@misc{Molitor2012,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Molitor, Sabine},
  title     = {Motivationsentwicklung in Begabtenf{\"o}rderprogrammen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75884},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie sich die Motivation bei Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern in speziellen homogenen Begabtenklassen verglichen mit regul{\"a}ren Schulklassen entwickelt. Dazu wurden im Rahmen des „Projekts zur Untersuchung des Lernens in der Sekundarstufe" (PULSS-Projekt) zu vier Messzeitpunkten die Leistungs- und Lernzielorientierung sowie die intrinsische Motivation in Mathematik und Deutsch erfasst. Der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom Beginn der 5. Jahrgangsstufe bis zum Ende der 7. Klasse. Um eine gr{\"o}ßtm{\"o}gliche Vergleichbarkeit der Begabten- und der Regelkl{\"a}ssler zu gew{\"a}hrleisten, wurden die Stichproben anhand entscheidender Merkmale parallelisiert (Schule, Geschlecht, IQ, sozio{\"o}konomischer Status). Die statistische Auswertung best{\"a}tigte den R{\"u}ckgang der Motivation aller Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}ler {\"u}ber die vier Messzeitpunkte hinweg. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigten sich keine bedeutsamen Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Klassentypen. Differenzierte man in den einzelnen Klassen nach Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern unterschiedlicher Begabung, so zeigte sich, dass die Auspr{\"a}gung der Intelligenz keinen Einfluss auf die H{\"o}he der Motivation nimmt. Beim akademischen Selbstkonzept verh{\"a}lt es sich teilweise anders. Wurde neben dem Klassentyp zwischen Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern mit hohem und solchen mit niedrigem akademischen Selbstkonzept unterschieden, so war bei einigen Kennwerten die H{\"o}he der Motivation in den Begabtenklassen st{\"a}rker vom Selbstkonzept beeinflusst als in den Regelklassen. Dies {\"a}ußerte sich dahingehend, dass die Begabtenkl{\"a}ssler mit hohem akademischem Selbstkonzept verh{\"a}ltnism{\"a}ßig stark motiviert waren, wohingegen die Begabtenkl{\"a}ssler mit niedrigem akademischem Selbstkonzept die geringste Motivation zeigten. Eine abschließende Bewertung dieser Entwicklung kann aufgrund der in vorliegender Arbeit gefundenen Ergebnisse jedoch nicht vorgenommen werden. Insgesamt konnte die Bef{\"u}rchtung eines ung{\"u}nstigeren Entwicklungsverlaufs in begabungshomogenen Klassen widerlegt werden. Das Ausmaß, inwieweit einzelne Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}ler von der Beschulung in Begabtenklassen profitieren, scheint hinsichtlich der motivationalen Entwicklung nicht so sehr von der Intelligenz, sondern vielmehr von nicht-kognitiven Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsfaktoren abzuh{\"a}ngen. So legen die Resultate nahe, die Auspr{\"a}gung des akademischen Selbstkonzepts bei Auswahlverfahren st{\"a}rker zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen.},
  subject      = {Motivation},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Totzke2012,
  author    = {Totzke, Ingo},
  title     = {Einfluss des Lernprozesses auf den Umgang mit men{\"u}gesteuerten Fahrerinformationssystemen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76869},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Aufgabenstellung dieser Arbeit ist die Prozessdarstellung des Kompetenzerwerbs im Umgang mit men{\"u}gesteuerten Informationssystemen (kurz: Men{\"u}systeme) im Fahrzeug. Hierzu z{\"a}hlen die Darstellung des Lernverlaufs sowie der Bedeutung von f{\"o}rderlichen und hinderlichen Lernbedingungen. Als ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeit werden mentale Repr{\"a}sentationen der Nutzer bez{\"u}glich des Men{\"u}systems betrachtet. Zus{\"a}tzlich wird die Kompatibilit{\"a}t des Kompetenzerwerbs f{\"u}r Men{\"u}systeme mit der Fahrzeugf{\"u}hrung gepr{\"u}ft. Aus diesen Analysen ergeben sich Methoden der {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des Lernaufwands, -verlaufs und -erfolgs. Zur empirischen {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung werden prototypische Men{\"u}systeme konstruiert. Anhand sog. Raumschiff-Systeme wird z.B. der Umgang des Nutzers mit einem begrifflich weitgehend eindeutigen Men{\"u}system eines Raumschiffs der Bedienung eines Men{\"u}systems ohne bedeutungshaltige Informationen (sog. System sinnloser Silben) gegen{\"u}bergestellt. Um die Auswirkungen des Kompetenzerwerbs f{\"u}r Men{\"u}systeme auf die Fahrsicherheit zu untersuchen, werden fahrkontextnahe Systeme konzipiert. Diese werden sowohl unter Single-Task Bedingungen (z.B. an einem Bildschirmarbeitsplatz, im stehenden Fahrzeug) als auch unter Dual-Task Bedingungen (z.B. w{\"a}hrend der Fahrt) bedient. Zielsetzung weiterer Explorationsstudien ist die Analyse der zeitlichen Struktur einer Bedienhandlung in einem Men{\"u}system in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit des Kompetenzerwerbs. Insgesamt werden sechs Hauptstudien und f{\"u}nf Explorationsstudien in dieser Arbeit berichtet. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Kompetenzerwerb f{\"u}r Men{\"u}systeme dem sog. Potenzgesetz der {\"U}bung folgt: So findet sich zu {\"U}bungsbeginn ein starker Leistungsanstieg im Umgang mit einem Men{\"u}system unter Single-Task Bedingungen, in sp{\"a}teren {\"U}bungsphasen verringert sich dieser Leistungsanstieg. Das erzielte Leistungsniveau in der Men{\"u}bedienung ist nach einer l{\"a}ngeren Lernpause (von bis zu 12 Wochen) weitgehend stabil. Zu {\"U}bungsbeginn treten v.a. Orientierungs- und Bedienfehler auf, in sp{\"a}teren {\"U}bungsphasen vermehrt Fl{\"u}chtigkeitsfehler. Diese Fehler stellen voneinander unabh{\"a}ngige Fehlerklassen dar. Zu Lernbeginn ist v.a. die Bediengenauigkeit von Bedeutung, mit zunehmender {\"U}bung die Bediengeschwindigkeit. Insbesondere antizipative Aspekte der Handlungsvorbereitung und -initiierung im Umgang mit Men{\"u}systemen sind Lerneinfl{\"u}ssen zug{\"a}nglich. F{\"u}r exekutive Aspekte der Handlungsdurchf{\"u}hrung und -kontrolle ist der Kompetenzerwerb von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Als Nutzermerkmale erweisen sich das bereichsspezifische Vorwissen, die kognitive Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit und das Nutzeralter als bedeutsam: Diese Merkmale werden mit zunehmender {\"U}bung weniger wichtig f{\"u}r interindividuelle Leistungsunterschiede. Die realisierten Systemvariationen eines Men{\"u}systems (Men{\"u}struktur und Bedienmodell) wirken sich unabh{\"a}ngig vom Lernstatus auf das Bedienverhalten der Systemnutzer aus. Auf Nutzerseite werden im Umgang mit einem Men{\"u}system mentale Repr{\"a}sentationen konstruiert: Zu Lernbeginn wird insbesondere begriffliches Wissen (sog. Inhaltsstruktur und begriffliche Unterbegriffs-Oberbegriffs-Relationen) angeeignet. Mit zunehmender {\"U}bung wird eine r{\"a}umliche Repr{\"a}sentation, in der die Positionen der einzelnen Men{\"u}inhalte abgebildet sind, aufgebaut. Eine motorische Repr{\"a}sentation als Resultat einer Optimierung des Umgangs mit dem Bedienelement bis hin zu einer (Teil-)Automatisierung der motorischen Handlungssequenz wird erst nach umfangreicher {\"U}bung im Umgang mit einem Men{\"u}system erworben. Diese Repr{\"a}sentationen beeinflussen wiederum die Bedienleistung: Zu {\"U}bungsbeginn ist z.B. das Erkennen der sog. Inhaltsstruktur f{\"u}r die starken Lernzuw{\"a}chse verantwortlich. Die Kompatibilit{\"a}t von Vorwissen auf Nutzerseite und f{\"u}r die Bedienung notwendiges Systemwissen bestimmt den Lernaufwand und -verlauf. Die Ver{\"a}nderung r{\"a}umlicher Positionen von Men{\"u}inhalten geht mit Einbußen in der Bedienleistung einher. Personen mit pr{\"a}zisem r{\"a}umlichem Wissen k{\"o}nnen effizienter mit einem Men{\"u}system umgehen. Bedienfehler treten v.a. zu {\"U}bungsbeginn auf. Mit zunehmender {\"U}bung wird der sensumotorische Umgang mit dem Bedienelement optimiert. Diese Befunde f{\"u}hren zu folgenden Schlussfolgerungen: (1) Der Umgang mit Men{\"u}systemen f{\"u}hrt zu einer trialen Kodierung der f{\"u}r die Men{\"u}bedienung notwendigen Informationen. (2) Das Potenzgesetz der {\"U}bung beschreibt den Kompetenzerwerb f{\"u}r Men{\"u}systeme lediglich summativ und resultiert aus der Kombination der einzelnen Lernfunktionen der zu kodierenden Lerninhalte. Unter Dual-Task Bedingungen treten zu {\"U}bungsbeginn st{\"a}rkere Interferenzen zwischen Fahrzeugf{\"u}hrung und Men{\"u}bedienung auf. Mit zunehmender {\"U}bung verringern sich diese Interferenzen v.a. auf Seiten der Men{\"u}bedienung. Dies ist u.a. auf die Instruktion der Probanden zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. {\"U}bungsbedingt schauen die Nutzer seltener bei vergleichbarer Blickdauer auf das Systemdisplay. Insbesondere {\"a}ltere Nutzer haben Probleme mit einer Verschr{\"a}nkung von Fahrzeugf{\"u}hrung und Men{\"u}bedienung. Mit zunehmender {\"U}bung verringern sich diese Alterseffekte, werden aber nicht eliminiert. Wird ein Men{\"u}system parallel zur Fahrzeugf{\"u}hrung bedient, werden zudem st{\"a}rkere und pr{\"a}zisere begriffliche und r{\"a}umliche Repr{\"a}sentationen {\"u}ber das Men{\"u}system vom Nutzer konstruiert. Bei diesen Studien wird ein multimethodaler Messansatz verfolgt, in dem verschiedenartige Werkzeuge zur Bestimmung des Kompetenzerwerbs und seiner Wirkungen auf die Fahrsicherheit eingesetzt werden. Es kann dabei zu einer Dissoziation der Ergebnisse in verschiedenen Messmethoden kommen. Unter Single-Task Bedingungen gewonnene Ergebnisse k{\"o}nnen nicht ohne weiteres auf Dual-Task Bedingungen generalisiert werden.},
  subject      = {Kraftfahrzeug},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KirschHerbortButzetal.2012,
  author    = {Kirsch, Wladimir and Herbort, Oliver and Butz, Martin V. and Kunde, Wilfried},
  title     = {Influence of Motor Planning on Distance Perception within the Peripersonal Space},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75332},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {We examined whether movement costs as defined by movement magnitude have an impact on distance perception in near space. In Experiment 1, participants were given a numerical cue regarding the amplitude of a hand movement to be carried out. Before the movement execution, the length of a visual distance had to be judged. These visual distances were judged to be larger, the larger the amplitude of the concurrently prepared hand movement was. In Experiment 2, in which numerical cues were merely memorized without concurrent movement planning, this general increase of distance with cue size was not observed. The results of these experiments indicate that visual perception of near space is specifically affected by the costs of planned hand movements.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kinateder2012,
  author    = {Kinateder, Max},
  title     = {Social Influence in Emergency Situations - Studies in Virtual Reality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76805},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In 1999, a tragic catastrophe occurred in the Mont Blanc Tunnel, one of the most important transalpine road tunnels. Twenty-seven of the victims never left their vehicles as a result of which they were trapped in smoke and suffocated (Beard \& Carvel, 2005). Immediate evacuation is crucial in tunnel fires, but still many tunnel users stay passive. During emergency situations people strongly influence each other's behavior (e.g. Nilsson \& Johansson, 2009a). So far, only few empirical experimental studies investigated the interaction of individuals during emergencies. Recent developments of advanced immersive virtual worlds, allow simulating emergency situations which makes analogue studies possible. In the present dissertation project, theoretical aspects of human behavior and SI in emergencies are addressed (Chapter 1). The question of Social Influence in emergency situations is investigated in five simulation studies during different relevant stages of the evacuation process from a simulated road tunnel fire (Chapter 2). In the last part, the results are discussed and criticized (Chapter 3). Using a virtual reality (VR) road tunnel scenario, study 1 (pilot study) and 2 investigated the effect of information about adequate behavior in tunnel emergencies as well as Social Influence (SI) on drivers' behavior. Based on a classic study of Darley and Latan{\´e} (1968) on bystander inhibition, the effect of passive bystanders on self-evacuation was analyzed. Sixty participants were confronted with an accident and smoke in a road tunnel. The presence of bystanders and information status was manipulated and consequently, participants were randomly assigned into four different groups. Informed participants read a brochure containing relevant information about safety behavior in emergency situations prior to the tunnel drives. In the bystander conditions, passive bystanders were situated in a car in front of the emergency situation. Participants who had received relevant information left the car more frequently than the other participants. Neither significant effect of bystanders nor interaction with information status on the participants' behavior was observed. Study 3 (pilot study) examined a possible alternative explanation for weak SI in VR. Based on the Threshold Theory of Social Influence (Blascovich, 2002b) and the work of Guadagno et al. (2007), the perception of virtual humans as an avatar (a virtual representation of a real human being) or as an agent (a computer-controlled animated character) was manipulated. Subsequently, 32 participants experienced an accident similar to the one in study 1. However, they were co-drivers and a virtual agent (VA) was the driver. Participants reacted differently in avatar and agent condition. Consequently, the manipulation of the avatar condition was implemented in study 4. In study 4, SI within the vehicle was investigated, as drivers are mostly not alone in their car. In a tunnel scenario similar to the first study, 34 participants were confronted with an emergency situation either as drivers or co-drivers. In the driver group, participants drove themselves and a VA was sitting on the passenger seat. Correspondently, participants in the co-driver group were seated on the passenger seat and the VA drove the vehicle on a pre-recorded path. Like in study 1, the tunnel was blocked by an accident and smoke was coming from the accident in one drive. The VA initially stayed inactive after stopping the vehicle but started to evacuate after ca. 30 seconds. About one third of the sample left the vehicle during the situation. There were no significant differences between drivers and co-drivers regarding the frequency of leaving the vehicle. Co-drivers waited significantly longer than drivers before leaving the vehicle. Study 5 looked at the pre-movement and movement phase of the evacuation process. Forty participants were repeatedly confronted with an emergency situation in a virtual road tunnel filled with smoke. Four different experimental conditions systematically varied the presence and behavior of a VA. In all but one conditions a VA was present. Across all conditions at least 60\% of the participants went to the emergency exit. If the VA went to the emergency exit, the ratio increased to 75\%. If the VA went in the opposite direction of the exit, however, only 61\% went there. If participants were confronted with a passive VA, they needed significantly longer until they started moving and reached the emergency exit. The main and most important finding across all studies is that SI is relevant for self-evacuation, but the degree of SI varies across the phases of evacuation and situation. In addition to the core findings, relevant theoretical and methodological questions regarding the general usefulness and limitations of VR as a research tool are discussed. Finally, a short summary and outlook on possible future studies is presented.},
  subject      = {Notfall},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Walter2012,
  author    = {Walter, Martina},
  title     = {A new methodological approach to assess drug driving - The German Smartphone Survey},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present piece of work was to give information about the frequency of psychoactive substances within the German driver population and to identify preventive and promotive circumstances of drug driving. Furthermore, a new methodological approach to gather and link data about the consumption of psychoactive substances and the mobility of drug users is shown. Traditionally, roadside surveys are conducted to estimate the prevalence of drug driving within a population. By the present study, an alternative method is introduced. In total, 195 drug users (mainly cannabis users) and 100 controls out of the normal driving population were queried for four weeks about their driving and drug consumption behaviour by a questionnaire that was deployed on smartphones. The prevalences of drug driving within the sample were extrapolated into representative values. Because the subjects reported all daily activities within the study-period, it was also possible to describe situations in which the subjects decided against driving under influence. Besides, relevant previous experiences, attitudes, the approval of legal regulations, other traffic-specific parameters, social influences and personality variables were queried. So, individual factors that are associated with drug driving can be specified. The results are integrated in a model that shows dependencies of different societal, behavioural and legal variables. They can serve as major input to the discussion on drug driving and can be of practical use for rehabilitation and prevention purposes. The results can be summarised as follows: - Compared to the results of a German roadside survey from 1994, the prevalences that are found within the present study seem pretty low. This finding is discussed and possible explanations for the described trend are lined out. Furthermore, the prevalences that were calculated in the present study are compared to current data from other European countries. - The results show differences between users and controls on several variables. The differences indicate that substance use impacts on the structuring of day-to-day life. Overall, the controls' days proceed more along a daily working routine than the users' (e.g. less mobility at night, more mobility at rush-hour, alcohol consumption mainly at nights out). - The individual extent to which drugs are consumed differs dependent on daytime, day of the week and kind of substance. Of course, these dependencies also influence the occurrence of drug driving. Other factors of influence on drug driving are the distance, the availability of alternative modes of transport as well as the presence of female companions. - Not everybody who uses drugs drives under the influence of drugs. A striking predictor for frequent drug driving and highly intoxicated driving is a high consumption, associated with risky consumption patterns and a low subjective feeling of impairment after drug consumption. - The subjects' attitudes towards drug driving and their beliefs about social norms largely go in line with the behaviour they engage in. Drug users have rather liberal attitudes towards drug use and driving under influence. - A possible deterrence effect of sanctioning and police enforcement and its dependence on the acceptance and awareness of the measures is delineated. - Only small effects are found when examining the objective impairment that is caused by drug use by a computer-based test battery. This result is critically discussed with regards to the operationalisation of the study groups. - Except from driving under influence, there is no evidence to suggest that DUI offenders also show problematic behaviour according to other traffic-related measures. - Parents and peers may have an influence as role models on the development of problematic behaviour. A good relationship between parents and children may have a positive impact on the development of conventional values and behaviour. - Drug use is associated with some crucial personality dimensions and drugs are often used to solve personal problems. A less precise but similar difference was found for users who commit many drives under influence compared to users who never or only sometimes drive under influence. Moreover, users marginally more often have psychological problems compared to controls. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the new methodological approach of data collection are discussed as well as the challenges that are faced when implementing it. All in all, it has proved to be a promising method and should serve as a standard to which future studies should aspire.},
  subject      = {Verkehrspsychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ConzelmannReifJacobetal.2012,
  author    = {Conzelmann, Annette and Reif, Andreas and Jacob, Christian and Weyers, Peter and Lesch, Klaus-Peter and Lutz, Beat and Pauli, Paul},
  title     = {A polymorphism in the gene of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme FAAH (FAAH C385A) is associated with emotional-motivational reactivity},
  series = {Psychopharmacology},
  volume    = {224},
  journal   = {Psychopharmacology},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00213-012-2785-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126845},
  pages     = {573-579},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {RATIONALE: The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Investigating emotional-motivational dysfunctions as underlying mechanisms, a study in humans revealed that in the C385A polymorphism of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the degrading enzyme of the eCB anandamide (AEA), A carriers, who are characterized by increased signaling of AEA as compared to C/C carriers, exhibited reduced brain reactivity towards unpleasant faces and enhanced reactivity towards reward. However, the association of eCB system with emotional-motivational reactivity is complex and bidirectional due to upcoming compensatory processes. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, we further investigated the relationship of the FAAH polymorphism and emotional-motivational reactivity in humans. METHODS: We assessed the affect-modulated startle, and ratings of valence and arousal in response to higher arousing pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures in 67 FAAH C385A C/C carriers and 45 A carriers. RESULTS: Contrarily to the previous functional MRI study, A carriers compared to C/C carriers exhibited an increased startle potentiation and therefore emotional responsiveness towards unpleasant picture stimuli and reduced startle inhibition indicating reduced emotional reactivity in response to pleasant pictures, while both groups did not differ in ratings of arousal and valence. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings emphasize the bidirectionality and thorough examination of the eCB system's impact on emotional reactivity as a central endophenotype underlying various psychiatric disorders.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReussKieselKundeetal.2012,
  author    = {Reuss, Heiko and Kiesel, Andrea and Kunde, Wilfried and W{\"u}hr, Peter},
  title     = {A cue from the unconscious - masked symbols prompt spatial anticipation},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123971},
  pages     = {397},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Anticipating where an event will occur enables us to instantaneously respond to events that occur at the expected location. Here we investigated if such spatial anticipations can be triggered by symbolic information that participants cannot consciously see. In two experiments involving a Posner cueing task and a visual search task, a central cue informed participants about the likely location of the next target stimulus. In half of the trials, this cue was rendered invisible by pattern masking. In both experiments, visible cues led to cueing effects, that is, faster responses after valid compared to invalid cues. Importantly, even masked cues caused cueing effects, though to a lesser extent. Additionally, we analyzed effects on attention that persist from one trial to the subsequent trial. We found that spatial anticipations are able to interfere with newly formed spatial anticipations and influence orienting of attention in the subsequent trial. When the preceding cue was visible, the corresponding spatial anticipation persisted to an extent that prevented a noticeable effect of masked cues. The effects of visible cues were likewise modulated by previous spatial anticipations, but were strong enough to also exert an impact on attention themselves. Altogether, the results suggest that spatial anticipations can be formed on the basis of unconscious stimuli, but that interfering influences like still active spatial anticipations can suppress this effect.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MeuleKuebler2012,
  author    = {Meule, Adrian and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {The translation of substance dependence criteria to food-related behaviors: different views and interpretations.},
  series = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00064},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123092},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SuetterlinPaapBabicetal.2012,
  author    = {S{\"u}tterlin, Stefan and Paap, Muirne C. S. and Babic, Stana and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and V{\"o}gele, Claus},
  title     = {Rumination and Age: Some Things Get Better},
  series = {Journal of Aging Research},
  volume    = {2012},
  journal   = {Journal of Aging Research},
  number    = {267327},
  doi       = {10.1155/2012/267327},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124356},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Rumination has been defined as a mode of responding to distress that involves passively focusing one's attention on symptoms of distress without taking action. This dysfunctional response style intensifies depressed mood, impairs interpersonal problem solving, and leads to more pessimistic future perspectives and less social support. As most of these results were obtained from younger people, it remains unclear how age affects ruminative thinking. Three hundred members of the general public ranging in age from 15 to 87 years were asked about their ruminative styles using the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ), depression and satisfaction with life. A Mokken Scale analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the RSQ with brooding and reflective pondering as subcomponents of rumination. Older participants (63 years and older) reported less ruminative thinking than other age groups. Life satisfaction was associated with brooding and highest for the earlier and latest life stages investigated in this study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StippekohlWinklerWalteretal.2012,
  author    = {Stippekohl, Bastian and Winkler, Markus H. and Walter, Bertram and Kagerer, Sabine and Mucha, Ronald F. and Pauli, Paul and Vaitl, Dieter and Stark, Rudolf},
  title     = {Neural Responses to Smoking Stimuli Are Influenced by Smokers' Attitudes towards Their Own Smoking Behaviour},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046782},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124393},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {An important feature of addiction is the high drug craving that may promote the continuation of consumption. Environmental stimuli classically conditioned to drug-intake have a strong motivational power for addicts and can elicit craving. However, addicts differ in the attitudes towards their own consumption behavior: some are content with drug taking (consonant users) whereas others are discontent (dissonant users). Such differences may be important for clinical practice because the experience of dissonance might enhance the likelihood to consider treatment. This fMRI study investigated in smokers whether these different attitudes influence subjective and neural responses to smoking stimuli. Based on self-characterization, smokers were divided into consonant and dissonant smokers. These two groups were presented smoking stimuli and neutral stimuli. Former studies have suggested differences in the impact of smoking stimuli depending on the temporal stage of the smoking ritual they are associated with. Therefore, we used stimuli associated with the beginning (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) and stimuli associated with the terminal stage (END-smoking-stimuli) of the smoking ritual as distinct stimulus categories. Stimulus ratings did not differ between both groups. Brain data showed that BEGIN-smoking-stimuli led to enhanced mesolimbic responses (amygdala, hippocampus, insula) in dissonant compared to consonant smokers. In response to END-smoking-stimuli, dissonant smokers showed reduced mesocortical responses (orbitofrontal cortex, subcallosal cortex) compared to consonant smokers. These results suggest that smoking stimuli with a high incentive value (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) are more appetitive for dissonant than consonant smokers at least on the neural level. To the contrary, smoking stimuli with low incentive value (END-smoking-stimuli) seem to be less appetitive for dissonant smokers than consonant smokers. These differences might be one reason why dissonant smokers experience difficulties in translating their attitudes into an actual behavior change.},
  language  = {en}
}