@article{RiedererterMeulen2020,
  author    = {Riederer, Peter and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {Coronaviruses: a challenge of today and a call for extended human postmortem brain analyses},
  series = {Journal of Neural Transmission},
  volume    = {127},
  journal   = {Journal of Neural Transmission},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {0300-9564},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00702-020-02230-x},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-314637},
  pages     = {1217-1228},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {While there is abounding literature on virus-induced pathology in general and coronavirus in particular, recent evidence accumulates showing distinct and deleterious brain affection. As the respiratory tract connects to the brain without protection of the blood-brain barrier, SARS-CoV-2 might in the early invasive phase attack the cardiorespiratory centres located in the medulla/pons areas, giving rise to disturbances of respiration and cardiac problems. Furthermore, brainstem regions are at risk to lose their functional integrity. Therefore, long-term neurological as well as psychiatric symptomatology and eventual respective disorders cannot be excluded as evidenced from influenza-A triggered post-encephalitic Parkinsonism and HIV-1 triggered AIDS-dementia complex. From the available evidences for coronavirus-induced brain pathology, this review concludes a number of unmet needs for further research strategies like human postmortem brain analyses. SARS-CoV-2 mirroring experimental animal brain studies, characterization of time-dependent and region-dependent spreading behaviours of coronaviruses, enlightening of pathological mechanisms after coronavirus infection using long-term animal models and clinical observations of patients having had COVID-19 infection are calling to develop both protective strategies and drug discoveries to avoid early and late coronavirus-induced functional brain disturbances, symptoms and eventually disorders. To fight SARS-CoV-2, it is an urgent need to enforce clinical, molecular biological, neurochemical and genetic research including brain-related studies on a worldwide harmonized basis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{RethwilmBaunachMorietal.1990,
  author    = {Rethwilm, Axel and Baunach, Gerald and Mori, Kazuyasu and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {Transactivation of HIV by human spumaretrovirus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86436},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {To study the activation of HIV by human spumaretrovirus (HSRV) the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of HSRV, HIVl and HIV2 were examined with respect to their ability to function as transcriptional promoters in virus infected and uninfected cells. Transient transfections using plasmids in which the L TRs of the three viruses were coupled to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CA T) gene revealed (i) the level of cat gene expression directed by the HSRV LTR was markedly increased in HSRV infected cells compared to uninfected cells, (ii) cat gene expression driven by the HIV1 LTR, but not by the HIV2 LTR could be enhanced upon HSRV infection, whereas (iii) neither in HIV1 nor in HIV2 infected cells an effect on HSRV LTR driven cat geneexpression was detected.},
  subject      = {HIV},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SchwinnRethwilmEsersetal.1990,
  author    = {Schwinn, Andreas and Rethwilm, Axel and Esers, Stefan and Borisch, Bettina and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {Interaction of HIV-1 and HHV-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86415},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {HIV},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerKrennCzubetal.1993,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, J. and Krenn, V. and Czub, S. and Schindler, C. and Kneitz, C. and Kerkau, T. and Stahl-Henning, C. and Coulibaly, C. and Hunsmann, G. and Rethwilm, Axel and ter Meulen, Volker and M{\"u}ller-Hermelink, H. K.},
  title     = {The thymus in SIV infection},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80265},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {no abstract available},
  subject      = {HIV-Infektion},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderSchauliesSchnorrDunsteretal.1994,
  author    = {Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle and Schnorr, J.-J. and Dunster, L. M. and Schneider-Schaulies, J{\"u}rgen and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {The role of host factors in measles virus persistence},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54944},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {As critical steps in the life cycle oJ measles virus (Mfl), the e.fficiency of uptake into and replication in susceptible host cells are governed by cellular determinants. Measles virus infections of cells of the human CNS are characterized by particular constraints imposed on v1:ral transcription and translation attenuating viral gene Junctions and thus contributing to the pathogenesis oJ MV persistence in these cells.},
  subject      = {Immunologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderSchauliesSchneiderSchauliesterMeulen1993,
  author    = {Schneider-Schaulies, J{\"u}rgen and Schneider-Schaulies, S. and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {Differential induction of cytokines after primary and persistent measles virus infections of human glial cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54907},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {The effect of measles virus (MV) infection on mRNA expression and protein synthesis of cytokines in human malignant glioma celllines (0-54 and U-251) was investigated. Primary MV infections led in both celllines to the induction of interleukin-1 fJ (ll-1 (3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-(3 (IFN-fJ), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). ln contrast, persistently infected astrocytoma lines continually produced IL-6 (two out of 12 lines high Ievels) and IFN-ß, whereas only 1 out of 121ines synthesized TNF-a and none IL-1ß. The pathways for induction of IL-1fJ and TNF-a expression were not suppressed by the persistent MV infection, since IL-1ß and TNF-a could be induced by external stimuli Jike diacylglycerol analog plus calcium ionophore. lnterestingly, persistently infected astrocytoma cells synthesized considerably higher Ievels of ll-1ß and TNF-a than uninfected cells afteradditional external induction. These results suggest that in the centrat nervous system (CNS) of SSPE patients a percentage of persistently infected astrocytes may continually synthesize IL-6 and IFN-ß, and in the presence of additional external stimuli, as possibly provided by activated lymphocytes, might ovarexpress the inflammatory cytokines IL-1 ß and TNF-a. This may be of pathogenetic significance in CNS diseases associated with persistent MV infections.},
  subject      = {Immunologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderSchauliesSchneiderSchauliesBrinkmannetal.1992,
  author    = {Schneider-Schaulies, J{\"u}rgen and Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle and Brinkmann, R. and Tas, P. and Halbr{\"u}gge, M. and Walter, U. and Holmes, H.C. and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {HIV-1 gp120 receptor on CD4-negative brain cells activates a tyrosine kinase},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54872},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in the human brain Ieads to characteristic neuropathological changes, which may result indirectly from interactions of the envelope glycoprotein gp 120 with neurons and/or glial cells. We therefore investigated the binding of recombinant gp120 (rgp120) to human neural cells and its effect on int~acellular.s.ignallin~. Herewe pre~ent evidence that rgp120, besides binding to galactocerebroside or galactosyl-sulfatlde, spec1f1cally bmds to a protem receptor of a relative molecular mass of approximately 180,000 Da (180 kDa) pre~ent. on the CD4-negative glioma cells D-54, but not on Molt4 T lymphocytes. Binding of rgp120 to this receptor rap1dly 1nduced a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of 130- and 115-kDa p~oteins. The c~ncentration of intracellular calciumwas not affected by rgp120 in these cells. Our data suggest a novel Signal transduc1ng HIV-1 gp120 receptor on CD4-negative glial cells, which may contribute to the neuropathological changes observed in HIV-1-infected brains.},
  subject      = {Immunologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RethwilmMoriMaureretal.1990,
  author    = {Rethwilm, Axel and Mori, Kazuyasu and Maurer, Bernd and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {Transacting transcriptional activation of human spumaretrovirus LTR in infected cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61488},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human spumaretrovirus (HSRV) was examined with respect to its ability to function as transcriptional promotor in virus-infected and uninfected cells. Transient transfections using a plasmid in which the 3' L TR of HSRV was coupled to the bacterial chloramphenicol cetyltransferase (cat) gene revealed that the Ievei of HSRV LTR-directed cat gene expression was markedly increased in HSRV-infected cells compared to uninfected cells. Northern blot analysis of cat mRNA from transfected cultures suggests that transactivation of HSRVdirected gene expression occurs at the transcriptionallevel.},
  subject      = {Virologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NetzerRethwilmMaureretal.1990,
  author    = {Netzer, Kai O. and Rethwilm, Axel and Maurer, Bernd and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {Identification of the major immunogenic structural proteins of human foamy virus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61477},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {We have identified the major immunogenic structural proteins of the human foamy virus (HFV), a distinct member of the foamy virus subfamily of Retroviridae. Radiolabelied viral proteins were immunoprecipitated from HFV -infected cells by foamy virus antisera of human and non-human primate origin. Precipitated viral proteins were in the range of 31 K to 170K. Labelling of proteins with [\(^{14}\)C]glucosamine or with [\(^{35}\)S]methionine in the presence oftunicamycin, as well as endo-ß-N-acetylglycosaminidase Hand F treatment of [\(^{35}\)S]methionine-labelled proteins, revealed three viral glycoproteins of approximately 170K, 130K and 47K, most likely representing the env gene-encoded precursor, the surface glycoprotein and the transmembrane protein of HFV, respectively.},
  subject      = {Virologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JocherRethwilmKapposetal.1990,
  author    = {Jocher, R. and Rethwilm, Axel and Kappos, L. and ter Meulen, Volker},
  title     = {Search for retroviral sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and brain tissue of multiple sclerosis patients},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61462},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {DNAs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 21 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 1 patient with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) as well as DNAs from brain and spinal cord of 5 MS cases and 3 controls were examined for human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-related sequences by polymerase chain reaction. The primers used were derived from the HTLV-1 gag, env and tax genes. Amplified products were separated on agarase gels, blotted onto nylon membranes and hybridized to specific radiolabelled oligonucleotides. The sensitivity of amplification and hybridization was one copy of target DNA in 10\8^5\) cellular genomes. None of the specimens was positive for HTLV-1 sequences except the TSP probe. These negative data are all the more significant because brain -material from MS patients was used in these studies. Our studies thus fail to support speculations that HTLV-I is involved in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis.},
  subject      = {Virologie},
  language  = {en}
}