"a}nen wider. Auf Ag(111) ist die PTCDA-Monolage chemisorptiv, auf Au(111), so wie die Multilagen beider Systeme, physisorptiv gebunden. Beim NTCDA konnte das Wachstum der relaxierten Monolage auf der Ag(111)-Oberfl{\"a}che sowie der Phasen{\"u}bergang zur komprimierten Monolage direkt beobachtet werden. Innerhalb beider Strukturen sind die Molek{\"u}le parallel zur Substratoberfl{\"a}che orientiert. Die anschließend aufwachsende Bilage ist bei Temperaturen oberhalb der Raumtemperatur metastabil und nur unter andauerndem Molek{\"u}lfluss beobachtbar. F{\"u}r die Bilage wird ein mittlerer Verkippungswinkel der Molek{\"u}le gegen{\"u}ber der Substratoberfl{\"a}che von etwa 45° gefunden. Die anschließend aufwachsenden dreidimensionalen Inseln zeigen unterschiedliche Orientierungen und bestehen jeweils aus einer einzigen Dom{\"a}ne. Die Ausbildung so großer Dom{\"a}nen im Mikrometerbereich wird dadurch erkl{\"a}rt, dass die Molek{\"u}le oberhalb der Monolage in einer volumenartigen Phase in dreidimensionalen Inseln wachsen. Basierend auf ortsaufgel{\"o}sten NEXAFS- und LEED-Messungen wird ein Strukturmodell vorgeschlagen, das die Messungen mit einer einzigen volumenartigen Phase erkl{\"a}ren kann, wobei die Kristallite eine einheitliche Ausrichtung senkrecht zur Substratoberfl{\"a}che aufweisen, bez{\"u}glich der Oberfl{\"a}chennormalen jedoch gegeneinander verdreht sind. Ob jedoch die Ausrichtung aller Inseln gleich dieser ist, ob einzelne Inseln unterschiedliche Ausrichtungen zeigen, oder ob sogar eine Art von Polymorphismus vorliegt, l{\"a}sst sich mit den vorliegenden Ergebnissen nicht endg{\"u}ltig kl{\"a}ren, auch wenn alles auf ein Vorhandensein einer Mischung der Modelle hindeutet. Die auf beiden Oberfl{\"a}chen beobachtete hohe Beweglichkeit der Molek{\"u}le deutet auf eine schwache laterale Korrugation des vertikalen Potenzials hin.},
  subject      = {Halbleiterbauelement},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Maier2010,
  author    = {Maier, Florian C.},
  title     = {Spectromicroscopic characterisation of the formation of complex interfaces},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65062},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Within the framework of this thesis the mechanisms of growth and reorganisation of surfaces within the first few layers were investigated that are the basis for the fabrication of high quality thin films and interfaces. Two model systems, PTCDA/Ag(111) and CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots (QD), were chosen to study such processes in detail and to demonstrate the power and improvements of the aberration corrected spectromicroscope SMART [1] simultaneously. The measurements benefit especially from the enhanced transmission of the microscope and also from its improved resolution. SMART, the first double-aberration corrected instrument of its kind [2], provided comprehensive methods (LEEM/PEEM, μ-LEED, μ-XPS) to study in-situ and in real time the surface reorganisation and to determine morphology, local structure and local chemical composition of the resulting thin film. Complementarily, a commercial AFM [3] was used ex-situ. XPEEM and μ-XPS measurements were made possible by attaching SMART to the high flux density beamline of the soft-X-ray source BESSY-II [4]. PTCDA/Ag(111) - Growth and structure of the first two layers Although PTCDA/Ag(111) is one of the most intensely studied model systems for the growth of organic semiconductor thin films, it still offers new insights into a complex growth behaviour. This study enlightens the temperature dependant influence of morphological features as small as monatomic Ag steps on the growth process of the first two layers. At low temperatures, single Ag steps act as diffusion barriers. But interdiffusion was observed already for the 2nd layer whereas domain boundaries in the 1st PTCDA-layer persist for crystallite growth in the 2nd layer. 1st layer islands are more compact and the more dendritic development of the 2nd layer indicates reduced interaction strength between 2nd and 1st layer. These findings were explained by a model consisting of structural and potential barriers. The second part of the PTCDA study reveals a variety of phases that appears only if at least two layers are deposited. Besides the six known rotational domains of the interface system PTCDA/Ag(111) [5], a further manifold of structures was discovered. It does not only show a surprising striped image contrast, but the 2nd layer also grows in an elongated way along these so-called 'ripples'. The latter show a rather large period and were found in a wide temperature range. Additionally the μ-LEED pattern of such a domain shows a new super-superstructure as well. This phase is explained by a structural model that introduces a rotated, more relaxed domain in the 2nd layer that does not exist in the first layer. Its structural parameters are similar to those of the bulk unitcells of PTCDA. The model is confirmed by the observation of two different rotational domains that grow on top of one single 'substrate' domain in the 1st layer. The orientations of the ripple phases fit as well to the predictions of the model. The growth direction along the ripples corresponds to the short diagonal of the super-superstructure unitcell with diamond-like shape. CdSe/ZnSe - Inverse structuring by sublimation of an α-Te cap With the second model system the formation of CdSe quantum dots (QD) from strained epi-layers was investigated. In this case the structures do not form during deposition, but rather during sublimation of the so-called 'ignition cap'. For these pilot experiments not only the process of QD formation itself was of interest, but also the portability of the preparation and the prevention of contaminations. It was found that the α-Se is well suited for capping and the last step of the QD preparation, the sublimation of the α-Te cap, needs a sufficiently high rate in rise of temperature. Subsequently the cap, the process of desorption and the final surface with the quantum structures were investigated in detail. The cap was deposited by the MBE-group in W{\"u}rzburg as an amorphous Te layer but was found to contain a variety of structures. Holes, cracks, and micro-crystallites within an α-Te matrix were identified. Sublimation of the "ignition cap" was observed in real-time. Thus the discovered cap-structures could be correlated with the newly formed features as, e.g., QDs on the bare CdSe surface. Since CdSe/ZnSe QDs prefer to form in the neighbourhood of the Te μ-crystallites, Te was found to play a major role in their formation process. Different explanations as the impact of Te as a surfactant, an enhanced mobility of adatoms or as stressor nuclei are discussed. The spectromicroscopic characterisation of the CdSe surface with QDs revealed the crystallographic directions. An increased Cd signal of the film was found at positions of former holes. Several possibilities as segregation or surface termination are reviewed, that might explain this slight Cd variation. Therewith, an important step to a detailed understanding of the complex reorganisation process in coating systems could be achieved.},
  subject      = {Halbleiterschicht},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Haeming2010,
  author    = {H{\"a}ming, Marc},
  title     = {Electronic Many-Body Effects in organic Thin-Films and Interfaces},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55494},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The results of this thesis contribute to the understanding of the electronic properties of organic thin-films and interfaces. It is demonstrated that photoemission spectroscopy is very useful for studying surfaces and interfaces. Additionally it is shown, that many-body effects can be relevant for organic thin films, in particular at interfaces with strong interaction. These effects can have general implications for the material properties. In the first part of this thesis a systematic series of polyacene molecules is investigated with NEXAFS spectroscopy. The comparison of the data with core level and IPES data indicates that core excitations and core excitons need to be understood as many-body excitations. This finding implies for example that a high exciton binding energy is not necessarily associated with strong localization of the excited electron at the hole. As these effects apply also for valence excitons they can be relevant for the separation of charges and for the electron-hole recombination at interfaces. In the next chapter some fundamental effects in organic multilayer films and at organic-metal interfaces are studied with core level and NEXAFS spectroscopy. In this context a series of selected molecules is investigated, namely BTCDA, BTCDI, PTCDA and PTCDI. It is shown that in case of strong interface interaction a density of adsorbate-substrate states is formed which can lead to significant charge transfer satellites in the PES and NEXAFS spectra, similar to what is known for transition metal compounds. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the data can be modeled qualitatively by a basic approach which fuses the single impurity Anderson model with the description of charge transfer satellites by Sawatzky et al. This approach, which is equivalent to that of Gunnarsson and Sch{\"o}nhammer, allows even a relatively simple semi-quantitative analysis of the experimental data. The comparison of different adsorbate layers indicates that these many-body effects are particularly strong in case of partial occupation of the LUMO derived DOS. In the third part an organic multilayer film (SnPc), an organic-metal interface with strong coupling (SnPc/Ag) and an organic-organic interface (SnPc/PTCDA/Ag) are studied exemplarily with resonant Auger spectroscopy. The comparison of the data gives evidence for the contribution of many-body effects to the autoionization spectra. Furthermore, it is found that the electron-vibration coupling and the substrate-adsorbate charge transfer occurs on the time scale of the core hole life time. Moreover, the interaction at the organic-organic interface is weak, comparable to the intermolecular interaction in the multilayer films, despite a considerable rigid level shift for the SnPc layer. Furthermore, weak but significant electron-electron correlation is found for the molecular frontier orbitals, which are important for the substrate-adsorbate charge transfer. Therefore, these strongly coupled adsorbate films are briefly discussed within the context of the Hubbard model in the last part of this thesis. From the data derived in this work it can be estimated that such monolayer films are in the regime of medium correlations. Consequently one can expect for these adsorbate films properties which are related to the extraordinary behavior of strongly correlated materials, for which Mott metal-insulator transitions, sophisticated magnetic properties and superconductivity can be observed. Additionally some results from the investigation of alkyl/Si self-assembled monolayers are briefly discussed in the appendix. It is demonstrated exemplarily for the alkyl chains that the electronic band structure of short, finitely repeating units can be well modeled by a comparatively simple quantum well approach. In principle this approach can also be applied to higher dimensional systems, which makes it very useful for the description of E(k) relations in the regime of repeating units of intermediate length. Furthermore, the photoelectron and NEXAFS spectra indicate strong interaction at the alkyl/Si interface. It was found that the interface states can be modified by moderate x-ray irradiation, which changes the properties for charge transport through the SAM.},
  subject      = {Organischer Stoff},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DauthWiessnerFeyeretal.2014,
  author    = {Dauth, M. and Wiessner, M. and Feyer, V. and Sch{\"o}ll, A. and Puschnig, P. and Reinert, F. and Kuemmel, S.},
  title     = {Angle resolved photoemission from organic semiconductors: orbital imaging beyond the molecular orbital interpretation},
  series = {New Journal of Physics},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {New Journal of Physics},
  issn      = {1367-2630},
  doi       = {10.1088/1367-2630/16/10/103005},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115180},
  pages     = {103005},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Fascinating pictures that can be interpreted as showing molecular orbitals have been obtained with various imaging techniques. Among these, angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has emerged as a particularly powerful method. Orbital images have been used to underline the physical credibility of the molecular orbital concept. However, from the theory of the photoemission process it is evident that imaging experiments do not show molecular orbitals, but Dyson orbitals. The latter are not eigenstates of a single-particle Hamiltonian and thus do not fit into the usual simple interpretation of electronic structure in terms of molecular orbitals. In a combined theoretical and experimental study we thus check whether a Dyson-orbital and a molecular-orbital based interpretation of ARPES lead to differences that are relevant on the experimentally observable scale. We discuss a scheme that allows for approximately calculating Dyson orbitals with moderate computational effort. Electronic relaxation is taken into account explicitly. The comparison reveals that while molecular orbitals are frequently good approximations to Dyson orbitals, a detailed understanding of photoemission intensities may require one to go beyond the molecular orbital picture. In particular we clearly observe signatures of the Dyson-orbital character for an adsorbed semiconductor molecule in ARPES spectra when these are recorded over a larger momentum range than in earlier experiments.},
  language  = {en}
}