@phdthesis{Seitzer2024,
  author    = {Seitzer, Moritz},
  title     = {Quality and composition of anthelmintic medicines available in Eastern and Western Africa: an \({in-vitro}\) analysis of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35094},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350947},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Even though the international combat against Neglected Tropical Diseases such as schistosomiasis or soil-transmitted helminthiases depends on reliable therapeutics, anthelminthic pharmacovigilance has been neglected on many national African drug markets. Therefore, quality and composition of 88 different batches of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel locally collected from randomly selected facilities in Western Burkina Faso, Southeast C{\^o}te d'Ivoire, Southwest Ghana and Northwest Tanzania were analysed. Visual examination of both packaging and samples was performed according to the WHO 'Be Aware' tool. Products were then screened with the GPHF Minilab, consisting of tests of mass uniformity, disintegration times and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Confirmatory tests were performed according to international pharmacopoeiae, applying assays for dissolution profiles and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Despite minor irregularities, appearance of the products did not hint at falsified medicines. However, 19.6 \% of the brands collected in Ghana and Tanzania were not officially licensed for sale. Mass uniformity was confirmed in 53 out of 58 brands of tablets. 41 out of 56 products passed disintegration times; 10 out of the 15 failing products did not disintegrate at all. TLC results did not reveal any falsifications or pronounced dosing errors. HPLC findings confirmed the TLC results despite shifted specification limits: ten of the 83 tested batches contained less than 90 \%, none more than 110 \% label claim. However, no more than 46.3 \% (31 / 67) of the tablet batches assayed passed the respective criteria for dissolution. In the four study countries, no falsified anthelminthic medicine was encountered. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was not found to either exceed or distinctively fall below specification limits. Galenic characteristics as most critical criteria however, especially dissolution profiles, revealed substantial deficits.},
  subject      = {Wurmmittel},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeitzerKlapperMazigoetal.2021,
  author    = {Seitzer, Moritz and Klapper, Sylvia and Mazigo, Humphrey D. and Holzgrabe, Ulrike and Mueller, Andreas},
  title     = {Quality and composition of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel available in Burkina Faso, C{\^o}te d'Ivoire, Ghana and Tanzania},
  series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0009038},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270434},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background Even though the international combat against Neglected Tropical Diseases such as schistosomiasis or soil-transmitted helminthiases depends on reliable therapeutics, anthelminthic pharmacovigilance has been neglected on many national African drug markets. Therefore, quality and composition of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel locally collected in Burkina Faso, C{\^o}te d'Ivoire, Ghana and Tanzania were analysed. Methods Samples of 88 different batches were obtained from randomly selected facilities. Sampling took place in Northwest Tanzania, Western Burkina Faso, Southeast C{\^o}te d'Ivoire and Southwest Ghana. Visual examination of both packaging and samples was performed according to the WHO 'Be Aware' tool. Products were then screened with the GPHF Minilab, consisting of tests of mass uniformity, disintegration times and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Confirmatory tests were performed according to international pharmacopoeiae, applying assays for dissolution profiles and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Findings Despite minor irregularities, appearance of the products did not hint at falsified medicines. However, 19.6\% of the brands collected in Ghana and Tanzania were not officially licensed for sale. Mass uniformity was confirmed in 53 out of 58 brands of tablets. 41 out of 56 products passed disintegration times; 10 out of the 15 failing products did not disintegrate at all. Evaluating TLC results, only 4 out of 83 batches narrowly missed specification limits, 18 batches slightly exceeded them. Not more than 46.3\% (31 / 67) of the tablets assayed passed the respective pharmaceutical criteria for dissolution. HPLC findings confirmed TLC results despite shifted specification limits: 10 out of 83 tested batches contained less than 90\%, none exceeded 110\%. Conclusion In the four study countries, no falsified anthelminthic medicine was encountered. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was not found to either exceed or fall below specification limits. Galenic characteristics however, especially dissolution profiles, revealed great deficits.},
  language  = {en}
}