@article{Prelog2012,
  author    = {Prelog, Martina},
  title     = {Differential Approaches for Vaccination from Childhood to Old Age},
  series = {Gerontology},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Gerontology},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {0304-324X},
  doi       = {10.1159/000343475},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196602},
  pages     = {230-239},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Primary prevention strategies, such as vaccinations at the age extremes, in neonates and elderly individuals, demonstrate a challenge to health professionals and public health specialists. The aspects of the differentiation and maturation of the adaptive immune system, the functional implications of immunological immaturity or immunosenescence and its impact on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy will be highlighted in this review. Several approaches have been undertaken to promote Th1 responses in neonates and to enhance immune functions in elderly, such as conjugation to carrier proteins, addition of adjuvants, concomitant vaccination with other vaccines, change in antigen concentrations or dose intervals or use of different administration routes. Also, early protection by maternal vaccination seems to be beneficial in neonates. However, it also appears necessary to think of other end points than antibody concentrations to assess vaccine efficacy in neonates or elderly, as also the cellular immune response may be impaired by the mechanisms of immaturity, underlying health conditions, immunosuppressive treatments or immunosenescence. Thus, lifespan vaccine programs should be implemented to all individuals on a population level not only to improve herd protection and to maintain protective antibody levels and immune memory, but also to cover all age groups, to protect unvaccinated elderly persons and to provide indirect protection for neonates and small infants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DirksFischerHaaseetal.2021,
  author    = {Dirks, Johannes and Fischer, Jonas and Haase, Gabriele and Holl-Wieden, Annette and Hofmann, Christine and Girschick, Hermann and Morbach, Henner},
  title     = {CD21\(^{lo/-}\)CD27\(^-\)IgM\(^-\) Double-Negative B Cells Accumulate in the Joints of Patients With Antinuclear Antibody-Positive Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis},
  series = {Frontiers in Pediatrics},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Pediatrics},
  issn      = {2296-2360},
  doi       = {10.3389/fped.2021.635815},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236286},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases. The appearance of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in almost half of the patients suggests B cell dysregulation as a distinct pathomechanism in these patients. Additionally, ANAs were considered potential biomarkers encompassing a clinically homogenous subgroup of JIA patients. However, in ANA+ JIA patients, the site of dysregulated B cell activation as well as the B cell subsets involved in this process is still unknown. Hence, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed in an explorative approach at characterizing potential divergences in B cell differentiation in ANA+ JIA patients by assessing the distribution of peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) B cell subpopulations using flow cytometry. The frequency of transitional as well as switched-memory B cells was higher in PB of JIA patients than in healthy controls. There were no differences in the distribution of B cell subsets between ANA- and ANA+ patients in PB. However, the composition of SF B cells was different between ANA- and ANA+ patients with increased frequencies of CD21\(^{lo/-}\)CD27\(^-\)IgM\(^-\) "double negative" (DN) B cells in the latter. DN B cells might be a characteristic subset expanding in the joints of ANA+ JIA patients and are potentially involved in the antinuclear immune response in these patients. The results of our explorative study might foster further research dissecting the pathogenesis of ANA+ JIA patients.},
  language  = {en}
}