@incollection{Hommers1980, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Information processing in children's choices among bets}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44169}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1980}, abstract = {Children's information processing of risky choice alternatives was investigated in two studies without using verbal reports. In Study 1, the ability to integrate the probabilities and the payoffs of simple bets was examined using the rating scale methodology. Children's choices among three of those simple bets were recorded also. By cross-classifying the children's choice and rating behavior it was shown that a three-stage developmental hypothesis of decision making is not sufficient. A four-stage hypothesis is proposed. In Study 2, the influence of enlarging the presented number of alternatives from two to three and the influence of the similarity of the alternatives on children's choice probabilities was examined with those bets. Children's choice behavior was probabilistic and was influenced only by enlarging the presented number of alternatives. These results suggest that a Bayesian approach, based on two probabilistic choice models, should not be applied in order to analyze children's choice behavior. The functional measurement approach is, as was demonstrated in Study 1, a powerful implement to further the understanding of the development of decision making.}, subject = {Kognitive Entwicklung / Informationsverarbeitung / Kind / Informationsintegration}, language = {en} } @incollection{KruegerLehmacherWall1981, author = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter and Lehmacher, Walter and Wall, K. - D.}, title = {The Fourfold Table up to N=80}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87053}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1981}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{KohnenKrueger1982, author = {Kohnen, Ralf and Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter}, title = {Tranquillizer effects in an experimental analog of verbal examinations}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41617}, year = {1982}, abstract = {In an experimental analog of verbal examinations, the call-up situation, the effects of two dosages of a tranquillizing agent (lopirazepam) are compared to placebo treatment. 72 male and female, healthy, young volunteers have been randomly assigned to 12 groups of 6 subjects each. Pulse frequency and performance were registered. The results indicated differential drug effects which were interpreted according to the hypotheses of "differential effects of social stressors". If a situation was highly challenging for a subject, the application of a tranquillizer in an adequately high dosage enabled him to perform well in spite of or because of strong increases in pulse frequency.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Krueger1983, author = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter}, title = {What differentiates a differential psychopharmacology?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41248}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1983}, abstract = {The methodological implications of a differential psychopharmacology are discussed. It is shown that the technique of stratifying subjects with personality scores depends on one basic assumption: the personality score is not affected by the other experimental factors. Two experiments are reported in which pre- and posttest (after the experiment) scores were measured. The pre-post-differences showed themselves to be affected by the medication. It is argued that in psychopharmacological experimentation an additional step must be included. All non-treatment factors must be examined for their stability in the course of the experiment. If they are stable, usual evaluation may take place. If changes are attributable to the treatment, personality scores must be regarded as dependent variables. They have to be evaluated together with the other observables with a multivariate model. Additionally, a procedure like this yields as "experimental differential psychology" a self-reliant contribution to the problems of differential psychology.}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderTreiber1984, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Treiber, Bernhard}, title = {Classroom differences in the determination of achievement changes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61991}, year = {1984}, abstract = {This study addresses three themes that recur in the research on student achievement: (a) developmental modeling ofintraindividual changes in achievement over time; (b) examination of the differences among subgroups within a classroom in the determinants of achievement; (c) description of the interactions among instructional variables in determining achievement differences. Eight classrooms were preselected on the basis of their widely differing slopes obtained in a regression analysis of pre- and posttest achievement scores. Mathematics achievement differences among sixth graders were analyzed in a four-wave design and explained by aptitude and instructional variables in a structural equation framework provided by LISREL. The results demonstrate the local nature of achievement models in that neither their measurement nor structural components proved generalizable across both groups of classrooms. Mention is also made, however, of technical problems and analytical ambiguities in the interpretation of these results.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @incollection{Ellgring1984, author = {Ellgring, Johann Heinrich}, title = {The study of nonverbal behavior and its applications: State of the art in Europe}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42997}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1984}, abstract = {No abstract available}, language = {en} } @article{ScheiblerSchneider1985, author = {Scheibler, Dieter and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Monte Carlo Tests of the accuracy of Cluster analysis algorithms: A comparison of hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62000}, year = {1985}, abstract = {Nine hierarchical and four nonhierarchical clustering algorithms were compared on their ability to resolve 200 multivariate normal mixtures. The effects of coverage, similarity measures, and cluster overlap were studied by including different levels of coverage for the hierarchical algorithms, Euclidean distances and Pearson correlation coefficients, and truncated multivariate normal mixtures in the analysis. The results confirmed the findings of previous Monte Carlo studies on clustering procedures in that accuracy was inversely related to coverage, and that algorithms using correlation as the similarity measure were significantly more accurate than those using Euclidean distances. No evidence was found for the assumption that the positive effects of the use of correlation coefficients are confined to unconstrained mixture models.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SodianSchneiderPerlmutter1986, author = {Sodian, Beate and Schneider, Wolfgang and Perlmutter, Marion}, title = {Recall, clustering, and metamemory in young children}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62014}, year = {1986}, abstract = {Thirty-two 4-year-olds and thirty-two 6-year-olds were tested for free and cued recall following either play-and-remember or sort-and-remember instructions and assessed for their metamemory of the efficacy of conceptual and perceptual sorting strategies. The younger children recalled significantly more items under sort-and-remember than under play-and-remember instructions, whereas no significant recall differences between instructional conditions were found for the older children. However, 6-year-olds showed higher levels of recall than 4-year-olds in both instructional conditions. Category cues were much more effective than color cues, regardless of age. In addition, clustering scores indicated that conceptual organization at both encoding and retrieval increased with age and with instruction. These results show that from 4 to 6 years of age children are learning to spontaneously employ memory strategies. In addition, they highlight the increasing importance of conceptual organization to retention of young children. Finally, the metamemory data suggest that there may be a lag between children's articulated declarative knowledge about the usefulness of conceptual organization and their procedural use of it.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Schneider1986, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {The role of conceptual knowledge and metamemory in the development of organizational processes in memory}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62022}, year = {1986}, abstract = {The present study investigated the relationshtp between developmental shifts in the organization of materials and developmental changes in deliberate strategy use. Second and fourth grade children were presented with clusterable sort/recall lists representing the factorial combinations of high and low interitem association, and high and low category relatedness. Strategy use in the task was rated by the experimenter and also assessed via self reports. General and task-related strategy knowledge tmetamemoryt was also examined. Second graders displayed more category clustering during recall for highly associated items than for weakly associated items. whereas older children's recall organization (but not recall) was unaffected by this organizational dimension. Correlations among measures of metamemory and organizational behavior indicated that second graders in general were unaware of the importance of categorization strategies for facilitation of recall. On the other hand. sorting during study and task-related metamemory were the most important predictors of fourth graders' recall performance, thus indicating that most fourth graders used categorization strategies deliberately.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderBorkowskiKurtzetal.1986, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Borkowski, John G. and Kurtz, Beth E. and Kerwin, Kathleen}, title = {Metamemory and motivation: a comparison of strategy use and Performance in German and American children}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62031}, year = {1986}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} }