@phdthesis{Andelovic2024,
  author    = {Andelovic, Kristina},
  title     = {Characterization of arterial hemodynamics using mouse models of atherosclerosis and tissue-engineered artery models},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30360},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-303601},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Within this thesis, three main approaches for the assessment and investigation of altered hemodynamics like wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index and the arterial pulse wave velocity in atherosclerosis development and progression were conducted: 1. The establishment of a fast method for the simultaneous assessment of 3D WSS and PWV in the complete murine aortic arch via high-resolution 4D-flow MRI 2. The utilization of serial in vivo measurements in atherosclerotic mouse models using high-resolution 4D-flow MRI, which were divided into studies describing altered hemodynamics in late and early atherosclerosis 3. The development of tissue-engineered artery models for the controllable application and variation of hemodynamic and biologic parameters, divided in native artery models and biofabricated artery models, aiming for the investigation of the relationship between atherogenesis and hemodynamics Chapter 2 describes the establishment of a method for the simultaneous measurement of 3D WSS and PWV in the murine aortic arch at, using ultra high-field MRI at 17.6T [16], based on the previously published method for fast, self-navigated wall shear stress measurements in the murine aortic arch using radial 4D-phase contrast MRI at 17.6 T [4]. This work is based on the collective work of Dr. Patrick Winter, who developed the method and the author of this thesis, Kristina Andelovic, who performed the experiments and statistical analyses. As the method described in this chapter is basis for the following in vivo studies and undividable into the sub-parts of the contributors without losing important information, this chapter was not split into the single parts to provide fundamental information about the measurement and analysis methods and therefore better understandability for the following studies. The main challenge in this chapter was to overcome the issue of the need for a high spatial resolution to determine the velocity gradients at the vascular wall for the WSS quantification and a high temporal resolution for the assessment of the PWV without prolonging the acquisition time due to the need for two separate measurements. Moreover, for a full coverage of the hemodynamics in the murine aortic arch, a 3D measurement is needed, which was achieved by utilization of retrospective navigation and radial trajectories, enabling a highly flexible reconstruction framework to either reconstruct images at lower spatial resolution and higher frame rates for the acquisition of the PWV or higher spatial resolution and lower frame rates for the acquisition of the 3D WSS in a reasonable measurement time of only 35 minutes. This enabled the in vivo assessment of all relevant hemodynamic parameters related to atherosclerosis development and progression in one experimental session. This method was validated in healthy wild type and atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice, indicating no differences in robustness between pathological and healthy mice. The heterogeneous distribution of plaque development and arterial stiffening in atherosclerosis [10, 12], however, points out the importance of local PWV measurements. Therefore, future studies should focus on the 3D acquisition of the local PWV in the murine aortic arch based on the presented method, in order to enable spatially resolved correlations of local arterial stiffness with other hemodynamic parameters and plaque composition. In Chapter 3, the previously established methods were used for the investigation of changing aortic hemodynamics during ageing and atherosclerosis in healthy wild type and atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice using the previously established methods [4, 16] based on high-resolution 4D-flow MRI. In this work, serial measurements of healthy and atherosclerotic mice were conducted to track all changes in hemodynamics in the complete aortic arch over time. Moreover, spatially resolved 2D projection maps of WSS and OSI of the complete aortic arch were generated. This important feature allowed for the pixel-wise statistical analysis of inter- and intragroup hemodynamic changes over time and most importantly - at a glance. The study revealed converse differences of local hemodynamic profiles in healthy WT and atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice, with decreasing longWSS and increasing OSI, while showing constant PWV in healthy mice and increasing longWSS and decreasing OSI, while showing increased PWV in diseased mice. Moreover, spatially resolved correlations between WSS, PWV, plaque and vessel wall characteristics were enabled, giving detailed insights into coherences between hemodynamics and plaque composition. Here, the circWSS was identified as a potential marker of plaque size and composition in advanced atherosclerosis. Moreover, correlations with PWV values identified the maximum radStrain could serve as a potential marker for vascular elasticity. This study demonstrated the feasibility and utility of high-resolution 4D flow MRI to spatially resolve, visualize and analyze statistical differences in all relevant hemodynamic parameters over time and between healthy and diseased mice, which could significantly improve our understanding of plaque progression towards vulnerability. In future studies the relation of vascular elasticity and radial strain should be further investigated and validated with local PWV measurements and CFD. Moreover, the 2D histological datasets were not reflecting the 3D properties and regional characteristics of the atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, future studies will include 3D plaque volume and composition analysis like morphological measurements with MRI or light-sheet microscopy to further improve the analysis of the relationship between hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Chapter 4 aimed at the description and investigation of hemodynamics in early stages of atherosclerosis. Moreover, this study included measurements of hemodynamics at baseline levels in healthy WT and atherosclerotic mouse models. Due to the lack of hemodynamic-related studies in Ldlr-/- mice, which are the most used mouse models in atherosclerosis research together with the Apoe-/- mouse model, this model was included in this study to describe changing hemodynamics in the aortic arch at baseline levels and during early atherosclerosis development and progression for the first time. In this study, distinct differences in aortic geometries of these mouse models at baseline levels were described for the first time, which result in significantly different flow- and WSS profiles in the Ldlr-/- mouse model. Further basal characterization of different parameters revealed only characteristic differences in lipid profiles, proving that the geometry is highly influencing the local WSS in these models. Most interestingly, calculation of the atherogenic index of plasma revealed a significantly higher risk in Ldlr-/- mice with ongoing atherosclerosis development, but significantly greater plaque areas in the aortic arch of Apoe-/- mice. Due to the given basal WSS and OSI profile in these two mouse models - two parameters highly influencing plaque development and progression - there is evidence that the regional plaque development differs between these mouse models during very early atherogenesis. Therefore, future studies should focus on the spatiotemporal evaluation of plaque development and composition in the three defined aortic regions using morphological measurements with MRI or 3D histological analyses like LSFM. Moreover, this study offers an excellent basis for future studies incorporating CFD simulations, analyzing the different measured parameter combinations (e.g., aortic geometry of the Ldlr-/- mouse with the lipid profile of the Apoe-/- mouse), simulating the resulting plaque development and composition. This could help to understand the complex interplay between altered hemodynamics, serum lipids and atherosclerosis and significantly improve our basic understanding of key factors initiating atherosclerosis development. Chapter 5 describes the establishment of a tissue-engineered artery model, which is based on native, decellularized porcine carotid artery scaffolds, cultured in a MRI-suitable bioreactor-system [23] for the investigation of hemodynamic-related atherosclerosis development in a controllable manner, using the previously established methods for WSS and PWV assessment [4, 16]. This in vitro artery model aimed for the reduction of animal experiments, while simultaneously offering a simplified, but completely controllable physical and biological environment. For this, a very fast and gentle decellularization protocol was established in a first step, which resulted in porcine carotid artery scaffolds showing complete acellularity while maintaining the extracellular matrix composition, overall ultrastructure and mechanical strength of native arteries. Moreover, a good cellular adhesion and proliferation was achieved, which was evaluated with isolated human blood outgrowth endothelial cells. Most importantly, an MRI-suitable artery chamber was designed for the simultaneous cultivation and assessment of high-resolution 4D hemodynamics in the described artery models. Using high-resolution 4D-flow MRI, the bioreactor system was proven to be suitable to quantify the volume flow, the two components of the WSS and the radStrain as well as the PWV in artery models, with obtained values being comparable to values found in literature for in vivo measurements. Moreover, the identification of first atherosclerotic processes like intimal thickening is achievable by three-dimensional assessment of the vessel wall morphology in the in vitro models. However, one limitation is the lack of a medial smooth muscle cell layer due to the dense ECM. Here, the utilization of the laser-cutting technology for the generation of holes and / or pits on a microscale, eventually enabling seeding of the media with SMCs showed promising results in a first try and should be further investigated in future studies. Therefore, the proposed artery model possesses all relevant components for the extension to an atherosclerosis model which may pave the way towards a significant improvement of our understanding of the key mechanisms in atherogenesis. Chapter 6 describes the development of an easy-to-prepare, low cost and fully customizable artery model based on biomaterials. Here, thermoresponsive sacrificial scaffolds, processed with the technique of MEW were used for the creation of variable, biomimetic shapes to mimic the geometric properties of the aortic arch, consisting of both, bifurcations and curvatures. After embedding the sacrificial scaffold into a gelatin-hydrogel containing SMCs, it was crosslinked with bacterial transglutaminase before dissolution and flushing of the sacrificial scaffold. The hereby generated channel was subsequently seeded with ECs, resulting in an easy-to-prepare, fast and low-cost artery model. In contrast to the native artery model, this model is therefore more variable in size and shape and offers the possibility to include smooth muscle cells from the beginning. Moreover, a custom-built and highly adaptable perfusion chamber was designed specifically for the scaffold structure, which enabled a one-step creation and simultaneously offering the possibility for dynamic cultivation of the artery models, making it an excellent basis for the development of in vitro disease test systems for e.g., flow-related atherosclerosis research. Due to time constraints, the extension to an atherosclerosis model could not be achieved within the scope of this thesis. Therefore, future studies will focus on the development and validation of an in vitro atherosclerosis model based on the proposed bi- and three-layered artery models. In conclusion, this thesis paved the way for a fast acquisition and detailed analyses of changing hemodynamics during atherosclerosis development and progression, including spatially resolved analyses of all relevant hemodynamic parameters over time and in between different groups. Moreover, to reduce animal experiments, while gaining control over various parameters influencing atherosclerosis development, promising artery models were established, which have the potential to serve as a new platform for basic atherosclerosis research.},
  subject      = {H{\"a}modynamik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Altmann2023,
  author    = {Altmann, Stephan},
  title     = {Characterization of Metabolic Glycoengineering in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for its Application in thermoresponsive Bioinks},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29100},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-291003},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This work developed during the first funding period of the subproject B05 in the framework of the interdisciplinary research consortium TRR 225 'From the Fundamentals of Biofabrication toward functional Tissue Models' and was part of a cooperation between the Orthopedic Department represented by Prof. Dr. Regina Ebert and the Institute of Organic Chemistry represented by Prof. Dr. J{\"u}rgen Seibel. This project dealed with cellular behavior during the bioprinting process and how to influence it by modifying the cell glycocalyx with functional target molecules. The focus was on the impact of potential shear stress, that cells experience when they get processed in thermoresponsive bioinks, and a way to increase the cell stiffness via metabolic glycoengineering to attenuate shear forces. For the characterization of the metabolic glycoengineering, four different peracetylated and four non-acetylated modified monosaccharides (two mannose and two sialic acid sugars) were tested in primary human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) and telomerase-immortalized hMSC (hMSC-TERT). Viability results demonstrated a dose-dependent correlation for all sugars, at which hMSC-TERT seemed to be more susceptible leading to lower viability rates. The assessment of the incorporation efficiencies was performed by click chemistry using fluorescent dyes and revealed also a dose-dependent correlation for all mannose and sialic acid sugars, while glucose and galactose variants were not detected in the glycocalyx. However, incorporation efficiencies were highest when using mannose sugars in the primary hMSC. A subsequent analysis of the temporal retention of the incorporated monosaccharides showed a constant declining fluorescence signal up to 6 d for azido mannose in hMSC-TERT, whereas no signal could be detected for alkyne mannose after 2 d. Investigation of the differentiation potential and expression of different target genes revealed no impairment after incubation with mannose sugars, indicating a normal phenotype for hMSC-TERT. Following the successful establishment of the method, either a coumarin derivative or an artificial galectin 1 ligand were incorporated into the cell glycocalyx of hMSC-TERT as functional target molecule. The biophysical analysis via shear flow deformation cytometry revealed a slightly increased cell stiffness and lowered fluidity for both molecules. A further part of this project aimed to control lectin-mediated cell adhesion by artificial galectin 1 ligands. As that hypothesis was settled in the work group of Prof. Dr. J{\"u}rgen Seibel, this work supported with an initial characterization of galectin 1 as part of the hMSC biology. A stable galectin 1 expression at gene and protein level in both hMSC and hMSC-TERT could be confirmed, at which immunocytochemical stainings could detect the protein only in the glycocalyx. The treatment of hMSC-TERT with a galectin 1 ligand in different concentrations did not show an altered gene expression of galectin 1. However, these first data in addition to the investigation of stiffness confirmed the applicability of specific and artificial IV galectin 1 ligands in biofabrication approaches to alter cell properties of hMSC. To conclude, metabolic glycoengineering has been successfully implemented in hMSC and hMSC-TERT to introduce glycocalyx modifications which reside there for several days. A proof of concept was carried out by the increase of cell stiffness and fluidity by the incorporation of a coumarin derivative or an artificial galectin 1 ligand. For the characterization of shear stress impact on cells after printing in thermoresponsive bioinks, the processing of hMSC-TERT (mixing or additionally printing) with Pluronic F127 or Polyoxazoline-Polyoxazine (POx-POzi) polymer solution was investigated. While there were no changes in viability when using POx-POzi bioink, processing with Pluronic F127 indicated slightly lower viability and increased apoptosis activity. Assessment of cellular responses to potential shear stress showed no reorganization of the cytoskeleton independent of the bioink, but highly increased expression of the mechanoresponsive proto-oncogene c Fos which was more pronounced when using Pluronic F127 and just mixed with the bioinks. Interestingly, processing of the mechanoresponsive reporter cell line hMSC-TERT-AP1 revealed slightly elevated mechanotransduction activity when using POx-POzi polymer and just mixed with the bioinks as well. In conclusion, hMSC-TERT embedded in thermoresponsive bioinks might shortly experience shear stress during the printing process, but that did not lead to remarkable cell damage likely due to the rheological properties of the bioinks. Furthermore, the printing experiments also suggested that cells do not sense more shear stress when additionally printed.},
  subject      = {Glykobiologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kade2023,
  author    = {Kade, Juliane Carolin},
  title     = {Expanding the Processability of Polymers for a High-Resolution 3D Printing Technology},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27005},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270057},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This thesis identifies how the printing conditions for a high-resolution additive manufacturing technique, melt electrowriting (MEW), needs to be adjusted to process electroactive polymers (EAPs) into microfibers. Using EAPs based on poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF), their ability to be MEW-processed is studied and expands the list of processable materials for this technology.},
  subject      = {Polymere},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hauptstein2022,
  author    = {Hauptstein, Julia},
  title     = {Hyaluronic Acid-based Multifunctional Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Cartilage Regeneration},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-26068},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260681},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue which provides a lubricated gliding surface in joints and thereby enables low-friction movement. If damaged once it has a very low intrinsic healing capacity and there is still no treatment in the clinic which can restore healthy cartilage tissue. 3D biofabrication presents a promising perspective in the field by combining healthy cells and bioactive ink materials. Thereby, the composition of the applied bioink is crucial for defect restoration, as it needs to have the physical properties for the fabrication process and also suitable chemical cues to provide a supportive environment for embedded cells. In the last years, ink compositions with high polymer contents and crosslink densities were frequently used to provide 3D printability and construct stability. But these dense polymeric networks were often associated with restricted bioactivity and impaired cell processes like differentiation and the distribution of newly produced extracellular matrix (ECM), which is especially important in the field of cartilage engineering. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was the development of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based bioinks with a reduced polymer content which are 3D printable and additionally facilitate chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and the homogeneous distribution of newly produced ECM. Starting from not-printable hydrogels with high polymer contents and restricted bioactivity, distinct stepwise improvements were achieved regarding stand-alone 3D printability as well as MSC differentiation and homogeneous ECM distribution. All newly developed inks in this thesis made a valuable contribution in the field of cartilage regeneration and represent promising approaches for potential clinical applications. The underlying mechanisms and established ink design criteria can further be applied to other biofabricated tissues, emphasizing their importance also in a more general research setting.},
  subject      = {Hyalurons{\"a}ure},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Juengst2019,
  author    = {J{\"u}ngst, Tomasz},
  title     = {Establishing and Improving Methods for Biofabrication},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173444},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Die Biofabrikation ist ein junges und sehr dynamisches Forschungsgebiet mit viel Potential. Dieses Potential spiegelt sich unter anderem in den ambitionierten Zielen wieder, die man sich hier gesetzt hat. Wissenschaftler in diesem Gebiet wollen eines Tages beispielsweise funktionale menschliche Gewebe nachbilden, die aus patienteneigenen Zellen bestehen. Diese Gewebe sollen entweder f{\"u}r die Testung neuer Arzneimittel und Therapien oder sogar als Implantate einsetzt werden. Der Schl{\"u}ssel zum Erfolg soll hier die Verwendung automatisierter Prozesse in Verbindung mit innovativen Materialien sein, die es erm{\"o}glichen, die Hierarchie und Funktion des zu ersetzenden nat{\"u}rlichen Gewebes nachbilden. Obwohl in den letzten Jahren große Fortschritte gemacht worden sind, gibt es immer noch H{\"u}rden, die {\"u}berwunden werden m{\"u}ssen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, die derzeit eingeschr{\"a}nkte Auswahl kompatibler Materialien f{\"u}r die Biofabrikation zu erweitern und bereits etablierte Verfahren wie den extrusionsbasierten Biodruck noch besser verstehen zu lernen. Auch neue Verfahren, wie etwa das Melt Electrospinning Writing (MEW) sollten etabliert werden. In Kapitel 3 dieser Arbeit wurde das MEW dazu verwendet, tubul{\"a}re Strukturen zu fertigen, die sich aus Polymerfasern mit einem durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von nur etwa 12 μm zusammensetzen. Die mit Hilfe von Druckluft in Verbindung mit einer hohen elektrischen Spannung aus einer Nadelspitze austretende Polymerschmelze wurde hierbei auf zylinderf{\"o}rmigen Kollektoren mit Durchmessern zwischen 0.5 und 4.8mm gesammelt. Auf diese Weise wurden r{\"o}hrenf{\"o}rmige Faserkonstrukte generiert. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag auf dem Einfluss des Durchmessers, der Rotations- und Translationsbewegung des Kollektors auf die Morphologie der Faserkonstrukte. Hierzu wurden die Fasern erst auf unbewegten Kollektoren mit unterschiedlichen Durchmessern gesammelt und die entstehenden Muster analysiert. Es zeigte sich, dass das Fasermuster mit zunehmendem Durchmesser des Kollektors mehr den symmetrischen Konstrukten mit runder Grundfl{\"a}che glich, die auch von flachen Kollektoren bekannt sind. Je kleiner der Kollektordurchmesser wurde, desto ovaler wurde die Grundfl{\"a}che der Muster, was den Einfluss der Kr{\"u}mmung deutlich machte. In weiteren Experimenten wurden die zylindrischen Kollektoren mit Geschwindigkeiten von 4,2 bis 42 Umdrehungen pro Minute um ihre L{\"a}ngsachse gedreht. Die von flachen Kollektoren bekannten {\"U}berg{\"a}nge der Fasermorphologie konnten auch f{\"u}r runde Kollektoren best{\"a}tigt werden. So {\"a}nderte sich die Morphologie mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit der Oberfl{\"a}che von einer achterf{\"o}rmigen Gestalt {\"u}ber eine sinusf{\"o}rmige Ausrichtung der Fasern hin zu einer geraden Linie. Der Einfluss des Kollektordurchmessers wurde auch hier deutlich, da sich etwa die Amplitude der bei Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten im Bereich sinusf{\"o}rmiger Ausrichtung abgelegten Fasern mit abnehmendem Radius erh{\"o}hte. Im n{\"a}chsten Schritt wurde neben der Rotation der Kollektoren auch eine Translation induziert. Durch geeignete Kombination von Rotation und Translation konnten Konstrukte mit definiertem Wickelwinkel hergestellt werden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Wiedergabe des vorher kalkulierten Winkels unter Verwendung von Oberfl{\"a}chengeschwindigkeiten, die nahe am {\"U}bergang zur geraden Faserausrichtung waren, am besten war. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten Winkel zwischen 5 und 60° mit hoher Pr{\"a}zision wiedergegeben werden. Im Falle von sich wiederholenden Mustern konnte auch in Bezug auf die Stapelbarkeit der Fasern aufeinander eine hohe Pr{\"a}zision erreicht werden. Kapitel 4 dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit dem extrusionsbasierten 3D-Druck. Das etabliere Verfahren wurde auf eine bisher wenig untersuchte Materialzusammensetzung von Nanopartikeln-beladenen Hydrogeltinten ausgeweitet. Die Tinte bestand aus einer Kombination von funktionalisierten Polyglyzidolen und einer unmodifizierten langkettingen Hyalurons{\"a}ure. Dieser wurden mesopor{\"o}se Silika-Nanopartikel mit unterschiedlicher Ladung zugesetzt und deren Freisetzung aus gedruckten Konstrukten mit einstellbarer Geometrien untersucht. Da die Hyalurons{\"a}ure selbst negativ geladen ist, wurde erwartet und auch gezeigt, dass aminofunktionalisierte Partikel mit positiver Ladung langsamer freigesetzt werden als carboxylfunktionalisierte Partikel mit negativer Ladung. Interessanterweise {\"a}nderten die Partikel nicht die rheologischen Eigenschaften der Tinte und es konnten Hydrogele, die mit positiv geladenen Partikeln beladen waren, bei den gleichen Druckparametern verdruckt werden, wie Hydrogele, die mit negativ geladenen Partikeln beladen waren. Die guten Druckeigenschaften der Tinten erm{\"o}glichten die pr{\"a}zise Fertigung von Konstrukten mit einer Gr{\"o}ße von 12x12x3mm^3, also von Konstrukten mit bis zu 16 aufeinanderfolgenden Lagen. Die Strangdurchmesser betrugen hierbei 627±31μm und die Verteilung der Partikel innerhalb der Str{\"a}nge war sehr homogen. Zudem konnten auch Strukturen gedruckt werden, bei denen beide Tintenarten, mit positiven und mit negativen Partikeln beladene Hydrogele, in einem Konstrukt kombiniert wurden. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Freisetzung der Partikel, die {\"u}ber 6 Wochen hinweg untersucht wurde, auch stark von der Geometrie der zwei-Komponenten-Konstrukte abhing. Insbesondere die Auswirkung des direkten Kontakts zwischen den Komponenten innerhalb eines Konstruktes war hier sehr deutlich. Wurden die Str{\"a}nge {\"u}ber Kreuz aufeinander abgelegt und hatten direkten Kontakt an den Kreuzungspunkten, konnte beobachtet werden, dass die positiv geladenen Partikel aus ihrem System in das mit den negativ geladenen Partikeln wanderten. Wurden die Str{\"a}nge ohne direkten Kontakt parallel nebeneinander abgelegt, wurden die positiv geladenen Partikel in umgebendes Medium freigesetzt, konnten aber selbst nach 6 Wochen nicht in den Str{\"a}ngen mit den negativ geladenen Partikeln nachgewiesen werden. Dies verdeutlicht, dass Geometrie und Ladung der Partikel einen Einfluss auf die Freisetzung der Partikel hatten und sich die Freisetzung der Partikel durch eine geschickte Kombination beider Parameter steuern l{\"a}sst. In Kapitel 5 dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Materialklasse als Biotinte f{\"u}r den extrusionsbasierten Biodruck untersucht. Bei dem Material handelte es sich um Hydrogele auf Basis rekombinanter Spinnenseidenproteine. Diese konnten ab einer Proteinkonzentration von 3 \%Gew./Vol. ohne die Verwendung von Verdickungsmittel oder anderen Additiven und auch ohne eine nachtr{\"a}gliche Vernetzung verdruckt werden. Sowohl Hydrogele auf Basis des rekombinanten Proteins eADF4(C16) als auch eine mit einer RGD-Sequenz versehene Modifikation (eADF4(C16)-RGD) konnten mit einer hohen Formtreue verdruckt werden. Die RGD-Sequenz zeigte einen positiven Effekt auf das Anhaften von humanen Fibroblasten, die auf gedruckte Konstrukte ausges{\"a}t wurden. Zudem konnten mit Hilfe der Hydrogele auch zellbeladene Konstrukte gefertigt werden. Hierzu wurden die Hydrogele mit einer Zellsuspension so vermengt, dass eine finale Konzentration von 1,2 Millionen Zellen/ml erreicht wurde. Die beladenen Gele wurden verdruckt und es konnte eine {\"U}berlebensrate von 70,1±7,6\% nachgewiesen werden. Das in diesem Kapitel etablierte Materialsystem erm{\"o}glichte zum ersten Mal das Verdrucken lebender Zellen in einer neuen Klasse von Tinten, die weder die Beimengung von Verdickungsmittel noch einen zus{\"a}tzlichen Nachh{\"a}rtungsschritt f{\"u}r die Herstellung zellbeladener stabiler Konstrukte ben{\"o}tigt.},
  subject      = {3D-Druck},
  language  = {en}
}