@phdthesis{Prusko2006,
  author    = {Prusko, Carsten Dietmar},
  title     = {Evolutionary Diversification of Protein Functions : From Translation in Prokaryotes to Innate Immunity in Invertebrates},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18517},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {With the progress in sequencing of the honey bee genome new data become available which allows the search and identification of genes coding for homologous proteins found in other organism. Two genes coding for c-type lysozymes were identified in the genome of A. mellifera through an online-based BLAST search. Expression of both intron-less genes seems not to be under the regulatory control of either of the two pathways involved in humoral insect immunity, i.e. Toll and Imd, since no NF-\&\#954;B transcription factor binding sites are found upstream of the genes. The encoded Lys-1 and Lys-2 are 157 and 143 amino acid long, respectively, and share a sequence similarity of 90\%. Further in silico analysis revealed a signal peptidase cleavage site at the N-terminus of each amino acid sequence, strongly suggesting a secretion of the enzymes into the surrounding environment of the producing cells. Sequence alignments of both amino acid sequences with other c-type lysozymes identified the highly conserved active site glutamic acid (Glu32) as well as eight highly conserved cysteine residues. However, an important aspartic acid (Asp50) in the active site that helps to stabilize a substrate intermediate during catalysis is replaced by a serine residue in the lysozymes of A. mellifera. The replacement of the active site aspartic acid in the honey bee lysozymes suggests a different catalytic mechanism and/or a different substrate-specificity in respect to other c-type lysozymes. Furthermore, 3D-models of Lys-1 and Lys-2 were generated based on the sequence similarity of A. mellifera lysozymes with other c-type lysozymes. The published 3D structure of the lysozyme from the silkmoth Bombyx mori, which shares the highest sequence similarity of all available structures with A. mellifera lysozymes, was used as template for the construction of the 3D-models. The models of Lys-1 and Lys-2 suggest that both enzymes resemble, in large part, the structure of B. mori lysozyme. In order to identify the set of AMPs in the hemolymph of A. mellifera, hemolymph of immunized bees was analyzed. Applying SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry on hemolymph from immunized bees, three out of the four peptides were identified, i.e. abaecin, defensin 1 and hymenoptaecin. Furthermore, Lys-2 was identified in the hemolymph by mass spectrometry, conclusively demonstrating the presence of a lysozyme in the hemolymph of A. mellifera for the first time. However, the protein levels of Lys-2 were not affected by bacterial injection, suggesting that the gene expression of the putative antibacterial protein is not under the regulatory control of the Imd and/or Toll pathway. Besides the abovementioned antimicrobial peptides, the 76 kDa large transferrin was also identified. Transferrin is an iron-binding protein that has been implicated in innate immunity in the honey bee. Furthermore, the effect of pathogenic dose, the timeline of peptide induction and the age-related accumulation of the aforementioned AMPs were studied. The intensity of expression of the antimicrobial peptides, abaecin, defensin 1, and hymenoptaecin as well as transferrin increased proportionally with the amount of bacteria injected into the hemocoel. No such effect was observed for the protein levels of Lys-2. Furthermore, up-regulation of the three antibacterial peptides and transferrin was observed within the first 24 h following infection with E. coli (gram-). Infection with the gram+ bacterium Micrococcus flavus resulted in high and moderate protein levels for transferrin and abaecin, respectively, whereas hardly any accumulation of hymenoptaecin was observed, indicating that the gene expression of abaecin and transferrin is somehow positively correlated, and would suggest a shared regulatory pathway that differs from that of hymenoptaecin. Although bacterial infections didn't seem to stimulate the production of Lys-2, different concentrations in the hemolymph were observed in bees of different ages, suggesting a correlation between the expression of Lys-2 and the age-related division of labor of adult worker honey bees, also known as age polyethism. The results further allow a proposed causal connection between the age-dependent accumulation of Lys-2 and the hemolymph titer of the gonotrophic hormone juvenile hormone, which is the "behavioral pacemaker" in adult honey bees.},
  subject      = {Biene},
  language  = {en}
}