@phdthesis{Schul2013,
  author    = {Schul, Daniela},
  title     = {Spatio-temporal investigation and quantitative analysis of the BMP signaling pathway},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-84224},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are key regulators for a lot of diverse cellular processes. During embryonic development these proteins act as morphogens and play a crucial role particularly in organogenesis. BMPs have a direct impact on distinct cellular fates by means of concentration-gradients in the developing embryos. Using the diverse signaling input information within the embryo due to the gradient, the cells transduce the varying extracellular information into distinct gene expression profiles and cell fate decisions. Furthermore, BMP proteins bear important functions in adult organisms like tissue homeostasis or regeneration. In contrast to TGF-ß signaling, currently only little is known about how cells decode and quantify incoming BMP signals. There is poor knowledge about the quantitative relationships between signal input, transducing molecules, their states and location, and finally their ability to incorporate graded systemic inputs and produce qualitative responses. A key requirement for efficient pathway modulation is the complete comprehension of this signaling network on a quantitative level as the BMP signaling pathway, just like many other signaling pathways, is a major target for medicative interference. I therefore at first studied the subcellular distribution of Smad1, which is the main signal transducing protein of the BMP signaling pathway, in a quantitative manner and in response to various types and levels of stimuli in murine c2c12 cells. Results indicate that the subcellular localization of Smad1 is not dependent on the initial BMP input. Surprisingly, only the phospho-Smad1 level is proportionally associated to ligand concentration. Furthermore, the activated transducer proteins were entirely located in the nucleus. Besides the subcellular localization of Smad1, I have analyzed the gene expression profile induced by BMP signaling. Therefore, I examined two endogenous immediate early BMP targets as well as the expression of the stably transgenic Gaussia Luciferase. Interestingly, the results of these independent experimental setups and read-outs suggest oscillating target gene expression. The amplitudes of the oscillations showed a precise concentration-dependence for continuous and transient stimulation. Additionally, even short-time stimulation of 15' activates oscillating gene-expression pulses that are detectable for at least 30h post-stimulation. Only treatment with a BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitor leads to the complete abolishment of the target gene expression. This indicated that target gene expression oscillations depend directly on BMP type I receptor kinase activity.},
  subject      = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gan2011,
  author    = {Gan, Qiang},
  title     = {Investigation on Distinct Roles of Smad Proteins in Mediating Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Signals},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71127},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Knochenmorphogenetische Proteine (engl. Bone morphogenetic Proteins, BMPs) sind eine Bestandteil von transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-Superfamilie und spielen wichtige Rollen in zahlreichen biologischen Ereignissen in der Entwicklung fast aller mehrzelligen Organismen. Fehlregulierte BMP-Signalweg ist die zugrunde liegenden Ursachen von zahlreichen erblichen und nicht erblichen Krankheiten wie Krebs. Die von BMP induziete breite Palette von biologischen Reaktionen konvergiert auf drei eng verwandten Smad Proteine. Sie vermitteln intrazellul{\"a}re Signale von BMP-Rezeptoren in den Zellkern. Die Spezifit{\"a}t des BMP-Signalwegs wurde intensiv auf der Ebene der Ligand-Rezeptor-Wechselwirkungen erforscht, aber, wie die verschiedenen Smad Proteine die durch BMPs hervorgerufen differenziellen Signale beitragen, bleibt unklar. In dieser Arbeit haben wir die BMP / Smad Signalweg in verschiedenen Aspektenuntersucht. Auf der Suche nach einem geeigneten Fluoreszenz-Reporter im Zebrafisch, verglichen wir verschiedene photo-schaltbaren Proteine und fand EosFP der beste Kandidat f{\"u}r diesen Modellorganismus im Bezug auf seine schnelle Reifung und Fluoreszenz-Intensit{\"a}t. Wir haben durch molekulare Modifizierung geeignete Vektoren erstellt, die Tol2-Transposon basieren trangenesis im Zebrafisch zu erm{\"o}glichen. Damit wurden schließlich transgenzebrafisch-Linien erzeugt. Wir kombinierten Fluoreszenz-Protein-Tagging mit hochaufl{\"o}sender Mikroskopie und untersuchten die Dynamik der Smad-Proteine in Modellsystem Zebrafisch. Es wurde beobachteten, dass Smad5 Kern-Translokation erf{\"a}hrt, als BMP Signalgeber bei Zebrafisch Gastrulation. Wir erkundeten die Beteiligung der Smad Proteine w{\"a}hrend der Myogenese-zu-Osteogenese Umwandlung von C2C12 Zelllinie, die durch BMP4 induziert wurde. Mit siRNA versuchten wir die endogene Smad Proteine niederzuschlagen, wobei die Auswirkungen auf diesen gekoppelten noch unterschiedlichen Verfahren durch quantitative real-time PCR und Terminal-Marker F{\"a}rbung ausgewertet. Wir spekulieren, dass verschiedene Smad-Komplex St{\"o}chiometrie f{\"u}r unterschiedliche durch BMPs hervorgerufe zellul{\"a}re Signale verantwortlich sein k{\"o}nnte.},
  subject      = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Harth2010,
  author    = {Harth, Stefan},
  title     = {Molecular Recognition in BMP Ligand-Receptor Interactions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52797},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are secreted multifunctional signaling proteins that play an important role during development, maintenance and regeneration of tissues and organs in almost all vertebrates and invertebrates. BMPs transmit their signals by binding to two types of serine-/threonine-kinase receptors. BMPs bind first to their high affinity receptor, thereby recruiting their low affinity receptor into the complex. This receptor assembly starts a Smad (Small mothers against decapentaplegic) protein signaling cascade which regulates the transcription of responsive genes. Up to date, only seven type I and five type II receptors are known for more than 30 ligands. Therefore, many BMP ligands can recruit more than one receptor subtype. Vice versa, receptors can bind to several ligands, indicating a highly promiscuous ligand-receptor interaction. This raises the following questions: (i) How are BMPs able to induce ligand-specific signals, despite forming complexes with identical receptor composition and (ii) how are they able to recognize and bind various binding partners in a highly specific manner. From the ligand's point of view, heterodimeric BMPs are valuable tools for studying the interplay between different sets of receptors, thereby providing new insights into how the various BMP signals can be generated. This study describes the expression and purification of the heterodimers BMP-2/6 and -2/7 from E.coli cells. BIAcore interaction studies and various in vitro cell activity assays revealed that the generated heterodimers are biologically active. Furthermore, BMP-2/6 and -2/7 exhibit a higher biological activity in most of the cell assays compared to their homodimeric counterparts. In addition, the BMP type I receptor BMPR-IA is involved in heterodimeric BMP signaling. However, the usage of other type I receptor subtypes (e.g. ActR-I) building a heteromeric ligand-receptor type I complex as indicated in previous works could not be determined conclusively. Furthermore, BMP heterodimers seem to require only one type I receptor for signaling. From the receptors' point of view, the BMP type I receptor BMPR-IA is a prime example for its promiscuous binding to different BMP ligands. The extracellular binding interface of BMPR-IA is mainly unfolded in its unbound form, requiring a large induced fit to adopt the conformation when bound to its ligand BMP-2. In order to unravel whether the binding promiscuity of BMPR-IA is linked to structural plasticity of its binding interface, the interaction of BMPR-IA bound to an antibody Fab fragment was investigated. The Fab fragment was selected because of its ability to recognize the BMP-2 binding epitope on BMPR-IA, thus neutralizing the BMP-2 mediated receptor activation. This study describes the crystal structure of the complex of the extracellular domain of BMPR-IA bound to the antibody Fab fragment AbyD1556. The crystal structure revealed that the contact surface of BMPR-IA overlaps extensively with the contact surface of BMPR-IA for BMP-2 interaction. Although the contact epitopes of BMPR-IA to both binding partners coincide, the three-dimensional structures of BMPR-IA in both complexes differ significantly. In contrast to the structural differences, alanine-scanning mutagenesis of BMPR-IA showed that the functional determinants for binding to both the antibody and BMP-2 are almost identical. Comparing the structures of BMPR-IA bound to BMP-2 or to the Fab AbyD1556 with the structure of unbound BMPR-IA revealed that binding of BMPR-IA to its interaction partners follows a selection fit mechanism, possibly indicating that the ligand promiscuity of BMPR-IA is inherently encoded by structural adaptability.},
  subject      = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hartung2006,
  author    = {Hartung, Anke},
  title     = {Localization of BMP receptors in distinct plasma membrane domains and its impact on BMP signaling},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18360},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Endocytosis of growth factor receptors plays an important role in the activation and propagation as well as the attenuation of signaling pathways. Its malfunctioning can cause several pathologies, e.g. by controlling the level of receptors at the cell surface. BMPs are members of the TGF-ß superfamily and are involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis and apoptosis. BMP signaling is initiated at two types of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases, BRI and BRII. BMP receptor activation occurs upon ligand binding to preformed complexes (PFCs) or BMP2-induced signaling complexes (BISCs) composed of BRI and BRII. Binding of BMP2 to PFCs results in activation of the Smad pathway, whereas BISCs initiate the activation of Smad-independent pathways via p38 resulting in the induction of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). BMP receptor endocytosis has not been extensively studied and the potential role of localization to different regions of the plasma membrane in determining the signaling pathways activated by PFCs and BISCs was not explored so far. In the present work, the localization of BMP receptors in distinct membrane domains and the consequential impact on BMP signaling were investigated. By separating detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) from cell lysates and subsequent gradient ultracentrifugation, it could be demonstrated that BRI and BRII cofractionate with cav-1, the marker protein of caveolae. Moreover, both receptor types interacted with cav-1 and showed a partially colocalization with cav-1 at the plasma membrane. Although these results point to a caveolar localization, BMP receptors cofractionated also with DRMs in cells exhibiting no caveolae, suggesting an additional non-caveolar raft localization. Beyond that, BRII could also be localized to clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) by means of immuno-electronmicroscopy studies. The second part of this thesis demonstrated that both membrane regions influence BMP signaling in distinct ways. Smad1/5 was shown to be phosphorylated independently of endocytic events at the cell surface. On the one hand, disruption of DRM regions by cholesterol depletion inhibited specifically BMP2-mediated ALP production, while Smad signaling was unaffected. On the other hand, inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by specific inhibitors affected BMP2-induced Smad signaling as well as the induction of ALP, suggesting that both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signaling pathways are required for BMP2 induced ALP production. These findings propose an important regulatory impact of different endocytic routes and membrane regions on BMP signaling as well as that a distinct membrane localization of BMP receptors account for specific signaling properties initiated at PFCs or BISCs.},
  subject      = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hassel2005,
  author    = {Haßel, Sylke},
  title     = {Signal transduction via multiple BMP receptor complexes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13353},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {BMPs influence a variety of cellular processes. They have been shown to regulate proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis and thus play central roles during developmental processes and tissue homeostasis. Ligand mediated signal transduction is transmitted via BMP type I and BMP type II receptors, both members of the serine/threonine kinase superfamily. The BMP receptor mediated signal transduction is not explored in detail. Therefore our aim was to address different aspects of BMP mediated signal transduction with main focus on BRII and its regulation. Due to the existence of two alternative splice variants, a long and a short form, the function of the two variants and the impact of the C-terminal extension are of general interest. Moreover, mutations in the BMPR2 gene were identified to be responsible for PPH, a autosomal dominant lung disease. In this thesis, BRII phosphorylation and signalling mediated by different receptor oligomers were investigated and multiple BRII associated proteins were identified. We could show that the oligomerization pattern of BMP receptors exhibits a higher degree of flexibility compared to other receptors of that superfamily. In the present work the BMP2 mediated signal transduction should be examined, depending on the receptor oligomerization pattern. Using kinase-deficient mutants, it could be demonstrated, that signalling via preformed BMP receptor complexes is mediated by the well characterized Smad1/5/8 pathway, whereas signalling initiated by BMP2 induced recruitment of the receptors activates the p38 pathway and leads to Alkaline Phosphatase production. To further study signalling events triggered directly from the BRII a proteomics-based screen for BRII associated proteins was performed. 53 associated proteins were found, the majority being signal transducing molecules, but in addition metabolic proteins, transcriptional regulators and others were identified. These proteins enable to gain a deeper insight in BMP mediated signalling. One of the interactors, the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, was characterized in more detail. It could be demonstrated, that BRII and c-kit form a complex in vitro and in vivo, and the interaction is enhanced upon BMP2 stimulation. 2D phosphopeptid mapping showed that BRII is phosphorylated at S757 upon activation of c-kit by SCF. Moreover, c-kit and its ligand SCF are modulating BMP2 pathways, by enhancing Smad1/5 phosphorylation, Smad-transcriptional activity, Alkaline Phosphatase production and expression of Cbfa1. All these pathways hint towards modulation of the osteoblast development via c-kit. Thus, we were able to develop a novel paradigm for the BMP2 meditated signalling. One of the initial triggers for BRII is the auto-phosphorylation of BRII. Here we analyze ligand-independent as well as ligand-dependent phosphorylation of BRII. Some phosphorylation sites in BRII were identified. The general phosphorylation occurs mostly on serines. S815, S818 and Y825 are identified targets of phosphorylation whose function is still unclear. However phosphorylation of S336 is demonstrated to be essential for BRII activation. The elucidation of BMP receptor phosphorylation and oligomerization as well as the impact of a number of BRII associated proteins (such as c-kit), demonstrated in this thesis that BMP signalling has to be regulated precisely on multiple levels. This can be useful for the development of selective signalling inhibitors for basic research and therapeutic approaches of PPH and other diseases.},
  subject      = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine},
  language  = {en}
}