@article{WahlenRoewerKranke2010,
  author    = {Wahlen, Bianca M. and Roewer, Norbert and Kranke, Peter},
  title     = {Use of local anaesthetics and adjuncts for spinal and epidural anaesthesia and analgesia at German and Austrian University Hospitals: an online survey to access current standard practice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67847},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: The present anonymous multicenter online survey was conducted to evaluate the application of regional anaesthesia techniques as well as the used local anaesthetics and adjuncts at German and Austrian university hospitals. Methods: 39 university hospitals were requested to fill in an online questionnaire, to determine the kind of regional anaesthesia and preferred drugs in urology, obstetrics and gynaecology. Results: 33 hospitals responded. No regional anaesthesia is conducted in 47\% of the minor gynaecological and 44\% of the urological operations; plain bupivacaine 0.5\% is used in 38\% and 47\% respectively. In transurethral resections of the prostate and bladder no regional anaesthesia is used in 3\% of the responding hospitals, whereas plain bupivacaine 0.5\% is used in more than 90\%. Regional anaesthesia is only used in selected major gynaecological and urological operations. On the contrary to the smaller operations, the survey revealed a large variety of used drugs and mixtures. Almost 80\% prefer plain bupivacaine or ropivacaine 0.5\% in spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. Similarly to the use of drugs in major urological and gynaecological operations a wide range of drugs and adjuncts is used in epidural anaesthesia in caesarean section and spontaneous delivery. Conclusions: Our results indicate a certain agreement in short operations in spinal anaesthesia. By contrast, a large variety concerning the anaesthesiological approach in larger operations as well as in epidural analgesia in obstetrics could be revealed, the causes of which are assumed to be primarily rooted in particular departmental structures.},
  subject      = {An{\"a}sthesiologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RueschEberhartWallenbornetal.2010,
  author    = {Ruesch, Dirk and Eberhart, Leopold H. J. and Wallenborn, Jan and Kranke, Peter},
  title     = {Nausea and Vomiting After Surgery Under General Anesthesia An Evidence-Based Review Concerning Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85847},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: The German-language recommendations for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV) have been revised by an expert committee. Major aspects of this revision are presented here in the form of an evidence-based review article. Methods: The literature was systematically reviewed with the goal of revising the existing recommendations. New evidence-based recommendations for the management of PONV were developed, approved by consensus, and graded according to the scheme of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Results: The relevant risk factors for PONV include female sex, nonsmoker status, prior history of PONV, motion sickness, use of opioids during and after surgery, use of inhalational anesthetics and nitrous oxide, and the duration of anesthesia. PONV scoring systems provide a rough assessment of risk that can serve as the basis for a riskadapted approach. Risk-adapted prophylaxis, however, has not been shown to provide any greater benefit than fixed (combination) prophylaxis, and PONV risk scores have inherent limitations; thus, fixed prophylaxis may be advantageous. Whichever of these two approaches to manage PONV is chosen, high-risk patients must be given multimodal prophylaxis, involving both the avoidance of known risk factors and the application of multiple validated and effective antiemetic interventions. PONV should be treated as soon as it arises, to minimize patient discomfort, the risk of medical complications, and the costs involved. Conclusion: PONV lowers patient satisfaction but is treatable. The effective, evidence-based measures of preventing and treating it should be implemented in routine practice.},
  language  = {en}
}