@phdthesis{Demerath2019,
  author    = {Demerath, Antonia},
  title     = {Evaluation der Wertigkeit des Schweißtestes nach Gibson und Cooke zur Diagnose einer Mukoviszidose bei Patienten mit Trisomie 21},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18898},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188988},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Menschen mit Trisomie 21 weisen h{\"a}ufig eine Gedeihst{\"o}rung und eine erh{\"o}hte Infektanf{\"a}lligkeit auf, weswegen im klinischen Alltag nicht selten ein Schweißtest zum Ausschluss einer Mukoviszidose (CF) durchgef{\"u}hrt werden muss. In der Literatur gibt es Hinweise, dass bei Patienten mit Trisomie 21 eine erh{\"o}hte Schweißosmolalit{\"a}t vorliegt, was zu falsch positiven Schweißtestuntersuchungen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnte. Bisher gab es keine Studie dar{\"u}ber, ob die Chlorid(Cl)-Messung im Schweiß bei Patienten mit Trisomie 21 zum Ausschluss einer CF herangezogen werden kann. Diese Studie stellt nun die Schweißsekretionsrate, sowie die Chlorid-Konzentration in Schweißproben von Probanden mit Trisomie 21 der von Kontrollpersonen gegen{\"u}ber.},
  subject      = {Down-Syndrom},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{RufDemerathHebestreitetal.2018,
  author    = {Ruf, Katharina and Demerath, Antonia and Hebestreit, Helge and Kunzmann, Steffen},
  title     = {Is sweat testing for cystic fibrosis feasible in patients with down syndrome?},
  series = {BMC Pulmonary Medicine},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {BMC Pulmonary Medicine},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12890-018-0580-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175519},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Recurrent airway infections are common in patients with Down's syndrome (DS). Hence, ruling out Cystic Fibrosis (CF) in these patients is often required. In the past, the value of sweat testing the gold standard to diagnose CF -has been questioned in DS as false positive results have been reported. However, these reports are based on measurements of sweat osmolality or sodium concentrations, not chloride concentrations. This study analyses sweat secretion rate and chloride concentration in sweat samples of patients with DS in comparison to healthy controls. Methods: We assessed sweat samples in 16 patients with DS and 16 healthy controls regarding sweat secretion rate (SSR) and sweat chloride concentration. Results: All measured chloride concentrations were within the normal range. The chloride concentrations were slightly, but not significantly lower in patients with DS (15,54 mmol/l (±4,47)) compared to healthy controls (18,31 mmol/l (±10,12)). While no gender gap in chloride concentration could be found, chloride concentration increased with age in both groups. Insufficient sweat was collected in 2 females with DS (12.5\% of the study group) but not in an individual of the control group. A significant lower sweat secretion rate was found in the DS group (27,6 μl/30 min (± 12,18)) compared to the control group (42,7 μl/30 min (± 21,22)). In a sub-analysis, female patients produced significantly less sweat (20,8 ± 10,6 μl/30 min) than male patients with DS (36,4 ± 7,8 μl/30 min), which accounts for the difference between patients and controls. Furthermore, while the sweating secretion rate increased with age in the control group, it did not do so in the DS group. Once again this was due to female patients with DS, who did not show a significant increase of sweat secretion rate with age. Conclusions: Sweat chloride concentrations were within the normal range in patients with DS and therefore seem to be a reliable tool for testing for CF in these patients. Interestingly, we found a reduced sweat secretion rate in the DS group. Whether the last one has a functional and clinical counterpart, possibly due to a disturbed thermoregulation in DS patients, requires further investigation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZinnerKruegerReedetal.2016,
  author    = {Zinner, C. and Krueger, M. and Reed, J. L. and Kohl-Bareis, M. and Holmberg, H. C. and Sperlich, B.},
  title     = {Exposure to a combination of heat and hyperoxia during cycling at submaximal intensity does not alter thermoregulatory responses},
  series = {Biology of Sport},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Biology of Sport},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.5604/20831862.1192041},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-160993},
  pages     = {71-76},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In this study, we tested the hypothesis that breathing hyperoxic air (F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\) = 0.40) while exercising in a hot environment exerts negative effects on the total tissue level of haemoglobin concentration (tHb); core (T\(_{core}\)) and skin (T\(_{skin}\)) temperatures; muscle activity; heart rate; blood concentration of lactate; pH; partial pressure of oxygen (P\(_a\)O\(_2\)) and carbon dioxide; arterial oxygen saturation (S\(_a\)O\(_2\)); and perceptual responses. Ten well-trained male athletes cycled at submaximal intensity at 21°C or 33°C in randomized order: first for 20 min while breathing normal air (FinO\(_2\) = 0.21) and then 10 min with F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\) = 0.40 (HOX). At both temperatures, S\(_a\)O\(_2\) and P\(_a\)O\(_2\), but not tHb, were increased by HOX. Tskin and perception of exertion and thermal discomfort were higher at 33°C than 21°C (p < 0.01), but independent of F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\). T\(_{core}\) and muscle activity were the same under all conditions (p > 0.07). Blood lactate and heart rate were higher at 33°C than 21°C. In conclusion, during 30 min of submaximal cycling at 21°C or 33°C, T\(_{core}\), T\(_{skin}\) and T\(_{body}\), tHb, muscle activity and ratings of perceived exertion and thermal discomfort were the same under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Accordingly, breathing hyperoxic air (F\(_{in}\)O\(_2\) = 0.40) did not affect thermoregulation under these conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleinStieglerKleinetal.2014,
  author    = {Klein, Barett Anthony and Stiegler, Martin and Klein, Arno and Tautz, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Mapping Sleeping Bees within Their Nest: Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Worker Honey Bee Sleep},
  series = {PLOS ONE},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0102316},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115857},
  pages     = {e102316},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Patterns of behavior within societies have long been visualized and interpreted using maps. Mapping the occurrence of sleep across individuals within a society could offer clues as to functional aspects of sleep. In spite of this, a detailed spatial analysis of sleep has never been conducted on an invertebrate society. We introduce the concept of mapping sleep across an insect society, and provide an empirical example, mapping sleep patterns within colonies of European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Honey bees face variables such as temperature and position of resources within their colony's nest that may impact their sleep. We mapped sleep behavior and temperature of worker bees and produced maps of their nest's comb contents as the colony grew and contents changed. By following marked bees, we discovered that individuals slept in many locations, but bees of different worker castes slept in different areas of the nest relative to position of the brood and surrounding temperature. Older worker bees generally slept outside cells, closer to the perimeter of the nest, in colder regions, and away from uncapped brood. Younger worker bees generally slept inside cells and closer to the center of the nest, and spent more time asleep than awake when surrounded by uncapped brood. The average surface temperature of sleeping foragers was lower than the surface temperature of their surroundings, offering a possible indicator of sleep for this caste. We propose mechanisms that could generate caste-dependent sleep patterns and discuss functional significance of these patterns.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kleinhenz2008,
  author    = {Kleinhenz, Marco},
  title     = {W{\"a}rme{\"u}bertragung im Brutbereich der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26866},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich das Verhalten von Arbeiterbienen beim Brutw{\"a}rmen, die W{\"a}rme{\"u}bertragung von den Bienen auf die gedeckelte Brut, die thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften des Brutnests und spezielle Aspekte des Brutnestaufbaus, die f{\"u}r dieses Thema relevant sind und bisher nicht untersucht wurden. Meine Arbeit umfasst Verhaltensbeobachtungen und thermografische Messungen an individuellen Bienen, die Simulation des Heizverhaltens von Arbeiterinnen und das Messen der Temperatur{\"a}nderungen in der Wabe, die Messung der thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Brutwabe und der Zellw{\"a}nde (W{\"a}rmeleitf{\"a}higkeit und Durchl{\"a}ssigkeit f{\"u}r W{\"a}rmestrahlung), die Auswertung von Brutzelltemperaturen als Ergebnis des Verhaltens von Arbeiterbienen, die Analyse der Anzahl und der r{\"a}umlichen Verteilung von Brutl{\"u}cken (Auswertung in 2-D und 3-D bez{\"u}glich beider Wabenseiten) und die Entwicklung spezifischer Computersoftware, die zur Erarbeitung dieser Ergebnisse unverzichtbar ist. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist die Entdeckung und Beschreibung eines bemerkenswerten, bislang unbekannten Verhaltens der Honigbiene: Die Aufrechterhaltung hoher Thoraxtemperaturen (TTh) bei Langzeitbesuchen in offenen Zellen („L{\"u}cken") die verstreut in der gedeckelten Brutfl{\"a}che vorkommen. Hier zeige ich, dass die Aufrechterhaltung der hohen TTh nicht auf den Zellinhalt (z. B. offene Brut) bezogen ist - in den meisten F{\"a}llen waren die besuchten Zellen ohnehin leer - sondern auf die direkt benachbarte gedeckelte Brut, mit der diese Zellen {\"u}ber gemeinsame Zellw{\"a}nde in Kontakt stehen. Dieses Verhalten liefert eine Erkl{\"a}rung f{\"u}r Langzeitzellbesuche von sehr langer Dauer ohne erkennbare Aktivit{\"a}t, die in fr{\"u}heren Arbeiten beschrieben aber nicht v{\"o}llig verstanden wurden, und es rehabilitiert die scheinbar „faulen" Bienen im Zellinnern. Diesem Verhalten kommt eine große Bedeutung f{\"u}r das Brutw{\"a}rmen zu, da sich der aufgeheizte Thorax tief in der Wabe (fast an der Mittelwand) befindet wo der W{\"a}rmeverlust an die Luft minimiert ist und von wo bis zu 6 umliegende Puppenzellen gleichzeitig gew{\"a}rmt werden k{\"o}nnen. Im Vergleich zum Brutw{\"a}rmeverhalten an der Wabenoberfl{\"a}che (Andr{\"u}cken des Thorax an die Brutdeckel), wo nur 1 oder Teile von 3 Brutdeckeln mit dem Thorax in Ber{\"u}hrung stehen, ist das W{\"a}rmen im Zellinnern mit derselben TTh bis zu 2,6-fach effizienter. Die Messung der thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Brutwabe und die Simulation des Brutw{\"a}rmeverhaltens unter kontrollierten Bedingungen zeigen, dass sich die Wabe langsam aufw{\"a}rmt und eher ein lokal begrenztes W{\"a}rmen als eine rasche W{\"a}rmeausbreitung {\"u}ber eine große Fl{\"a}che beg{\"u}nstigt. Der Einflussbereich eines einzelnen Zellbesuchers h{\"a}ngt von seiner TTh und der Dauer des Zellbesuchs ab. Anstiege der Bruttemperatur in bis zu 3 Zellen Abstand zum Zellbesucher sind nachweisbar. Das hier beschriebene Brutw{\"a}rmeverhalten im Innern von L{\"u}cken (offenen Zellen) bietet nicht nur neue Einsichten in das Bienenverhalten. Es erm{\"o}glicht auch eine Neubewertung der L{\"u}cken und ihrer N{\"u}tzlichkeit f{\"u}r die Bienen. Eine von mir entwickelte Computersoftware („CombUse 2.0") erm{\"o}glicht es, das Vorkommen und die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung von L{\"u}cken mit hoher Genauigkeit auf der Ebene einzelner Zellen zu erfassen und auszuwerten. Die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung der L{\"u}cken in der gedeckelten Brutfl{\"a}che zeigt, dass schon bei geringen L{\"u}ckenh{\"a}ufigkeiten von ca. 4 bis 10 \%, die in gesunden Kolonien normal sind, eine {\"u}berraschend große Zahl gedeckelter Brutzellen (88 \% bis 99 \%, wenn die dreidimensionale Verteilung ber{\"u}cksichtigt wird) im Einflussbereich von Brut w{\"a}rmenden Zellbesuchern sind. Obwohl das Brutw{\"a}rmeverhalten im Zellinnern schwer zu entdecken und zu beobachten ist, f{\"u}hren die in dieser Arbeit pr{\"a}sentierten Daten zu dem Schluss, dass es sich dabei um einen wichtigen Bestandteil der Nestklimatisierung bei Honigbienen handelt.},
  subject      = {Biene <Gattung>},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Weidenmueller2001,
  author    = {Weidenm{\"u}ller, Anja},
  title     = {From individual behavior to collective structure},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2448},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {The social organization of insect colonies has long fascinated naturalists. One of the main features of colony organization is division of labor, whereby each member of the colony specializes in a subset of all tasks required for successful group functioning. The most striking aspect of division of labor is its plasticity: workers switch between tasks in response to external challenges and internal perturbations. The mechanisms underlying flexible division of labor are far from being understood. In order to comprehend how the behavior of individuals gives rise to flexible collective behavior, several questions need to be addressed: We need to know how individuals acquire information about their colony's current demand situation; how they then adjust their behavior according; and which mechanisms integrate dozens or thousands of insect into a higher-order unit. With these questions in mind I have examined two examples of collective and flexible behavior in social bees. First, I addressed the question how a honey bee colony controls its pollen collection. Pollen foraging in honey bees is precisely organized and carefully regulated according to the colony's needs. How this is achieved is unclear. I investigated how foragers acquire information about their colony's pollen need and how they then adjust their behavior. A detailed documentation of pollen foragers in the hive under different pollen need conditions revealed that individual foragers modulate their in-hive working tempo according to the actual pollen need of the colony: Pollen foragers slowed down and stayed in the hive longer when pollen need was low and spent less time in the hive between foraging trips when pollen need of their colony was high. The number of cells inspected before foragers unloaded their pollen load did not change and thus presumably did not serve as cue to pollen need. In contrast, the trophallactic experience of pollen foragers changed with pollen need conditions: trophallactic contacts were shorter when pollen need was high and the number and probability of having short trophallactic contacts increased when pollen need increased. Thus, my results have provided support for the hypothesis that trophallactic experience is one of the various information pathways used by pollen foragers to assess their colony's pollen need. The second example of collective behavior I have examined in this thesis is the control of nest climate in bumble bee colonies, a system differing from pollen collection in honey bees in that information about task need (nest climate parameters) is directly available to all workers. I have shown that an increase in CO2 concentration and temperature level elicits a fanning response whereas an increase in relative humidity does not. The fanning response to temperature and CO2 was graded; the number of fanning bees increased with stimulus intensity. Thus, my study has evidenced flexible colony level control of temperature and CO2. Further, I have shown that the proportion of total work force a colony invests into nest ventilation does not change with colony size. However, the dynamic of the colony response changes: larger colonies show a faster response to perturbations of their colony environment than smaller colonies. Thus, my study has revealed a size-dependent change in the flexible colony behavior underlying homeostasis. I have shown that the colony response to perturbations in nest climate is constituted by workers who differ in responsiveness. Following a brief review of current ideas and models of self-organization and response thresholds in insect colonies, I have presented the first detailed investigation of interindividual variability in the responsiveness of all workers involved in a collective behavior. My study has revealed that bumble bee workers evidence consistent responses to certain stimulus levels and differ in their response thresholds. Some consistently respond to low stimulus intensities, others consistently respond to high stimulus intensities. Workers are stimulus specialists rather than task specialists. Further, I have demonstrated that workers of a colony differ in two other parameters of responsiveness: response probability and fanning activity. Response threshold, response probability and fanning activity are independent parameters of individual behavior. Besides demonstrating and quantifying interindividual variability, my study has provided empirical support for the idea of specialization through reinforcement. Response thresholds of fanning bees decreased over successive trials. I have discussed the importance of interindividual variability for specialization and the collective control of nest climate and present a general discussion of self-organization and selection. This study contributes to our understanding of individual behavior and collective structure in social insects. A fascinating picture of social organization is beginning to emerge. In place of centralized systems of communication and information transmission, insect societies frequently employ mechanisms based upon self-organization. Self-organization promises to be an important and unifying principle in physical, chemical and biological systems.},
  subject      = {Hummeln},
  language  = {en}
}