@article{KraussVikukYoungetal.2020,
  author    = {Krauss, Jochen and Vikuk, Veronika and Young, Carolyn A. and Krischke, Markus and Mueller, Martin J. and Baerenfaller, Katja},
  title     = {Correction: Krauss, J., et al. Epichlo{\"e} endophyte infection rates and alkaloid content in commercially available grass seed mixtures in Europe. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 498},
  series = {Microorganisms},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Microorganisms},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2076-2607},
  doi       = {10.3390/microorganisms8101616},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216254},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VikukFuchsKrischkeetal.2020,
  author    = {Vikuk, Veronika and Fuchs, Benjamin and Krischke, Markus and Mueller, Martin J. and Rueb, Selina and Krauss, Jochen},
  title     = {Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichlo{\"e} festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?},
  series = {Journal of Fungi},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Journal of Fungi},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2309-608X},
  doi       = {10.3390/jof6030177},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213171},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Mycotoxins in agriculturally used plants can cause intoxication in animals and can lead to severe financial losses for farmers. The endophytic fungus Epichlo{\"e} festucae var. lolii living symbiotically within the cool season grass species Lolium perenne can produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids. Hence, an exact quantitation of alkaloid concentrations is essential to determine intoxication risk for animals. Many studies use different methods to detect alkaloid concentrations, which complicates the comparability. In this study, we showed that alkaloid concentrations of individual plants exceeded toxicity thresholds on real world grasslands in Germany, but not on the population level. Alkaloid concentrations on five German grasslands with high alkaloid levels peaked in summer but were also below toxicity thresholds on population level. Furthermore, we showed that alkaloid concentrations follow the same seasonal trend, regardless of whether plant fresh or dry weight was used, in the field and in a common garden study. However, alkaloid concentrations were around three times higher when detected with dry weight. Finally, we showed that alkaloid concentrations can additionally be biased to different alkaloid detection methods. We highlight that toxicity risks should be analyzed using plant dry weight, but concentration trends of fresh weight are reliable.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraussVikukYoungetal.2020,
  author    = {Krauss, Jochen and Vikuk, Veronika and Young, Carolyn A. and Krischke, Markus and Mueller, Martin J. and Baerenfaller, Katja},
  title     = {Epichlo{\"e} endophyte infection rates and alkaloid content in commercially available grass seed mixtures in Europe},
  series = {Microorganisms},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Microorganisms},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {2076-2607},
  doi       = {10.3390/microorganisms8040498},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203323},
  pages     = {498},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Fungal endophytes of the genus Epichlo{\"e} live symbiotically in cool season grass species and can produce alkaloids toxic to insects and vertebrates, yet reports of intoxication of grazing animals have been rare in Europe in contrast to overseas. However, due to the beneficial resistance traits observed in Epichlo{\"e} infected grasses, the inclusion of Epichlo{\"e} in seed mixtures might become increasingly advantageous. Despite the toxicity of fungal alkaloids, European seed mixtures are rarely tested for Epichlo{\"e} infection and their infection status is unknown for consumers. In this study, we tested 24 commercially available seed mixtures for their infection rates with Epichlo{\"e} endophytes and measured the concentrations of the alkaloids ergovaline, lolitrem B, paxilline, and peramine. We detected Epichlo{\"e} infections in six seed mixtures, and four contained vertebrate and insect toxic alkaloids typical for Epichlo{\"e} festucae var. lolii infecting Lolium perenne. As Epichlo{\"e} infected seed mixtures can harm livestock, when infected grasses become dominant in the seeded grasslands, we recommend seed producers to test and communicate Epichlo{\"e} infection status or avoiding Epichlo{\"e} infected seed mixtures.},
  language  = {en}
}