@phdthesis{Unger2020,
  author    = {Unger, Nina},
  title     = {Stability of Tryptophan in Parenteral Amino Acid Solutions: Identification of Degradation Products and Development of HPLC Analysis Methods},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19982},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-199825},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The stability of Trp in pure solutions and in parenteral AA formulations was evaluated with regard to typically used manufacturing processes, storage conditions and primary packaging. Therefore, thorough stability studies on Trp solutions were conducted beforehand. The applied stressing method, i.e. steam sterilization by autoclave, are chemically seen relatively mild but showed to be efficient to induce Trp degradation in the presence of oxygen. Subsequent identification, separation and characterization were challenging due to similar substance properties, numerous stereoisomers and pairs of diastereomers found amongst them. However, the identified o-aminoacetophenone compounds, Kyn and NFK, are associated with photo reactivity and have photo-oxidizing properties. Thus, best possible protection from UV-light, together with strict oxygen expulsion, are the most important criteria to impede Trp degradation after autoclaving. The identification of Trp degradation products was assisted by the compilation of a substance library, which included manifold reported and chemically plausible Trp degradation substances. The substances were classified for priority and their early or late-stage occurrence. The large number of possible substances and stereoisomers was narrowed down with the information retrieved from LC-UV/MS experiments. However, final identification was achieved by the synthesis of proposed substances as references. The following eight substances were characterized as Trp degradation substances: Kyn, NFK and three pairs of diastereomers R,R/R,S DiOia, R,R/R,S Oia and cis/trans PIC. Fig. 33 shows the proposed degradation pathway and demonstrates the close chemical relationship, which may be an explanation for the conversion of some substances into each other during the storage period. The proposed pathway brings together the results of different Trp stability and stressing studies, respectively [89, 94, 97, 98, 103, 133]. To our knowledge, the simultaneous formation of the identified degradation substances has not been reported before and especially not under the stressing conditions applied. The application of a traditional RP-HPLC method was compared to two developed IP-HPLC methods and a RP-HPLC methods using a modified perfluorinated column. Orthogonal analyses methods and especially the combination of UV and MS detection are necessary in order to indicate potentially undetected degradation substances. Main evaluation criteria were the separation performance, analyses time, reproducibility and feasibility. The best results upon assessment of all Trp degradation products, in both; pure Trp solutions and pharmaceutical formulations, were obtained by a traditional RP-HPLC. The optimized method was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2(R1) and meets the criteria of a stability-indicating HPLC-UV method. The validated method has a sufficient separation performance with an adequate selectivity indicating the Trp degradation substances next to each other and next to other AAs in finished pharmaceutical formulations. The detailed knowledge of Trp degradation and the method presented may be transferred practically to the pharmaceutical industry processing Trp-containing products. In general, the findings might contribute to the quality management of such pharmaceutical products during manufacturing and storage. Additionally, the study results provide basic information for the establishment of an impurity consideration following the ICH guidelines Q3B (R2) (impurities in new drug products) for products containing Trp. However, further development of the method applying more sophisticated detectors or more potent HPLC techniques like e.g. UHPLC and the implication of more sensitive (MS) detectors like ToF-MS would be advantageous with regard to economic and practical aspects.},
  subject      = {Stabilit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Locher2011,
  author    = {Locher, Sanja},
  title     = {Analytische und Effektor-Studien von Catechinen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65143},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Catechine geh{\"o}ren als Flavan-3-ole zur Gruppe der Polyphenole. Aufgrund deren vielf{\"a}ltiger positiver Effekte auf den menschlichen Organismus nehmen sie in der Ern{\"a}hrungsforschung einen hohen Stellenwert ein. Dabei hat man bei den Flavan-3-olen meist nur die in der Natur vorherrschenden Isomere (+)-Catechin und (-)-Epicatechin untersucht, doch auch (-)-Catechin und (+)-Epicatechin sind Naturstoffe. Letztere findet man z.B. in Guarana oder in verarbeiteten Lebensmitteln, wie z.B. Kakao- und Kakaoerzeugnissen. Sie entstehen durch Epimerisierung unter den technologischen Bedingungen beim R{\"o}sten der Kakaobohnen und der Alkalisierung der Kakaomasse. Bei der Kakao-Verarbeitung werden ferner auch Catechin-C-Glykoside gebildet. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden Stabilit{\"a}tsstudien mit (+)-Catechin bei unterschiedlichen pH-Werten und Temperaturen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit umfasst Untersuchungen von Catechin-Isomeren und zwei Catechin-C-Glykosiden auf ihren Einfluß auf die Lipoxygenase (LOX)- und Xanthinoxidase (XOD)-Aktivit{\"a}t. F{\"u}r die Catechin-C-Glykosidbildung ist von uns eine neue Vorstellung zu deren Entstehungsmechanismus im Laufe der Lebensmittelverarbeitung entwickelt worden. Abschließend wurden anhand von Modelling-Studien die Effekte auf die Enzymsysteme erkl{\"a}rt.},
  subject      = {Stabilit{\"a}t},
  language  = {de}
}