@article{ZimniakKirschnerHilpertetal.2021,
  author    = {Zimniak, Melissa and Kirschner, Luisa and Hilpert, Helen and Geiger, Nina and Danov, Olga and Oberwinkler, Heike and Steinke, Maria and Sewald, Katherina and Seibel, J{\"u}rgen and Bodem, Jochen},
  title     = {The serotonin reuptake inhibitor Fluoxetine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human lung tissue},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-021-85049-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259820},
  pages     = {5890},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {To circumvent time-consuming clinical trials, testing whether existing drugs are effective inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, has led to the discovery of Remdesivir. We decided to follow this path and screened approved medications "off-label" against SARS-CoV-2. Fluoxetine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 at a concentration of 0.8 mu g/ml significantly in these screenings, and the EC50 was determined with 387 ng/ml. Furthermore, Fluoxetine reduced viral infectivity in precision-cut human lung slices showing its activity in relevant human tissue targeted in severe infections. Fluoxetine treatment resulted in a decrease in viral protein expression. Fluoxetine is a racemate consisting of both stereoisomers, while the S-form is the dominant serotonin reuptake inhibitor. We found that both isomers show similar activity on the virus, indicating that the R-form might specifically be used for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. Fluoxetine inhibited neither Rabies virus, human respiratory syncytial virus replication nor the Human Herpesvirus 8 or Herpes simplex virus type 1 gene expression, indicating that it acts virus-specific. Moreover, since it is known that Fluoxetine inhibits cytokine release, we see the role of Fluoxetine in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of risk groups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DerakhshaniKurzJaptoketal.2019,
  author    = {Derakhshani, Shaghayegh and Kurz, Andreas and Japtok, Lukasz and Schumacher, Fabian and Pilgram, Lisa and Steinke, Maria and Kleuser, Burkhard and Sauer, Markus and Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle and Avota, Elita},
  title     = {Measles virus infection fosters dendritic cell motility in a 3D environment to enhance transmission to target cells in the respiratory epithelium},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  number    = {1294},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2019.01294},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201818},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Transmission of measles virus (MV) from dendritic to airway epithelial cells is considered as crucial to viral spread late in infection. Therefore, pathways and effectors governing this process are promising targets for intervention. To identify these, we established a 3D respiratory tract model where MV transmission by infected dendritic cells (DCs) relied on the presence of nectin-4 on H358 lung epithelial cells. Access to recipient cells is an important prerequisite for transmission, and we therefore analyzed migration of MV-exposed DC cultures within the model. Surprisingly, enhanced motility toward the epithelial layer was observed for MV-infected DCs as compared to their uninfected siblings. This occurred independently of factors released from H358 cells indicating that MV infection triggered cytoskeletal remodeling associated with DC polarization enforced velocity. Accordingly, the latter was also observed for MV-infected DCs in collagen matrices and was particularly sensitive to ROCK inhibition indicating infected DCs preferentially employed the amoeboid migration mode. This was also implicated by loss of podosomes and reduced filopodial activity both of which were retained in MV-exposed uninfected DCs. Evidently, sphingosine kinase (SphK) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) as produced in response to virus-infection in DCs contributed to enhanced velocity because this was abrogated upon inhibition of sphingosine kinase activity. These findings indicate that MV infection promotes a push-and-squeeze fast amoeboid migration mode via the SphK/S1P system characterized by loss of filopodia and podosome dissolution. Consequently, this enables rapid trafficking of virus toward epithelial cells during viral exit.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GeigerKoenigOberwinkleretal.2022,
  author    = {Geiger, Nina and K{\"o}nig, Eva-Maria and Oberwinkler, Heike and Roll, Valeria and Diesendorf, Viktoria and F{\"a}hr, Sofie and Obernolte, Helena and Sewald, Katherina and Wronski, Sabine and Steinke, Maria and Bodem, Jochen},
  title     = {Acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in precision-cut lung slices},
  series = {Vaccines},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Vaccines},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2076-393X},
  doi       = {10.3390/vaccines10101619},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289885},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Aspirin, with its active compound acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), shows antiviral activity against rhino- and influenza viruses at high concentrations. We sought to investigate whether ASA and its metabolite salicylic acid (SA) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 since it might use similar pathways to influenza viruses. The compound-treated cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Viral replication was analysed by RTqPCR. The compounds suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture cells and a patient-near replication system using human precision-cut lung slices by two orders of magnitude. While the compounds did not interfere with viral entry, it led to lower viral RNA expression after 24 h, indicating that post-entry pathways were inhibited by the compounds.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SivarajanOberwinklerRolletal.2022,
  author    = {Sivarajan, Rinu and Oberwinkler, Heike and Roll, Valeria and K{\"o}nig, Eva-Maria and Steinke, Maria and Bodem, Jochen},
  title     = {A defined anthocyanin mixture sourced from bilberry and black currant inhibits Measles virus and various herpesviruses},
  series = {BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12906-022-03661-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301423},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background Anthocyanin-containing plant extracts and carotenoids, such as astaxanthin, have been well-known for their antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity, respectively. We hypothesised that a mixture of Ribes nigrum L. (Grossulariaceae) (common name black currant (BC)) and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) (common name bilberry (BL)) extracts (BC/BL) with standardised anthocyanin content as well as single plant extracts interfered with the replication of Measles virus and Herpesviruses in vitro. Methods We treated cell cultures with BC/BL or defined single plant extracts, purified anthocyanins and astaxanthin in different concentrations and subsequently infected the cultures with the Measles virus (wild-type or vaccine strain Edmonston), Herpesvirus 1 or 8, or murine Cytomegalovirus. Then, we analysed the number of infected cells and viral infectivity and compared the data to non-treated controls. Results The BC/BL extract inhibited wild-type Measles virus replication, syncytia formation and cell-to-cell spread. This suppression was dependent on the wild-type virus-receptor-interaction since the Measles vaccine strain was unaffected by BC/BL treatment. Furthermore, the evidence was provided that the delphinidin-3-rutinoside chloride, a component of BC/BL, and purified astaxanthin, were effective anti-Measles virus compounds. Human Herpesvirus 1 and murine Cytomegalovirus replication was inhibited by BC/BL, single bilberry or black currant extracts, and the BC/BL component delphinidin-3-glucoside chloride. Additionally, we observed that BC/BL seemed to act synergistically with aciclovir. Moreover, BC/BL, the single bilberry and black currant extracts, and the BC/BL components delphinidin-3-glucoside chloride, cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside chloride, and petunidin-3-galactoside inhibited human Herpesvirus 8 replication. Conclusions Our data indicate that Measles viruses and Herpesviruses are differentially susceptible to a specific BC/BL mixture, single plant extracts, purified anthocyanins and astaxanthin. These compounds might be used in the prevention of viral diseases and in addition to direct-acting antivirals, such as aciclovir.},
  language  = {en}
}