@phdthesis{Hirschbeck2012,
  author    = {Hirschbeck, Maria Wenefriede},
  title     = {Structure-based drug design on the enoyl-ACP reductases of Yersinia pestis and Burkholderia pseudomallei},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70869},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Spreading drug resistances among Gram-negative pathogens and the paucity of new agents on the antibacterial drug market against these tenacious bacteria create a pressing need for the development of new antibiotics. The bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis pathway FAS-II, especially the enoyl-ACP reductase catalyzing the last step of the elongation cycle, is an established drug target against tuberculosis but has not been extensively exploited for drug design against other bacterial pathogens. In this thesis the enoyl-ACP reductases of the Gram-negative biothreat organisms Burkholderia pseudomallei and Yersinia pestis were targeted in a structure-based drug design approach. The structure of the most recently identified enoyl-ACP isoenzyme FabV was characterized by X-ray crystallography and could be determined in three different states. FabV from B. pseudomallei was obtained in the apo-form of the enzyme, whereas FabV from Y. pestis was characterized in a binary complex with the cofactor NADH as well as in a ternary complex with NADH and the triclosan-based 2-pyridone inhibitors PT172 and PT173. Analysis of the FabV structure revealed the typical fold of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily with the NADH-binding Rossmann fold and a substrate-binding pocket with a conserved active site geometry compared to the related isoenzyme FabI. Additional structural elements of FabV are located around the active site. The monomeric form of the enzyme is thereby stabilized and the substrate-binding loop is kept in a closed, helical conformation. The ternary complexes of FabV exhibited a similar inhibitor-binding mode as observed for triclosan inhibition in FabI and point to a potential substrate-binding mechanism. B. pseudomallei possesses FabI as an additional enoyl-ACP reductase isoenzyme, which was structurally characterized in the apo form and in ternary complexes with NAD+ and the diphenyl ether inhibitors triclosan, PT02, PT12 or PT404 as well as the 4-pyridone inhibitor PT155. The structural data of the ternary enoyl-ACP reductases complexes of B. pseudomallei and Y. pestis hold the promise for the possibility to develop antibacterials targeting FabV or even both isoenzymes, FabI and FabV, based on the triclosan scaffold.},
  subject      = {Yersinia},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nono2012,
  author    = {Nono, Justin},
  title     = {Immunomodulation through Excretory/Secretory Products of the parasitic Helminth Echinococcus multilocularis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85449},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Die Alveol{\"a}re Echinokokkose (AE) ist eine lebensbedrohliche Zoonose, die durch das Metazestoden-Larvenstadium des Fuchsbandwurms Echinococcus multilocularis ausgel{\"o}st wird. Nach Eintritt des Parasiten in den Zwischenwirt wird zun{\"a}chst eine potentiell anti-parasitische, Th1-dominierte Immunantwort ausgel{\"o}st, welche anschließend in der chronischen Phase graduell durch eine permissive, Th2-dominierte Antwort ersetzt wird. Als Ergebnis einer zugrunde liegenden Immunmodulation durch den Parasiten k{\"o}nnen Echinococcus-Larven f{\"u}r Jahre bis Jahrzehnte im Wirt persistieren und verhalten sich {\"a}hnlich einem perfekt transplantierten Organ. {\"U}ber die molekulare Basis der Immunmodulation durch den Parasiten ist derzeit wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurden geeignete Kultursysteme f{\"u}r verschiedene E. multilocularis Larvenstadien verwendet, um den Einfluss exkretorisch/sekretorischer Metaboliten (E/S-Produkte) auf Wirts-Immuneffektor-Zellen zu studieren. E/S-Produkte kultivierter Larven, die die fr{\"u}he (Prim{\"a}rzellen) und chronische (Metazestode) Phase der Infektion repr{\"a}sentieren induzierten Apoptose und tolerogene Eigenschaften in Dendritischen Zellen (DC) des Wirts, w{\"a}hrend solche von Kontroll-Larven (Protoskolizes) keine derartigen Effekte zeigten. Dies zeigt, dass die fr{\"u}hen infekti{\"o}sen Stadien von E. multilocularis in DC ein tolerierendes Milieu erzeugen, welches sehr wahrscheinlich die initiale Etablierung des Parasiten in einer Phase beg{\"u}nstigt, in der er h{\"o}chst sensitiv gegen{\"u}ber Wirtsangriffen ist. Interessanterweise f{\"o}rderten E/S-Produkte des Metazestoden in vitro die Konversion von CD4+ T-Zellen in Foxp3+, regulatorische T-Zellen (Treg) w{\"a}hrend E/S-Produkte von Prim{\"a}rzellen oder Protoskolizes dies nicht vermochten. Da Foxp3+ Tregs generell als immunosuppressorisch bekannt sind, deuten diese Daten an, dass der Metazestode aktiv eine Induktion von Tregs herbeif{\"u}hrt, um eine permissive Immunsuppression w{\"a}hrend einer Infektion zu erreichen. Eine substantielle Zunahme von Anzahl und Frequenz Foxp3+ Tregs konnte zudem in Peritoneal-Exsudaten von M{\"a}uuen nach intraperitonealer Injektion von Parasitengewebe gemessen werden, was anzeigt, dass eine Expansion von Foxp3+ Tregs auch w{\"a}hrend der in vivo Infektion von Bedeutung ist. Interessanterweise konnte in dieser Arbeit ein Activin-Orthologes des Parasiten, EmACT, identifiziert werden, weleches vom Metazestoden sekretiert wird und {\"a}hnlich wie humanes Activin in der Lage ist, eine TGF-β-abh{\"a}ngige Expansion von Tregs in vitro zu induzieren. Dies zeigt an, dass E. multilocularis evolutionsgeschichtlich konservierte Zytokine nutzt, um aktiv die Wirts-Immunantwort zu beeinflussen. Zusammenfassend deuten die gewonnenen Daten auf eine wichtige Rolle Foxp3+ Tregs, welche u.a. durch EmACT induziert werden, im immunologischen geschehen der AE hin. Ein weiterer Parasiten-Faktor, EmTIP, mit signifikanten Homologien zum T-cell Immunomodulatory Protein (TIP) des Menschen wurde in dieser Arbeit n{\"a}her charakterisiert. EmTIP konnte in der E/S-Fraktion von Prim{\"a}rzellen nachgewiesen werden und induzierte die Freisetzung von IFN-γ in CD4+ T-Helferzellen. Durch Zugabe von anti-EmTIP-Antik{\"o}rpern konnte zudem die Entwicklung des Parasiten zum Metazestoden in vitro gehemmt werden. EmTIP d{\"u}rfte daher einerseits bei der fr{\"u}hen Parasiten-Entwicklung im Zwischenwirt eine Rolle spielen und k{\"o}nnte im Zuge dessen auch die Auspr{\"a}gung der fr{\"u}hen, Th-1-dominierten Immunantwort w{\"a}hrend der AE beg{\"u}nstigen. Zusammenfassend wurden in dieser Arbeit zwei E. multilocularis E/S-Faktoren identifiziert, EmACT und EmTIP, die ein hohes immunmodulatorisches Potential besitzen. Die hier vorgestellten Daten liefern neue, fundamentale Einsichten in die molekularen Mechanismen der Parasiten-induzierten Immunmodulation bei der AE und sind hoch relevant f{\"u}r die Entwicklung anti-parasitischer Immuntherapien.},
  subject      = {Immunmodulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Foerster2012,
  author    = {F{\"o}rster, Sabine},
  title     = {Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Echinococcus multilocularis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85832},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Parasitic helminths share a large degree of common genetic heritage with their various hosts. This includes cell-cell-communication mechanisms mediated by small peptide cytokines and lipophilic/steroid hormones. These cytokines are candidate molecules for host-parasite cross-communication in helminth diseases. In this work the function of two evolutionary conserved signaling pathways in the model cestode Echinococcus multilocularis has been studied. First, signaling mechanisms mediated through fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their cognate receptors (FGFR) which influence a multitude of biological functions, like homeostasis and differentiation, were studied. I herein investigated the role of EmFR which is the only FGFR homolog in E. multilocularis. Functional analyses using the Xenopus oocyte expression system clearly indicate that EmFR can sense both acidic and basic FGF of human origin, resulting in an activation of the EmFR tyrosine kinase domain. In vitro experiments demonstrate that mammalian FGF significantly stimulates proliferation and development of E. multilocularis metacestode vesicles and primary cells. Furthermore, DNA synthesis and the parasite's Erk-like MAPK cascade module was stimulated in the presence of exogenously added mammalian FGF. By using the FGFR inhibitor BIBF1120 the activity of EmFR in the Xenopus oocyte system was effectively blocked. Addition of BIBF1120 to in vitro cultivated Echinococcus larval material led to detrimental effects concerning the generation of metacestode vesicles from parasite stem cells, the proliferation and survival of metacestode vesicles, and the dedifferentiation of protoscoleces towards the metacestode. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the presence of a functional EmFR-mediated signaling pathway in E. multilocularis that is able to interact with host-derived cytokines and that plays an important role in larval parasite development. Secondly, the role of nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) signaling was addressed. Lipophilic and steroid hormone signaling contributes to the regulation of metazoan development. By means of in silico analyses I demonstrate that E. multilocularis expresses a set of 17 NHRs that broadly overlaps with that of the related flatworms Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum, but also contains several NHR encoding genes that are unique to this parasite. One of these, EmNHR1, is homolog to the DAF-12/HR-96 subfamily of NHRs which regulate cholesterol homeostasis in metazoans. Modified yeast-two hybrid analyses revealed that host serum contains a ligand which induces homodimerization of the EmNHR1 ligand-binding domain. Also, a HNF4-like homolog, EmHNF4, was characterized. Human HNF4 plays an important role in liver development. RT-PCR experiments showed that both isoforms of the EmHNF4 encoding gene are expressed stage-dependently suggesting distinct functions of the two isoforms in the parasite. Moreover, specific regulatory mechanisms on the convergence of NHR signaling and TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways in E. multilocularis have been identified. On the one hand, EmNHR1 directly interacted with the EmSmadC and on the other hand EmHNF4b interacted with EmSmadD, EmSmadE which are all downstream signaling components of the TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway. This suggests cross-communication in order to regulate target gene expression. With these results, further studies on the role of NHR signaling in the cestode will be facilitated. Also, the first serum-free in vitro cultivation system for E. multilocularis was established using PanserinTM401 as medium. Serum-free co-cultivation with RH-feeder cells and an axenic cultivation method have been established. With the help of this serum-free cultivation system investigations on the role of specific peptide hormones, like FGFs, or lipophilic/steroid hormones, like cholesterol, for the development of helminths will be much easier.},
  subject      = {Signaltransduktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Thakur2012,
  author    = {Thakur, Chitra},
  title     = {Lineage tracing of metastasis in a mouse model for Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85420},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the deadliest form of lung cancer and has a poor prognosis due to its high rate of metastasis. Notably, metastasis is one of the leading causes of death among cancer patients. Despite the clinical importance, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the initiation, establishment and progression of metastasis remain unclear. Moreover, knowledge gained on metastatic process was largely based on cultured or in vitro manipulated cells that were reintroduced into immune-compromised recipient mice. In the present study, a spontaneous metastasis mouse model for NSCLC was generated with a heritable fluorescent tag (DsRed) driven by CAG (combination of cytomegalovirus early enhancing element and chicken beta actin) promoter in alveolar type II cells (SpC-rtTA/TetO-Cre/LSL-DsRed). This approach is essential, keeping in mind the reprogramming nature of Myc oncogene (Rapp et al, 2009). Such genetic lineage tracing approach not only allowed us to monitor molecular and cellular changes during development of primary tumor but also led us to identify the different stages of secondary tumor development in distant organs. Upon combined expression of oncogenic C Raf-BXB and c-Myc (MYC-BXB-DsRed) in lung alveolar type II epithelial cells, macroscopic lung tumors arose comprising of both cuboidal and columnal cellular features. C Raf-BXB induced tumors (CRAF-DsRed) exhibit cuboidal morphology and is non-metastatic whereas Myc-BXB induced lung tumors (Myc-BXB-DsRed) present cuboidal-columnar cellular features and is able to undergo metastasis mainly in liver. Surprisingly, cystic lesions which were negative for SpC (Surfactant protein C) and CCSP (Clara cell secretory protein), strongly expressed DsRed proteins indicating its origin from lung alveolar type II cells. Moreover, early lung progenitor markers such as GATA4 (GATA-binding protein 4) and TTF1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor 1) were still expressed in these early cystic lesions suggesting metastasis as a faulty recapitulation of ontogeny (Rapp et al, 2008). Interestingly, mixed cystic lesions and metastatic tumors contained DsRed and SpC positive cells. These results demonstrate secondary tumor progression from cystic, mixed cystic to malignant transformation. Our results shed tremendous light on reprogramming of metastasizing cells during secondary tumor development. Moreover, such fluorescent tagged metastatic mice model can also be used to track the migration ability of metastatic cancer cell to different organs and its potential to differentiate into other cell types such as blood vessel or stromal cell within the primary tumor.},
  subject      = {Lungenkrebs},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Maric2012,
  author    = {Maric, Hans-Michael},
  title     = {Molecular Basis of the Multivalent Glycine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Anchoring},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85712},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {γ-Aminobutters{\"a}ure-Rezeptoren vom Typ A (GABAARs) und Glyzin-Rezeptoren (GlyRs) sind die wichtigsten Vermittler der schnellen synaptischen Inhibition im zentralen Nervensystem. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung f{\"u}r ihre ordnungsgem{\"a}ße Funktion in der inhibitorischen Signal{\"u}bertragung ist ihre pr{\"a}zise Lokalisation und Konzentration innerhalb der neuronalen Oberfl{\"a}chenmembran. Diese Eigenschaften werden durch Ger{\"u}stproteine vermittelt, welche direkt an die großen intrazellul{\"a}ren Schleifen der Rezeptoren, sowie an Bausteine des neuronalen Zytoskeletts binden. In meiner Dissertation habe ich die molekularen Details mehrerer zugrunde liegenden Protein-Protein Wechselwirkungen untersucht. Im Speziellen habe ich die Interaktion ausgew{\"a}hlter GABAAR und GlyR Untereinheiten mit den Ger{\"u}stproteinen Gephyrin, Radixin und Collybistin analysiert. Ich habe kurze lineare Aminos{\"a}uren-Motive innerhalb der großen intrazellul{\"a}ren Schleifen der Rezeptoren identifiziert, welche die direkten und Untereinheit-spezifischen Interaktionen vermitteln. Die Quantifizierung der jeweiligen Bindungsst{\"a}rke ergab, dass Gephyrins E-Dom{\"a}ne vor allem an die GABAAR α1 (Kd = 17 M) und α3 (Kd = 5 M) -Untereinheiten bindet, wohingegen die SH3-Dom{\"a}ne von Collybistin haupts{\"a}chlich mit der GABAAR α2-Untereinheit interagiert (Kd = 1 M). Demgegen{\"u}ber bindet die FERM-Dom{\"a}ne von Radixin fest an die α5-Untereinheit des GABAAR (Kd = 8 µM). Weiterhin zeigt meine Arbeit, dass diese einfache Beziehung durch (i) fehlende oder (ii) {\"u}berlappende Bindungsspezifit{\"a}ten zwischen den Ger{\"u}stproteinen und den Rezeptor-Untereinheiten komplex reguliert wird. Ferner beschreibe ich hier, wie im Folgenden ausgef{\"u}hrt, die M{\"o}glichkeit einer (iii) negativen Modulation mittels posttranslationaler Modifikation, sowie einer Verst{\"a}rkung der Bindung durch (iv) Avidit{\"a}ts-Effekte. (i) Als erstes habe ich mit Hilfe biochemischer Methoden die Radixin-GABAAR α5 Interaktion im Detail untersucht. Meine Strukturanalyse und Kompetitionsstudien legen den Schluss nahe, dass Radixin die betreffende Rezeptor-Untereinheit mittels einer universellen Bindungstasche in der F3 Subdom{\"a}ne innerhalb seiner FERM Dom{\"a}ne bindet. Diese Bindungsstelle wird durch zwei markante Strukturelemente gebildet: Einer α-Helix, die eine große hydrophobe Tasche bildet, welche eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher hydrophober Reste in verschiedenen Konformationen akzeptiert, sowie ein β-Strang, der Peptidr{\"u}ckgrat-Interaktionen eingehen kann. Es {\"u}berrascht nicht, dass eine Vielzahl an Studien die Beteiligung dieser Bindungsseite mit unterschiedlichen Liganden beschrieben hat. Diese Promiskuit{\"a}t unterstreicht die Bedeutung des Aktivierungsmechanismus der zuvor f{\"u}r die Radixin FERM GABAAR α5-Untereinheit beschrieben wurde und impliziert weitere Regulationsmechanismen, die eine koordinierte Interaktion in vivo erm{\"o}glichen. (ii) Weiterhin habe ich mich ausf{\"u}hrlich der Analyse der Gephyrin-vermittelten GABAAR Clusterbildung gewidmet. Meine r{\"o}ntgenkristallographischen Studien und Bindungsstudien zeigen, dass Gephyrin mit den GABAAR α1, α2 und α3 Untereinheiten {\"u}ber eine universelle Bindungsstelle interagiert, welche auch die Wechselwirkungen mit der β-Untereinheit des GlyR vermittelt. Mittels Struktur-basierter Mutagenesestudien konnte ich die Schl{\"u}sselreste innerhalb von Gephyrin und der Rezeptor-Untereinheiten identifizieren, die einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Gesamt-Bindungsst{\"a}rke liefern. Insbesondere zwei konservierte aromatische Reste in der N-terminalen H{\"a}lfte der Rezeptorbindungsregion gehen entscheidende hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen mit Gephyrin ein. Dementsprechend konnte J. Mukherjee, ein Mitarbeiter in der Gruppe unseres Kooperationspartners Steven J. Moss, zeigen, dass der Austausch dieser Reste innerhalb der α2-Untereinheit des GABAAR ausreicht, um einen deutlichen R{\"u}ckgang der Rezeptor Cluster-Anzahl und ihrer Gr{\"o}ße in prim{\"a}ren hippokampalen Neuronen zu verursachen. Die Ausweitung meiner Rezeptor-Interaktions-Studien auf Collybistin (CB) ergab, dass dieses Protein im Vergleich zu Gephyrin eine umgekehrte, aber dennoch {\"u}berlappende Rezeptor-Untereinheiten-Pr{\"a}ferenz aufweist. Die GABAAR α3-Untereinheit bindet ausschließlich an Gephyrin (Kd = 5 µM), w{\"a}hrend die GABAAR α1-Untereinheit zwar vor allem Gephyrin bindet (Kd = 17 µM), zus{\"a}tzlich jedoch eine schwache Affinit{\"a}t (Kd ≈ 400 µM) f{\"u}r die SH3-Dom{\"a}ne von CB aufweist. Im Gegensatz dazu bindet die GABAAR α2-Untereinheit hochaffin an die SH3-Dom{\"a}ne von CB (Kd = 1 µM) und zeigt zus{\"a}tzlich eine schwache Gephyrin Affinit{\"a}t (Kd ≈ 500 µM). Interessanterweise konnte ich Synergieeffekte zwischen der GABAAR α2-Untereinheit, Gephyrins E-Dom{\"a}ne und CBs SH3-Dom{\"a}ne ausschließen und statt dessen zeigen, dass diese Rezeptor-Untereinheit exklusiv entweder Gephyrin oder CB bindet. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die Rolle von CB in der Rezeptor-Anh{\"a}ufung allein durch die konkurrierenden Bindungs-Ereignisse seiner konstituierenden Dom{\"a}nen bestimmt wird. Die intramolekulare Assoziation zwischen der PH und der DH-Dom{\"a}ne mit der SH3-Dom{\"a}ne von CB konkurriert mit unterschiedlichen intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen von CB. Und zwar mit der GABAAR α2-Untereinheit-Bindung an die SH3-Dom{\"a}ne, mit der PIP2-Bindung an die PH-Dom{\"a}ne, sowie mit der Gephyrin-Bindung, welche vermutlich von der PH und DH-Dom{\"a}ne von CB vermittelt wird. (iii) Interessanterweise best{\"a}tigen fr{\"u}here Studien, dass die Rezeptor-Motive, die ich hier identifiziert habe und welche direkt mit den Ger{\"u}st-Proteinen wechselwirken, in vivo posttranslational modifiziert vorliegen. Insbesondere wurde gezeigt, dass die Gephyrin-Bindemotive der GABAAR α1-Untereinheit und GlyR β-Untereinheiten Ziele des ERK/MAPK und PKC-Phosphorylierungs-Weges sind, w{\"a}hrend das Radixin-Bindungs-Motiv innerhalb der GABAAR α5-Untereinheit ubiquitiniert vorliegt. In dieser Dissertation habe ich im Besonderen die ERK-Phosphorylierung von Thr348 in der GABAAR α1-Untereinheit untersucht. Tats{\"a}chlich konnten meine Bindungs-Assays eine starke Reduktion der direkten Gephyrin Bindungsst{\"a}rke beim Einbringen eines phosphomimetischen Restes best{\"a}tigen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte J. Mukherjee eine signifikante Reduktion der Cluster-Anzahl und Gr{\"o}ße beim Einf{\"u}hren der gleichen Mutation in die α1-Untereinheit beinhaltenden GABAARs in hippokampalen Neuronen beobachten. Der ERK/MAPK-Regulation-Weg ist daher ein aussichtsreicher Kandidat f{\"u}r die Regulation der GABAergen-Signal{\"u}bertragung. (iv) In vivo bildet Gephyrin vermutlich durch Selbstorganisation seiner G (GephG) und E-Dom{\"a}nen (GephE) ein multivalentes Ger{\"u}st. Angesichts der multimeren Natur Gephyrins und der pentameren Rezeptorarchitektur habe ich die M{\"o}glichkeit von Avidit{\"a}ts-Effekten im Prozess der synaptischen Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor-Anh{\"a}ufung untersucht. Die Kristallstrukturen von GephE im Komplex mit ausgew{\"a}hlten Peptiden zeigen zwei Rezeptor-Bindungsstellen in r{\"a}umlicher N{\"a}he (15 {\AA}). Auf der Basis dieser Information habe ich bivalente Peptide entworfen, welche beide Rezeptor-Bindungsstellen in Gephyrin simultan besetzen k{\"o}nnen und, wie erwartet, konnte ich mit Hilfe verschiedener biophysikalischen Methoden eine un{\"u}bertroffen hohe, durch Avidit{\"a}t potenzierte, Gephyrin-Affinit{\"a}t nachweisen. Mir gelang es diesen Avidit{\"a}ts-Effekt f{\"u}r einen schwachen Gephyrin Liganden, ein GABAAR-abgeleitetes Peptid, welcher nicht mit herk{\"o}mmlichen monomeren Liganden untersucht werden konnte, nutzbar zu machen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte ich zeigen, dass diese Verbindung gezielt die Rezeptor-Bindungsstelle in GephE besetzt und auf diese Weise hemmend auf Gephyrins Rezeptorbindungsaktivit{\"a}t wirkt. Eine weitere Entwicklung dieser Verbindung k{\"o}nnte die M{\"o}glichkeit er{\"o}ffnen, spezifisch die Wirkung der Entkopplung der Gephyrin Rezeptor-Interaktion in der Zellkultur-Experimenten zu analysieren ohne dabei die Anzahl oder die Funktion der Proteine zu beeintr{\"a}chtigen, was einen Nebeneffekt von konventionellen Methoden wie Gen „knock-out", RNA-Interferenz oder den Einsatz von Antik{\"o}rpern darstellt.},
  subject      = {Gephyrin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{RomerRoche2012,
  author    = {Romer Roche, Paula Sofia},
  title     = {Separation from self explains failure of circulating T-cells to respond to the CD28 superagonist TGN1412},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74933},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Stimulatory or superagonistic (SA) CD28-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are potent polyclonal activators of regulatory T cells and have proven highly effective as treatment in a wide range of rodent models for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In these models, a preferential activation of regulatory T cells was observed by in vivo administration of CD28SA. In stark contrast, human volunteers receiving TGN1412, a humanized CD28-specific mAb, experienced a life-threatening cytokine release syndrome during the first-in-man trial. Preclinical tests employing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) failed to announce the rapid cytokine release measured in the human volunteers in response to TGN1412. The aim of this thesis project was to find an explanation of why standard PBMC assays failed to predict the unexpected TGN1412-induced "cytokine storm" observed in human volunteers. CD28 superagonists can activate T cells without T cell receptor (TCR) ligation. They do depend, however, on "tonic" TCR signals received by MHC scanning, signals that they amplify. PBMC do not receive these signals in the circulation. Short-term in vitro preculture of human PBMC at a high cell density (HDC) resulted in massive cytokine release during subsequent TGN1412 stimulation. Restoration of reactivity was cell-contact dependent, associated with TCR polarization and tyrosine-phosphorylation, and blocked by HLA-specific mAb. In HDC, both CD4 T cells and monocytes functionally mature in a mutually dependent fashion. However, only CD4 memory T-cells proliferate upon TGN1412 stimulation, and were identified as the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, responses to other T-cell activating agents were also enhanced if PBMC were first allowed to interact under tissue-like conditions. A new in vitro protocol is provided that returns circulating T-cells to a tissue-like status where they respond to TGN1412 stimulation, and it might represent a more reliable preclinical in vitro test for both activating and inhibitory immunomodulatory drugs. Finally, the surprising observation was made that the IgG1 "sibling" of TGN1412, which is of the poorly Fc receptor-binding IgG4 isotype, has a much lower stimulatory activity. We could exclude steric hindrance as an explanation and provide evidence for removal of TGN1112 from the T-cell surface by trans-endocytosis.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyten-Rezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gupta2012,
  author    = {Gupta, Shuchi},
  title     = {The role of the Canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channel and the C terminal LIM domain protein of 36 kDa (CLP36) for platelet function},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72262},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Platelet activation and aggregation are essential to limit posttraumatic blood loss at sites of vascular injury, but also contribute to arterial thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. Thrombus formation is the result of well-defined molecular events, including agonist-induced elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and series of cytoskeletal rearrangements. With the help of genetically modified mice, the work presented in this thesis identified novel mechanisms underlying the process of platelet activation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through Orai1 was previously shown to be the main Ca2+ influx pathway in murine platelets. The residual Ca2+ entry in the Orai1 deficient platelets suggested a role for additional non-store-operated Ca2+ (non-SOC) and receptor operated Ca2+ entry (ROCE) in maintaining platelet calcium homeostasis. Canonical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6), which is expressed in both human and murine platelets, has been attributed to be involved in SOCE as well as in diacylglycerol (DAG)-triggered ROCE. In the first part of the study, the function of TRPC6 in platelet Ca2+ signaling and activation was analyzed by using the TRPC6 knockout mice. In vitro agonist induced Ca2+ responses and in vivo platelet function were unaltered in Trpc6-/- mice. However, Trpc6-/- mice displayed a completely abolished DAG mediated Ca2+-influx but a normal SOCE. These findings identified TRPC6 as the major DAG operated ROC channel in murine platelets, but DAG mediated ROCE has no major functional relevance for hemostasis and thrombosis. In the second part of the thesis, the involvement of the PDLIM family member CLP36 in the signaling pathway of the major platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI was investigated. The GPVI/FcR-chain complex initiates platelet activation through a series of tyrosine phosphorylation events downstream of the FcR-chain-associated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). GPVI signaling has to be tightly regulated to prevent uncontrolled intravascular platelet activation, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The present study reports the adaptor protein CLP36 as a major inhibitor of GPVI-ITAM signaling in platelets. Platelets from mice expressing a truncated form of CLP36, (Clp36ΔLIM) and platelets from mice lacking the entire protein (Clp36-/-) displayed profound hyper-activation in response to GPVI-specific agonists, whereas GPCR signaling pathways remained unaffected. These alterations translated into accelerated thrombus formation and enhanced pro-coagulant activity of Clp36ΔLIM platelets and a pro-thrombotic phenotype in vivo. These studies revealed an unexpected inhibitory function of CLP36 in GPVI-ITAM signaling and established it as a key regulator of arterial thrombosis.},
  subject      = {Thrombozytenaggregation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{EmamiNemini2012,
  author    = {Emami-Nemini, Alexander Darius},
  title     = {Differential parathyroid hormone receptor signaling directed by adaptor proteins},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72369},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) regulates numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Hence GPCRs are of significant interest for pharmacological therapy. Embedded into cytoplasmic membranes, GPCRs represent the core of large signaling complexes, which are critical for transduction of exogenous stimuli towards activation of downstream signaling pathways. As a member of the GPCR family B, the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) activates adenylyl cyclases, phospholipases C β as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways, thereby mediating endocrine and paracrine effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), respectively. This regulates, calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism and bone development. Paradoxically, PTH is able to induce both catabolic and anabolic bone metabolism. The anabolic effect of PTH is successfully applied in the therapy of severe osteoporosis. Domination of anabolic or catabolic bone-metabolism is entailed by temporal and cell-type specific determinants. The molecular bases are presumably differential arrangements of adaptor proteins within large signaling complexes that may lead to differential activation of signaling pathways, thereby regulating physiological effects. The molecular mechanisms are largely unclear; thus, there is significant interest in revealing a better understanding of PTHR-related adaptor proteins. To identify novel adaptor proteins which direct PTHR signaling pathways, a proteomic screening approach was developed. In this screening, vav2, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for small GTPases which regulates cytoskeleton reorganization, was found to interact with intracellular domains of PTHR. Evidence is provided that vav2 impairs PTH-mediated phospholipase C β (PLCβ) signaling pathways by competitive interactions with G protein αq subunits. Vice versa, PTH was shown to regulate phosphorylation and subsequent GEF activity of vav2. These findings may thus shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of PTH on bone metabolism by PLC-signaling, cell migration and cytoskeleton organization. In addition to the understanding of intracellular molecular signaling processes, screening for ligands is a fundamental and demanding prerequisite for modern drug development. To this end, ligand binding assays represent a fundamental technique. As a substitution for expensive and potentially harmful radioligand binding, fluorescence-based ligand-binding assays for PTHR were developed in this work. Based on time-resolved fluorescence, several assay variants were established to facilitate drug development for the PTHR.},
  subject      = {G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Leikam2012,
  author    = {Leikam, Claudia},
  title     = {Oncogene-induced senescence in melanocytes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-79316},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer with very limited treatment options. Upon appearance of metastases chemotherapeutics are used to either kill or slow down the growth of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis or senescence, respectively. With melanomas originating from melanocytes, it is vital to elucidate the mechanisms that distinguish senescence induction from proliferation and tumourigenicity. Xmrk (Xiphophorus melanoma receptor kinase), the fish orthologue of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), causes highly aggressive melanoma in fish. Using an inducible variant, HERmrk, I showed that high receptor levels result in melanocyte senescence, whereas low and medium expression allows for cell proliferation and tumourigenicity. Mechanistically, HERmrk leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which trigger a DNA damage response. Consequently, multinucleated, senescent cells develop by both endomitosis and fusion. Furthermore, oncogenic N-RAS (N--RAS61K) induces a similar multinucleated phenotype in melanocytes. In addition, I found that both overexpression of C-MYC and the knockdown of miz­-1 (Myc­-interacting zinc finger protein 1) diminished HERmrk-induced senescence entry. C-MYC prevent ROS induction, DNA damage and senescence, while acting synergistically with HERmrk in conveying tumourigenic features to melanocytes. Further analyses identified cystathionase (CTH) as a novel target gene of Myc and Miz-­1 crucial for senescence prevention. CTH encodes an enzyme involved in the synthesis of cysteine from methionine, thereby allowing for increased ROS detoxification. Even though senescence was thought to be irreversible and hence tumour protective, I demonstrated that prolonged expression of the melanoma oncogene N­-RAS61K in pigment cells overcomes initial OIS by triggering the emergence of tumour-initiating, mononucleated stem-like cells from multinucleated senescent cells. This progeny is dedifferentiated, highly proliferative, anoikis­-resistant and induces fast­-growing, metastatic tumours upon transplantation into nude mice. Our data demonstrate that induction of OIS is not only a cellular failsafe mechanism, but also carries the potential to provide a source for highly aggressive, tumour­-initiating cells.},
  subject      = {Melanom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Baeuerlein2012,
  author    = {B{\"a}uerlein, Carina},
  title     = {Identification of new predictive markers for an early diagnosis of an imminent acute Graft-versus-Host Disease},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78489},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is an immune syndrome associated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) that is mediated by alloreactive donor T cells attacking the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin of the host. Early diagnosis remains problematic and to date mainly relies on clinical symptoms and histopathology. Previously, different groups demonstrated that in order to cause aGvHD, alloreactive T cells require the expression of appropriate homing receptors to efficiently migrate from their priming sites to their target tissues. Therefore, the development of a predictive test based on the homing receptor expression profile of peripheral blood T cells seems attractive to identify patients at risk before the onset of aGvHD. The aim of this study was to analyze migrating alloreactive donor T cell kinetics in the peripheral blood early after allo-HCT in a murine model across minor histocompatibility antigens (miHAg) followed by a precise characterization of the homing receptor expression profile of migrating donor lymphocytes in order to identify suitable predictive markers. Combining daily bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and flow cytometry (FC) allowed defining two weeks of massive alloreactive donor T cell migration before clinical aGvHD symptoms became apparent. Peripheral blood donor T lymphocytes highly up-regulated the homing markers α4β7 integrin, and P- and E-selectin-ligand at peak time points of cell migration. The combination with the activation markers CD25 and CD69 and low expression levels of L-selectin allowed alloreactive donor T cell definition. Based on this migration phase we postulated a potential diagnostic window to precisely identify alloreactive donor T cells upon their homing receptor expression profile. Consequently, targeted pre-emptive treatment with rapamycin starting at the earliest detection time point of alloreactive donor T cells in the peripheral blood (day+6) significantly prolonged survival of treated mice. Based on this data, we propose a potential diagnostic window for alloreactive cell detection based on their homing receptor expression profile for a timely and effective therapeutic intervention before the clinical manifestation of aGvHD.},
  subject      = {Transplantat-Wirt-Reaktion},
  language  = {en}
}