@phdthesis{CruzGarcia2021, author = {Cruz Garcia, Yiliam}, title = {Interactome of the β2b subunit of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiomyocytes}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20857}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208579}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LTCC) are heteromultimeric membrane proteins that allow Ca2+ entry into the cell upon plasma membrane depolarization. The β subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels (Cavβ) binds to the α-interaction domain in the pore-forming α1 subunit and regulates the trafficking and biophysical properties of these channels. Of the four Cavβ isoforms, Cavβ2 is predominantly expressed in cardiomyocytes. This subunit associates with diverse proteins besides LTCC, but the molecular composition of the Cavβ2 nanoenvironments in cardiomyocytes is yet unresolved. Here, we used a protein-labeling technique in living cells based on an engineered ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2). In this strategy, Cavβ2b was fused to APEX2 and expressed in adult rat cardiomyocytes using an adenovirus system. Nearby proteins covalently labeled with biotin-phenol were purified using streptavidin-coated beads and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Analysis of the in situ APEX2-based biotin labeling by MS revealed 61 proteins located in the nanoenvironments of Cavβ2b, with a high specificity and consistency in all the replicates. These proteins are involved in diverse cellular functions such as cellular trafficking, sarcomere organization and excitation-contraction coupling. Among these proteins, we demonstrated an interaction between the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and Cavβ2b, probably coupling LTCC and the RyR2 into a supramolecular complex at the dyads. This interaction is mediated by the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of Cavβ2b and is necessary for an effective pacing frequency-dependent increase in Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in cardiomyocytes.}, subject = {Calciumkanal}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ganesan2014, author = {Ganesan, Jayavarshni}, title = {The role of microRNA-378 in cardiac hypertrophy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-100918}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {MicroRNAs are endogenous ≈22 nt long non coding RNA molecules that modulate gene expression at the post transcriptional level by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. MicroRNA-mRNA interaction involves a contiguous and perfect pairing within complementary sites usually in the 3' UTR of the target mRNA. Heart failure is associated with myocyte hypertrophy and death, due to compensatory pathological remodeling and minimal functional repair along with microRNA deregulation. In this study, we identified candidate microRNAs based on their expression strength in cardiomyocytes and by their ability to regulate hypertrophy. Expression profiling from early and late stages of heart failure showed several deregulated microRNAs. Of these microRNAs, miR-378 emerged as a potentially interesting microRNA that was highly expressed in the mouse heart and downregulated in the failing heart. Antihypertrophic activity of miR-378 was first observed by screening a synthetic miR library for morphologic effects on cardiomyocytes, and validated in vitro proving the tight control of hypertrophy by this miR. We combined bioinformatic target prediction analysis and microarray analysis to identify the targets of miR-378. These analyses suggested that factors of the MAP kinase pathway were enriched among miR-378 targets, namely MAPK1 itself (also termed ERK2), the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (GRB2) and kinase suppressor of ras 1 (KSR1). Regulation of these targets by miR-378 was then confirmed by mRNA and protein expression analysis. The use of luciferase reporter constructs with natural or mutated miR-378 binding sites further validated these four proteins as direct targets of miR-378. RNA interference with MAPK1 and the other three targets prevented the prohypertrophic effect of antimiR-378, suggesting that they functionally relate to miR-378. In vivo restoration of disease induced loss of miR-378 in a pressure overload mouse model of hypertrophy using adeno associated virus resulted in partial attenuation cardiac hypertrophy and significant improvement in cardiac function along with reduced expression of the four targets in heart. We conclude from these findings that miR-378 is an antihypertrophic microRNA in cardiomyocytes, and the main mechanism underlying this effect is the suppression of the MAP kinase-signaling pathway on four distinct levels. Restoration of disease-associated loss of miR-378 through cardiomyocyte-targeted AAV-miR-378 may prove as an effective therapeutic strategy in myocardial disease.}, subject = {Hypertrophie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mekala2019, author = {Mekala, SubbaRao}, title = {Generation of cardiomyocytes from vessel wall-resident stem cells}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146046}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of health problems and is among the leading deadly ending diseases. Accordingly, regenerating functional myocardial tissue and/or cardiac repair by stem cells is one of the most desired aims worldwide. Indeed, the human heart serves as an ideal target for regenerative intervention, because the capacity of the adult myocardium to restore itself after injury or infarct is limited. Thus, identifying new sources of tissue resident adult stem or progenitor cells with cardiovascular potential would help to establish more sophisticated therapies in order to either prevent cardiac failure or to achieve a functional repair. Ongoing research worldwide in this field is focusing on a) induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, b) embryonic stem (ES) cells and c) adult stem cells (e. g. mesenchymal stem cells) as well as cardiac fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. However, thus far, these efforts did not result in therapeutic strategies that were transferable into the clinical management of MI and heart failure. Hence, identifying endogenous and more cardiac-related sources of stem cells capable of differentiating into mature cardiomyocytes would open promising new therapeutic opportunities. The working hypothesis of this thesis is that the vascular wall serves as a niche for cardiogenic stem cells. In recent years, various groups have identified different types of progenitors or mesenchymal stem cell-like cells in the adventitia and sub-endothelial zone of the adult vessel wall, the so called vessel wall-resident stem cells (VW-SCs). Considering the fact that heart muscle tissue contains blood vessels in very high density, the physiological relevance of VW-SCs for the myocardium can as yet only be assumed. The aim of the present work is to study whether a subset of VW-SCs might have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells. This assumption was challenged using adult mouse aorta-derived cells cultivated in different media and treated with selected factors. The presented results reveal the generation of spontaneously beating cardiomyocyte-like cells using specific media conditions without any genetic manipulation. The cells reproducibly started beating at culture days 8-10. Further analyses revealed that in contrast to several publications reporting the Sca-1+ cells as cardiac progenitors the Sca-1- fraction of aortic wall-derived VW-SCs reproducibly delivered beating cells in culture. Similar to mature cardiomyocytes the beating cells developed sarcomeric structures indicated by the typical cross striated staining pattern upon immunofluorescence analysis detecting α-sarcomeric actinin (α-SRA) and electron microscopic analysis. These analyses also showed the formation of sarcoplasmic reticulum which serves as calcium store. Correspondingly, the aortic wall-derived beating cardiomyocyte-like cells (Ao-bCMs) exhibited calcium oscillations. This differentiation seems to be dependent on an inflammatory microenvironment since depletion of VW-SC-derived macrophages by treatment with clodronate liposomes in vitro stopped the generation of Ao bCMs. These locally generated F4/80+ macrophages exhibit high levels of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). To a great majority, VW-SCs were found to be positive for VEGFR-2 and blocking this receptor also stopped the generation VW-SC-derived beating cells in vitro. Furthermore, the treatment of aortic wall-derived cells with the ß-receptor agonist isoproterenol or the antagonist propranolol resulted in a significant increase or decrease of beating frequency. Finally, fluorescently labeled aortic wall-derived cells were implanted into the developing chick embryo heart field where they became positive for α-SRA two days after implantation. The current data strongly suggest that VW-SCs resident in the vascular adventitia deliver both progenitors for an inflammatory microenvironment and beating cells. The present study identifies that the Sca-1- rather than Sca-1+ fraction of mouse aortic wall-derived cells harbors VW-SCs differentiating into cardiomyocyte-like cells and reveals an essential role of VW-SCs-derived inflammatory macrophages and VEGF-signaling in this process. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the cardiogenic capacity of aortic VW-SCs in vivo using a chimeric chick embryonic model.}, subject = {Herzmuskelzelle}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pickel2020, author = {Pickel, Simone}, title = {Role of the β subunit of L-type calcium channels in cardiac hypertrophy}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19282}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192829}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) control crucial physiological processes in cardiomyocytes such as the duration and amplitude of action potentials, excitation-contraction coupling and gene expression, by regulating the entry of Ca2+ into the cells. Cardiac LTCCs consist of one pore-forming α1 subunit and the accessory subunits Cavβ, Cavα2δ and Cavγ. Of these auxiliary subunits, Cavβ is the most important regulator of the channel activity; however, it can also have LTCC-independent cellular regulatory functions. Therefore, changes in the expression of Cavβ can lead not only to a dysregulation of LTCC activity, but also to changes in other cellular functions. Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the most relevant risk factors for congestive heart failure and depends on the activation of calcium-dependent prohypertrophic signaling pathways. However, the role of LTCCs and especially Cavβ in this pathology is controversial and needs to be further elucidated. Of the four Cavβ isoforms, Cavβ2 is the predominant one in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, there are five different splice variants of Cavβ2 (Cavβ2a-e), differing only in the N-terminal region. We reported that Cavβ2b is the predominant variant expressed in the heart. We also revealed that a pool of Cavβ2 is targeted to the nucleus in cardiomyocytes. The expression of the nuclear Cavβ2 decreases during in vitro and in vivo induction of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and overexpression of a nucleus-targeted Cavβ2 completely abolishes the in vitro induced hypertrophy. Additionally, we demonstrated by shRNA-mediated protein knockdown that downregulation of Cavβ2 enhances the hypertrophy induced by the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) without involvement of LTCC activity. These results suggest that Cavβ2 can regulate cardiac hypertrophy through LTCC-independent pathways. To further validate the role of the nuclear Cavβ2, we performed quantitative proteome analyses of Cavβ2-deficient neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs). The results show that downregulation of Cavβ2 influences the expression of various proteins, including a decrease of calpastatin, an inhibitor of the calcium-dependent cysteine protease calpain. Moreover, downregulation of Cavβ2 during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy drastically increases calpain activity as compared to controls after treatment with PE. Finally, the inhibition of calpain by calpeptin abolishes the increase in PE-induced hypertrophy in Cavβ2-deficient cells. These results suggest that nuclear Cavβ2 has Ca2+- and LTCC-independent functions during the development of hypertrophy. Overall, our results indicate a new role for Cavβ2 in antihypertrophic signaling in cardiac hypertrophy.}, subject = {Herzhypertrophie}, language = {en} }