@phdthesis{Herzlieb2004, author = {Herzlieb, Boris Alexander}, title = {Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen subjektiver Wahrnehmung und physikalisch messbaren Parametern von D{\"a}mpfungsmechanismen beim Laufvorgang}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16366}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Die Studie befaßte sich mit der subjektiven Wahrnehmung von Laufschuheigenschaften. 36 L{\"a}ufer wurden {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von vier Wochen zu zwei Laufschuhtypen und ihrem Lieblingsschuh befragt. Die Laufschuhe unterschieden sich im Leisten und waren ansonsten identisch. Die hierbei gewonnenen Daten wurden dann mit einer parallel angestellten physikalischen Datenerhebung verglichen. Dieser Vergleich konzentrierte sich auf die Teilbereiche aktive D{\"a}mpfung (Pronation etc.), Stabilit{\"a}t, Paßform, Bodenreaktionskr{\"a}fte und Sohlenparameter. Paßform und Stabilit{\"a}t erwiesen sich teilweise als bewußt wahrnehmbar. Geringes Pronationsverhalten und ein flacher Leisten zeigten hier einen positiven Einfluß auf das Stabilit{\"a}tsempfinden. Die Studie zeigte, daß die Probanden nicht in der Lage waren, D{\"a}mpfungsmechanismen, Pronationsverhalten und Bodenreaktionskr{\"a}fte bewußt wahrzunehmen. Allerdings best{\"a}tigen die Ergebnisse die propriozeptive Stimulation eines unbewußten neuromuskul{\"a}ren Regelkreises zur Steuerung neuromuskul{\"a}rer D{\"a}mpfungsmechanismen durch den Fuß, welche die passiven Kraftspitzen beim Fersenaufprall individuell und unabh{\"a}ngig vom verwendeten Schuh konstant halten. Die Unf{\"a}higkeit der Wahrnehmung von D{\"a}mpfungseigenschaften unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit der Gewinnung von individuellen biomechanischen Daten vor Schuhkauf.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Willinger2005, author = {Willinger, Eberhard}, title = {Wahrnehmung synthetischer Laute durch Cochlea-Implantat-Patienten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23057}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Die Anzahl der mit einem Cochlea-Implantat versorgten Patienten stieg an der HNO-Universit{\"a}tsklinik W{\"u}rzburg in den letzten Jahren kontinuierlich. Diese Entwicklung wurde wesentlich durch die Einf{\"u}hrung der CIS-Strategie, die den Patienten ein deutlich besseres Sprachverst{\"a}ndnis erm{\"o}glichte, gef{\"o}rdert. Nach wie vor ist es jedoch schwierig und zeitaufw{\"a}ndig, das CI individuell so anzupassen, dass sich daraus f{\"u}r den Patienten ein optimaler Nutzen ergibt. Nicht zuletzt wird die Anpassung eines Cochlea-Implantats dadurch erschwert, dass der deutschen Sprache Ausdrucksmittel fehlen, die es erlauben, H{\"o}reindr{\"u}cke pr{\"a}zise zu beschreiben. Bisher war es bei der Anpassung des MED-EL-Systems {\"u}blich, die Einstellungen des Herstellers f{\"u}r die Bandpassfilter ohne Ver{\"a}nderung zu {\"u}bernehmen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Ansatz verfolgt, der eine weitgehend automatische, vom Audiologen unabh{\"a}ngige Anpassung auch der Bandpassfilter an die speziellen Gegebenheiten des Patienten erm{\"o}glichen soll. Dazu wurden f{\"u}nf Cochlea-Implantat-Patienten synthetisch erzeugte Vokale vorgespielt. Die Frequenz der ersten Formanten F1 wurde, ausgehend von der an Normalh{\"o}renden bestimmten Referenzfrequenz, f{\"u}r jeden Vokal gezielt variiert. Die auf diese Weise unterschiedlich synthetisierten Vokale wurden von den Patienten hinsichtlich ihrer "G{\"u}te" in Form von Schulnoten von eins bis sechs bewertet. Gleichzeitig war in dem abgegebenen Urteil auch kodiert worden, welcher Vokal geh{\"o}rt worden war. Aus beiden Informationen wurde eine Punkteskala konstruiert. Auf dieser Skala variieren die Bewertungspunkte von -5 bis +5. Alle Auswertungen basieren auf dieser Skala. Die Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Bewertungspunkte von der benutzen Synthesefrequenz wurde mit einer Bewertungsfunktion beschrieben, die an die Messwerte angepasst wurde. {\"U}ber das Maximum dieser Funktion wurde auf die optimale Synthesefrequenz f{\"u}r den tieffrequenten Formanten F1 des entsprechenden Vokals geschlossen. Durch Vergleich mit den an den Normalh{\"o}renden gewonnen Referenzfrequenzen konnten Fehlanpassungen erkannt und korrigiert werden. Im Einzelnen wurden aus den Daten folgende Schlussfolgerungen gezogen: a) Die Korrektur der Frequenzzuordnung der Bandp{\"a}sse im Sprachprozessor f{\"u}hrte zu einer besseren Bewertung der Zielvokale bei der Referenzfrequenz. b) Durch die Korrektur verschob sich das Maximum der Bewertungsfunktion wie erwartet in Richtung der Referenzfrequenz. c) Nach der Korrektur zeigte sich ein Trend zu einer besseren Bewertung aller Vokale. d) Die Verteilung der Falschurteile {\"a}nderte sich wie erwartet mit der ge{\"a}nderten Prozessoranpassung. e) In den Daten zeigte sich, dass die Urteile der CI-Patienten und der h{\"o}rgesunden Probanden abh{\"a}ngig vom vorgespielten Vokal in unterschiedlicher Weise mit der Synthesefrequenz variieren. Daraus wurde ein "Empfindlichkeitsmaß" abgeleitet.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Gerdes2008, author = {Gerdes, Antje B. M.}, title = {Preferential Processing of Phobic Cues : Attention and Perception in Spider Phobic Patients}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28684}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Cognitive views of the psychopathology of anxiety propose that attentional biases toward threatening information play a substantial role in the disorders' etiology and maintenance. For healthy subjects, converging evidence show that threatening stimuli attract attention and lead to enhanced activation in visual processing areas. It is assumed that this preferential processing of threat occurs at a preattentive level and is followed by fast attentional engagement. High-anxious individuals show augmented tendencies to selectively attend toward fear-relevant cues (Mathews, 1990) and exhibit elevated neural processing of threatening cues compared to non-anxious individuals (Dilger et al., 2003). Regarding attentional biases in high-anxious subjects, it remains unanswered up to now whether initial engagement of attention toward threat or difficulties to disengage from threat is an underlying mechanism. Furthermore, little is known whether the preferential (attentive) processing of threatening cues does influence perceptional outcomes of anxious subjects. In order to directly study separate components of attentional bias the first study of this dissertation was a combined reaction time and eye-tracking experiment. Twenty one spider phobic patients and 21 control participants were instructed to search for a neutral target while ignoring task-irrelevant abrupt-onset distractor circles which contained either a small picture of a spider (phobic), a flower (non-phobic, but similar to spiders in shape), a mushroom (non-phobic, and not similar to spiders in shape), or small circles with no picture. As expected, patients' reaction times to targets were longer on trials with spider distractors. However, analyses of eye movements revealed that this was not due to attentional capture by spider distractors; patients more often fixated on all distractors with pictures. Instead, reaction times were delayed by longer fixation durations on spider distractors. This result does not support automatic capture of attention by phobic cues but suggests that phobic patients fail to disengage attention from spiders. To assess whether preferential processing of phobic cues differentially affects visual perception in phobic patients compared to healthy controls, the second study of this dissertation used a binocular rivalry paradigm, where two incompatible pictures were presented to each eye. These pictures cannot be merged to a meaningful percept and temporarily, one picture predominates in conscious perception whereas the other is suppressed. 23 spider phobic patients and 20 non-anxious control participants were shown standardized pictures of spiders or flowers, each paired with a neutral pattern under conditions of binocular rivalry. Their task was to continuously indicate the predominant percept by key presses. Analyses show that spider phobic patients perceived the spider picture more often and longer as dominant compared to non-anxious control participants. Thus, predominance of phobic cues in binocular rivalry provides evidence that preferential processing of fear-relevant cues in the visual system actually leads to superior perception. In combination both studies support the notion that phobic patients process phobic cues preferentially within the visual system resulting in enhanced attention and perception. At early stages of visual processing, this is mainly reflected by delayed attentional disengagement and across time, preferential processing leads to improved perception of threat cues.}, subject = {Phobie}, language = {en} } @article{ElKeredySchleyerKoenigetal.2012, author = {El-Keredy, Amira and Schleyer, Michael and K{\"o}nig, Christian and Ekim, Aslihan and Gerber, Bertram}, title = {Behavioural Analyses of Quinine Processing in Choice, Feeding and Learning of Larval Drosophila}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0040525}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130811}, pages = {e40525}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Gustatory stimuli can support both immediate reflexive behaviour, such as choice and feeding, and can drive internal reinforcement in associative learning. For larval Drosophila, we here provide a first systematic behavioural analysis of these functions with respect to quinine as a study case of a substance which humans report as "tasting bitter". We describe the dose-effect functions for these different kinds of behaviour and find that a half-maximal effect of quinine to suppress feeding needs substantially higher quinine concentrations (2.0 mM) than is the case for internal reinforcement (0.6 mM). Interestingly, in previous studies (Niewalda et al. 2008, Schipanski et al 2008) we had found the reverse for sodium chloride and fructose/sucrose, such that dose-effect functions for those tastants were shifted towards lower concentrations for feeding as compared to reinforcement, arguing that the differences in dose-effect function between these behaviours do not reflect artefacts of the types of assay used. The current results regarding quinine thus provide a starting point to investigate how the gustatory system is organized on the cellular and/or molecular level to result in different behavioural tuning curves towards a bitter tastant.}, language = {en} } @article{GrussWieserSchweinbergeretal.2012, author = {Gruss, L. Forest and Wieser, Matthias J. and Schweinberger, Stefan R. and Keil, Andreas}, title = {Face-evoked steady-state visual potentials: effects of presentation rate and face inversion}, series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, volume = {6}, journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, number = {316}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2012.00316}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134399}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Face processing can be explored using electrophysiological methods. Research with event-related potentials has demonstrated the so-called face inversion effect, in which the N170 component is enhanced in amplitude and latency to inverted, compared to upright, faces. The present study explored the extent to which repetitive lower-level visual cortical engagement, reflected in flicker steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs), shows similar amplitude enhancement to face inversion. We also asked if inversion-related ssVEP modulation would be dependent on the stimulation rate at which upright and inverted faces were flickered. To this end, multiple tagging frequencies were used (5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz) across two studies (n=21, n=18). Results showed that amplitude enhancement of the ssVEP for inverted faces was found solely at higher stimulation frequencies (15 and 20 Hz). By contrast, lower frequency ssVEPs did not show this inversion effect. These findings suggest that stimulation frequency affects the sensitivity of ssVEPs to face inversion.}, language = {en} } @article{FischerPlessowKiesel2013, author = {Fischer, Rico and Plessow, Franziska and Kiesel, Andrea}, title = {The effects of alerting signals in masked priming}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {4}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, number = {448}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00448}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122581}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Alerting signals often serve to reduce temporal uncertainty by predicting the time of stimulus onset. The resulting response time benefits have often been explained by facilitated translation of stimulus codes into response codes on the basis of established stimulus-response (S-R) links. In paradigms of masked S-R priming alerting signals also modulate response activation processes triggered by subliminally presented prime stimuli. In the present study we tested whether facilitation of visuo-motor translation processes due to alerting signals critically depends on established S-R links. Alerting signals resulted in significantly enhanced masked priming effects for masked prime stimuli that included and that did not include established S-R links fi.e., target vs. novel primes). Yet, the alerting-priming interaction was more pronounced for target than for novel primes. These results suggest that effects of alerting signals on masked priming are especially evident when S-R links between prime and target exist. At the same time, an alerting-priming interaction also for novel primes suggests that alerting signals also facilitate stimulus-response translation processes when masked prime stimuli provide action-trigger conditions in terms of programmed S-R links.}, language = {en} } @article{Reber2014, author = {Reber, Elisabeth}, title = {Constructing evidence at Prime Minister's Question Time: An analysis of the grammar, semantics and pragmatics of the verb see}, series = {Intercultural Pragmatics}, volume = {11}, journal = {Intercultural Pragmatics}, number = {3}, issn = {1613-365X}, doi = {10.1515/ip-2014-0017}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195549}, pages = {357 -- 387}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Abstract Constructing evidence constitutes a practice to establish the speaker's authority at Prime Minister's Question Time (PMQT), a weekly half-hour session in the British House of Commons. Here the verb see constitutes a resource for both the questioning Leader of the Opposition (LO) and Members of Parliament (MP) as well as for the responding Prime Minister (PM) to claim first-hand perceptual experience. This paper takes an integrated approach, offering a combined analysis of the grammatical formatting, semantics and pragmatics of the verb see in the context of evidential moves at PMQT. It shows how the verb see is functional in referring to the perceptual basis of a claim made and how its grammatical formatting is reflective of the contingencies of the local interactional context. The analysis is grounded in 32 sessions of PMQT (ca. 16 hrs of video-recordings). The results can be summarised as follows: 1) The evidential function of the verb is achieved through its context-specific grammatical formatting and semantics. 2) The reference to the perceptual basis of a claim evoked by see may co-occur with epistemic qualification and evaluative expressions. 3) The formatting of the verb may be indexical of the political relationship between the questioner and the responding PM.}, language = {en} } @article{ChenGerber2014, author = {Chen, Yi-chun and Gerber, Bertram}, title = {Generalization and discrimination tasks yield concordant measures of perceived distance between odours and their binary mixtures in larval Drosophila}, series = {The Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {217}, journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology}, number = {12}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.100966}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121625}, pages = {2071-7}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Similarity between odours is notoriously difficult to measure. Widely used behavioural approaches in insect olfaction research are cross-adaptation, masking, as well as associative tasks based on olfactory learning and the subsequent testing for how specific the established memory is. A concern with such memory-based approaches is that the learning process required to establish an odour memory may alter the way the odour is processed, such that measures of perception taken at the test are distorted. The present study was therefore designed to see whether behavioural judgements of perceptual distance are different for two different memory-based tasks, namely generalization and discrimination. We used odour-reward learning in larval Drosophila as a study case. In order to challenge the larvae's olfactory system, we chose to work with binary mixtures and their elements (1-octanol, n-amyl acetate, 3-octanol, benzaldehyde and hexyl acetate). We determined the perceptual distance between each mixture and its elements, first in a generalization task, and then in a discrimination task. It turns out that scores of perceptual distance are correlated between both tasks. A re-analysis of published studies looking at element-to-element perceptual distances in larval reward learning and in adult punishment learning confirms this result. We therefore suggest that across a given set of olfactory stimuli, associative training does not grossly alter the pattern of perceptual distances.}, language = {en} } @article{DiemerAlpersPeperkornetal.2015, author = {Diemer, Julia and Alpers, Georg W. and Peperkorn, Henrik M. and Shiban, Youssef and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas}, title = {The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {6}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, number = {26}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144200}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) has made its way into mainstream psychological research in the last two decades. This technology, with its unique ability to simulate complex, real situations and contexts, offers researchers unprecedented opportunities to investigate human behavior in well controlled designs in the laboratory. One important application of VR is the investigation of pathological processes in mental disorders, especially anxiety disorders. Research on the processes underlying threat perception, fear, and exposure therapy has shed light on more general aspects of the relation between perception and emotion. Being by its nature virtual, i.e., simulation of reality, VR strongly relies on the adequate selection of specific perceptual cues to activate emotions. Emotional experiences in turn are related to presence, another important concept in VR, which describes the user's sense of being in a VR environment. This paper summarizes current research into perception of fear cues, emotion, and presence, aiming at the identification of the most relevant aspects of emotional experience in VR and their mutual relations. A special focus lies on a series of recent experiments designed to test the relative contribution of perception and conceptual information on fear in VR. This strand of research capitalizes on the dissociation between perception (bottom up input) and conceptual information (top-down input) that is possible in VR. Further, we review the factors that have so far been recognized to influence presence, with emotions (e.g., fear) being the most relevant in the context of clinical psychology. Recent research has highlighted the mutual influence of presence and fear in VR, but has also traced the limits of our current understanding of this relationship. In this paper, the crucial role of perception on eliciting emotional reactions is highlighted, and the role of arousal as a basic dimension of emotional experience is discussed. An interoceptive attribution model of presence is suggested as a first step toward an integrative framework for emotion research in VR. Gaps in the current literature and future directions are outlined.}, language = {en} } @article{KleintWittchenLueken2015, author = {Kleint, Nina I. and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Lueken, Ulrike}, title = {Probing the interoceptive network by listening to heartbeats: an fMRI study}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0133164}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148330}, pages = {e0133164}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Exposure to cues of homeostatic relevance (i.e. heartbeats) is supposed to increase the allocation of attentional resources towards the cue, due to its importance for self-regulatory, interoceptive processes. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed at determining whether listening to heartbeats is accompanied by activation in brain areas associated with interoception, particularly the insular cortex. Brain activity was measured with fMRI during cue-exposure in 36 subjects while listening to heartbeats vs. sinus tones. Autonomic markers (skin conductance) and subjective measures of state and trait anxiety were assessed. Stimulation with heartbeat sounds triggered activation in brain areas commonly associated with the processing of interoceptive information, including bilateral insular cortices, the inferior frontal operculum, and the middle frontal gyrus. A psychophysiological interaction analysis indicated a functional connectivity between the middle frontal gyrus (seed region) and bilateral insular cortices, the left amygdala and the supplementary motor area. The magnitude of neural activation in the right anterior insular cortex was positively associated with autonomic arousal. The present findings indicate that listening to heartbeats induced activity in areas of the interoception network as well as changes in psychophysiological arousal and subjective emotional experience. As this approach constitutes a promising method for studying interoception in the fMRI environment, a clinical application in anxiety prone populations should be addressed by future studies.}, language = {en} }