@phdthesis{Schraut2015,
  author    = {Schraut, Karla-Gerlinde},
  title     = {Epigenetic programming by prenatal stress in female serotonin transporter deficient mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120270},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Early life stress, including exposure to prenatal stress (PS), has been shown to affect the developing brain and induce severe effects on emotional health in later life, concomitant with an increased risk for psychopathology. However, some individuals are more vulnerable to early-life stress, while others adapt successfully, i.e. they are resilient and do not succumb to adversity. The molecular substrates promoting resilience in some individuals and vulnerability in other individuals are as yet poorly investigated. A polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5­HTT/SLC6A4) has been suggested to play a modulatory role in mediating the effects of early-life adversity on psychopathology, thereby rendering carriers of the lower-expressing short (s)-allele more vulnerable to developmental adversity, while long (l)-allele carriers are relatively resilient. The molecular mechanisms underlying this gene x environment interaction (GxE) are not well understood, however, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications have been discussed to contribute as they are at the interface of environment and the genome. Moreover, developmental epigenetic programming has also been postulated to underlie differential vulnerability/resilience independent of genetic variation. The present work comprises two projects investigating the effects of prenatal maternal restraint stress in 5-HTT deficient mice. In the first study, we examined to which extent previously observed changes in behavior and hippocampal gene expression of female 5-Htt+/- prenatally stressed (PS) offspring were associated with changes in DNA methylation patterns. Additionally, we investigated the expression of genes involved in myelination in hippocampus and amygdala of those animals using RT-qPCR. The genome-wide hippocampal DNA methylation screening was performed using methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) on Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R arrays. In order to correlate individual gene-specific DNA methylation, mRNA expression and behavior, we used hippocampal DNA from the same mice as assessed before. 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the DNA methylation signature of numerous genes, a part of which were also differentially expressed. More specifically, we identified a differentially methylated region in the Myelin basic protein (Mbp) gene, which was associated with Mbp expression in a 5-Htt-, PS- and 5-Htt x PS-dependent manner. Subsequent fine-mapping linked the methylation status of two specific CpG sites in this region to Mbp expression and anxiety-related behavior. We furthermore found that not only the expression of Mbp but of large gene set associated with myelination was affected by a 5-Htt x PS interaction in a brain-region specific manner. In conclusion, hippocampal DNA methylation patterns and expression profiles of female PS 5-Htt+/- mice suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms, some of which are associated with changes in gene promoter methylation, and processes associated with myelination contribute to the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. In the second study, we aimed at investing the molecular substrates underlying resilience to PS. For this purpose, we exposed 5-Htt+/+ dams to the same restraint stress paradigm and investigated the effects of PS on depression- and anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone (CORT) secretion at baseline and after acute restraint stress in female 5-Htt+/+ and 5-Htt+/- offspring. We found that PS affected the offspring's social behavior in a negative manner. When specifically examining those PS animals, we grouped the PS offspring of each genotype into a social, resilient and an unsocial, vulnerable group. While anxiety-like behavior in the EPM was reduced in unsocial, but not social, PS 5-Htt+/+ animals when compared to controls, this pattern could not be found in animals of the other genotype, indicating that social anxiety and state anxiety in the EPM were independent of each other. We then assessed genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiles using mRNA sequencing in order to identify pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms enriched due to 5-Htt genotype (G), PS exposure (E) and their interaction (GxE) as well as enriched in social, but not unsocial, PS offspring, and vice versa. Numerous genes were affected by 5-Htt genotype, PS and most of all a GxE-interaction. Enrichment analysis using enrichr identified that the genotype affected mitochondrial respiration, while GxE-interaction-affected processes associated primarily with myelination and chromatin remodeling. We furthermore found that 5-Htt+/- mice showed profound expression changes of numerous genes in a genomic region located 10 mio kb upstream of the 5 Htt locus on the same chromosome. When looking at social vs. unsocial mice, we found that a much higher number of genes was regulated in 5 Htt+/- animals than in 5-Htt+/+ animals, reflecting the impact of GxE-interaction. Double the number of genes was regulated in social PS vs. control mice when compared to unsocial PS vs. control in both genotypes, suggesting that the successful adaption to PS might have required more active processes from the social group than the reaction to PS from the unsocial group. This notion is supported by the up-regulation of mitochondrial respiration in social, but not in unsocial, PS 5-Htt+/- mice when compared to controls, as those animals might have been able to raise energy resources the unsocial group was not. Next to this, processes associated with myelination seemed to be down-regulated in social 5-Htt+/- mice, but not in unsocial animals, when compared to controls. Taken together, PS exposure affected sociability and anxiety-like behavior dependent on the 5-Htt genotype in female offspring. Processes associated with myelination and epigenetic mechanisms involved in chromatin remodeling seemed be affected in a GxE-dependent manner in the hippocampus of these offspring. Our transcriptome data furthermore suggest that mitochondrial respiration and, with this, energy metabolism might be altered in 5-Htt+/- offspring when compared to 5-Htt+/+ offspring. Moreover, myelination and mitochondrial respiration might contribute to resilience towards PS exposure in 5-Htt+/- offspring, possibly by affecting brain connectivity and energy capabilities.},
  subject      = {Stress},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gohlke2013,
  author    = {Gohlke, Jochen},
  title     = {Die Rolle von DNA-Methylierungen in der Entwicklung und Physiologie vonAgrobacterium-induzierten Arabidopsis-Tumoren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77732},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Agrobacterium tumefaciens ist ein pathogenes Bodenbakterium, welches nach Integration seiner T-DNA in das pflanzliche Genom die Bildung von tumorartigen Wucherungen, den sogenannten Wurzelhalsgallen, an einer Reihe unterschiedlicher Wirtspflanzen verursacht. Die Expression der T-DNA-codierten Onkogene resultiert in der Proliferation und Differenzierung der sogenannten Wurzelhalsgallen, einem Prozess, welcher mit weitreichenden transkriptionellen und physiologischen Ver{\"a}nderungen verbunden ist. F{\"u}r DNA-Methylierungen ist bekannt, dass diese zu Genexpressionsver{\"a}nderungen beitragen, welche neoplastisches Wachstum in S{\"a}ugetieren beg{\"u}nstigen. {\"U}ber die Funktion epigenetischer Prozesse f{\"u}r die Physiologie und Entwicklung pflanzlicher Tumore ist bisher hingegen wenig bekannt. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit das Methylierungsmuster von Wurzelhalsgallen, welche an Arabidopsis thaliana induziert wurden, sowohl genomweit als auch auf Basis einzelner Gene bestimmt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Onkogene ipt, iaaH und iaaM welche mit der T-DNA ins Genom integriert werden und die Proliferation ausl{\"o}sen, im Tumorgewebe unmethyliert vorliegen. Dennoch sind die Onkogene empf{\"a}nglich gegen{\"u}ber epigenetischen Modifikationen, da die siRNA-vermittelte Methylierung sowohl ihre Transkription als auch das Tumorwachstum unterbindet. Eine genomweite Studie der DNA-Methylierungsmuster mittels Tiling-Array-Analysen von immunopr{\"a}zipitierter methylierter DNA zeigte ein global hypermethyliertes Tumor-Genom im Vergleich zum tumorfreien Sprossgewebe. Diese Beobachtungen stehen im Gegensatz zu den Methylierungsmustern der meisten S{\"a}uger-Tumore, welche typischerweise mit globaler Hypomethylierung und lokaler Hypermethylierung von Promotor-Sequenzen assoziiert sind. Im Unterschied dazu waren die Promoter-Sequenzen im Pflanzentumor eher hypomethyliert. Die Methylierungsunterschiede zwischen Wurzelhalsgallen und Sprossgewebe korrelierten mit transkriptionellen Ver{\"a}nderungen. Speziell Gene, welche in Entwicklungsprozessen und Zellteilung involviert sind, waren von Methylierungs{\"a}nderungen betroffen. Dies impliziert, dass insbesondere diese Prozesse epigenetisch kontrolliert werden. Die Methylierung von Genen, welche einer transkriptionellen Kontrolle durch ABA unterliegen, war durch eine ABA-Behandlung induzierbar. DNA-Methylierungen kontrollieren somit wahrscheinlich essenzielle physiologische Prozesse w{\"a}hrend der Tumorentwicklung wie beispielsweise die ABA-vermittelte Trockenstressanpassung. Arabidopsis-Mutanten, welche in Nicht-CG-Methylierungsprozessen beeintr{\"a}chtigt sind, entwickelten gr{\"o}ßere Tumore als die Kontrollpflanzen der entsprechenden Wildtypen. Dies weist auf eine Inhibierung des Tumor-Wachstums durch ein hypermethyliertes Genom, insbesondere der Nicht-CG-Motive hin. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Genexpression, physiologische Prozesse und die Entwicklung pflanzlicher Tumore einer Regulation durch DNA-Methylierung unterliegen.},
  subject      = {Abscisins{\"a}ure},
  language  = {de}
}