@article{SpringTrendelenbrugScheeretal.1974,
  author    = {Spring, Herbert and Trendelenbrug, Michael F. and Scheer, Ulrich and Franke, Werner W. and Herth, Werner},
  title     = {Structural and biochemical studies of the primary nucleus of two green algal species, Acetabularia mediterranea and Acetabularia major},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40600},
  year      = {1974},
  abstract  = {Primary (giant) nuclei of the green algae Acetabularia mediterranea and A. major were studied by light and electron microscopy using in situ fixed material as well as manually isolated nuclear components. In addition, cytochemical reactions of nuclear structures and biochemical determinations of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA and of genome DNA content were performed. The data obtained and the structures observed are interpreted as demonstralions of transcriptional activities of different gene classes. The most prominent class is the nucleolar cistrons of precursors of ribosomal RNA which occur highly repeated in clusters in the form of regularly alternating intercepts on deoxyribonucleoprotein axes of transcribed rDNA, the fibril-covered matrix units, and the fibril-free "spacer" segments. A description and a classification of the various structural complexes which seem to represent transcriptional activities is given. Quantitative evaluations of these arrangements are presented. The morphology and the dimensions of such structures are compared with the RNA molecular weight determinations and with the corresponding data reported from various animal cell systems. It is suggested that the formation of the giant nucleus is correlated with, and probably due to, an enormous amplification of transcriptionally active rDNA and packing of the extrachromosomal copies into the large nucleolar aggregate bodies.},
  subject      = {Cytologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrankeScheerTrendelenburgetal.1976,
  author    = {Franke, Werner W. and Scheer, Ulrich and Trendelenburg, Michael F. and Spring, Herbert and Zentgraf, Hanswalter},
  title     = {Absence of nucleosomes in transcriptionally active chromatin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40646},
  year      = {1976},
  abstract  = {The ultrastructure of twO kinds of transcription ally active chromatin, the lampbrush chromosome loops and the nucleoli from amphibian oocytes and primary nuclei of the green alga Acetabularia, has been examined after manual isolation and dispersion in low salt media of slightly alkaline pH using various electron microscopic staining techniques (positive staining, metal shadowing, negative staining, preparation on positively charged films, etc.) and compared with the appearance of chromatin from various somatic cells (hen erythrocytes, rat hepatocytes, ClIltured murine sarcoma cells) prepared in parallel. While typical nucleosomes were revealed with all the techniques for chromatin from the latter three cell system, no nucleosomes were identified in either the lampbrush chromosome structures or the nucleolar chromatin. Nucleosomal arrays were absent not only in maximally fibril-covered matrix units but also in fibril-free regions between transcriptional complexes, including the apparent spacer intercepts between different transcriptional units. Moreover, comparisons of the length of the repeating units of rDNA in the transcribed state with those determined in the isolated rDNA and with the lengths of the first stable product of rDNA transcription, the pre-rRNA, demonstrated that the transcribed rDNA was not significantly shortened and/or condensed but rather extended in the transcriptional units. Distinct granules of about nucleosomal size which were sometimes found in apparent spacer regions as well as within matrix units of reduced fibril density were shown not to represent nucleosomes since their number per spacer unit was not inversely correlated with the length of the specific unit and also on the basis of their resistance to treatment with the detergent Sarkosyl NL-30. It is possible to structurally distinguish between transcriptionally active chromatin in which the DNA is extended in a non-nucleosomal form of chromatin and condensed, inactive chromatin within the typical nucleosomal package. The characteristic extended structure of transcriptionally active chromatin is found not only in the transcribed genes but also in non-transcribed regions within or between ("spacer") transcriptional units as well as in transcriptional units that are untranscribed amidst transcribed ones and/or have been inactivated for relatively short time. It is hypothesized that activation of transcription involves a transition from a nucleosomal to an extended chromatin organisation and that this structural transition is not specific for single "activated" genes but may involve larger chromatin regions, including adjacent untranscribed intercepts.},
  subject      = {Cytologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheer1987,
  author    = {Scheer, Ulrich},
  title     = {Structure of lampbrush chromosome loops during different states of transcriptional activity as visualized in the presence of physiological salt concentrations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39304},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Lampbrush chromosomes of amphibian oocytes were isolated in the presence of near-physiological salt concentrations, to preserve their native state, and studied by electron microscopy of ultrathin s~dions. The transcriptional state of the lampbrush chromosomes was experimentally modulated by incubating the oocytes for various time periods in medium containing actinomycin D. The observations show that the structure of the lateral loops changes rapidly in response to alterations in transcriptional activity. During decreasing transcriptional activity and reduced packing density of transcripts, the chromatin axis first condensed into nucleosomes and then into an approximately 30 nm thick higher order chromatin fiber. Packaging of the loop axis into supranucleosomal structures may contribute to the foreshortening and retraction of the loops observed during inhibition of transcription and in later stages of meiotic prophase. The increasing packing density of the DNA during the retraction process of the loops could also be visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to DNA. The dependence of the loop chromatin structure on transcriptional activity is discussed in relation to current views of mechanisms involved in gene activation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gass2005,
  author    = {Gaß, Gerald Walter},
  title     = {Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung {\"u}ber Art und Verteilung verschiedener Epithelien in der Cavitas tympanica des Kaninchens},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17160},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Die Verteilung verschiedener Epithelien im gesunden Mittelohr des Kanin-chens zu ermitteln, war das Ziel dieser Untersuchung. Es existieren zwar einige Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber die Epithelienauskleidung des Mittelohres des Kaninchens, jedoch wurden diese zum großen Teil im Zusammenhang mit invasiven Versuchen, beispielsweise in Verbindung mit dem Einbringen von Implantatmaterial, gewonnen. Diese Einfl{\"u}sse k{\"o}nnen die Epithelien-verteilung ver{\"a}ndern. 10 unbehandelte Felsenbeine von Kaninchen wurden rasterelektronenmik-roskopisch untersucht. Sie wurden daf{\"u}r in Formalin fixiert, zur besseren Einsicht zerteilt, in der aufsteigenden Alkoholreihe dehydratisiert, am kriti-schen Punkt getrocknet und zur Herstellung der Leitf{\"a}higkeit im Katho-denstrahlbest{\"a}uber gesputtert. Ausgewertet wurden 258 Aufnahmen. Die epitheliale Auskleidung der Cavitas tympanica fand sich aus Plattenepithel und Flimmerepithel zu-sammengesetzt. Flimmerepithel konnte in der Tuba auditiva und in der direkten Umgebung ihrer tympanalen {\"O}ffnung nachgewiesen werden. Mit dem Abstand zur Tuben{\"o}ffnung nimmt die Anzahl zilientragender Zellen rasch ab, bis nur noch Plattenepithel vorliegt. Das {\"u}brige Mittelohr ist von Plattenepithel bedeckt. Alle anatomischen Strukturen, auch die Geh{\"o}rkn{\"o}chelchen besitzen dieses Epithel.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Dippacher2011,
  author    = {Dippacher, Sonja},
  title     = {Morphologische und molekularbiologische Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der Serin-Threonin-Proteinkinase SRPK79D in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70937},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die intakte Signal{\"u}bertragung im animalischen Nervensystem erfordert eine an richtiger Stelle ausgebildete funktionsf{\"a}hige Synapse zwischen zwei Nervenzellen bzw. zwischen Nerv und Muskel. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Mutante von Drosophila melanogaster untersucht, bei der es zu Ver{\"a}nderungen der Verteilung eines wichtigen Organisationsproteins der synaptischen aktiven Zone kommt. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis der Untersuchungen ist die Beobachtung, dass es in der Mutante zu einer ektopen Ausbildung von Elementen aktiver Zonen in Axonen kommt. In den Arbeitsgruppen von E. Buchner und S. Sigrist ist bereits das Protein Bruchpilot (BRP) charakterisiert worden, das Bestandteil der pr{\"a}synaptischen Ribbons, bei Drosophila als T-bars bezeichnet, ist. Bei der Suche nach Interaktionspartnern von BRP, ist eine Serin-Arginin-Protein spezifische Kinase SRPK79D entdeckt worden, die offenbar an der Regulation des Aufbaus der Tbars beteiligt ist (Nieratschker et al., 2009). Es gibt vier verschiedene Isoformen der Kinase. Werden nur zwei Isoformen der Kinase (SRPK79D-RB und -RE) exprimiert bzw. das Gen der Kinase komplett ausgeschaltet, findet man Ansammlungen von BRP als immunreaktive Aggregate in der Immunfluoreszenz- F{\"a}rbung von larvalen Motoneuron-Axonen (Nieratschker, 2008). Es ist unser {\"u}bergeordnetes Ziel, die Funktion und den molekularen Signalweg der Kinase SRPK79D zu entschl{\"u}sseln. Ein Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, PB-Protein in Reinform f{\"u}r eine Affinit{\"a}tsreinigung eines PB-Antik{\"o}rpers zu gewinnen, um in nachfolgenden Untersuchungen die Lokalisation dieser Kinase-Isoform zu untersuchen. Die Proteinreinigung war erfolgreich, aber es gelang nicht, eine f{\"u}r eine Affinit{\"a}tsreinigung ausreichende Menge des Proteins zu isolieren. Ein weiterer Versuch, Lokalisationsuntersuchungen zur Expression der Kinase in Drosophila- Embryonen durchzuf{\"u}hren, war ebenfalls nicht erfolgreich. Obwohl die Herstellung einer f{\"u}r die SRPK79D mRNA spezifischen RNA Sonde f{\"u}r die in-Situ-Hybridisierung gelang, war die Sensitivit{\"a}t dieser Sonde nicht hoch genug, um die Lokalisation vornehmen zu k{\"o}nnen. Eindeutige und aufschlussreiche Ergebnisse dagegen ergab die Untersuchung der Ultrastruktur der BRP-Ansammlungen in den larvalen Motornerven. Als deren Korrelat fanden sich elektronenmikroskopisch charakteristische Ansammlungen elektronendichter intraaxonaler Strukturen, deren Form {\"A}hnlichkeiten zu T-bars aufwies und die von Vesikeln umgeben waren. Die elektronendichten Strukturen zeigten zahlreiche Formvariationen, die wie Ansammlungen von T-bars nebeneinander bzw. „miteinander verklebte" T-bars oder wie zerst{\"o}rte T-bars aussahen. In einer nachfolgenden Studie wurde durch eine immun-elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung gezeigt, dass diese Strukturen in der Tat BRP enthalten (Nieratschker et al., 2009). Ergebnis der Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit war der Nachweis, dass prinzipiell {\"a}hnliche Aggregate auch im Wildtyp gelegentlich gefunden werden, dass sie aber in Mutanten signifikant h{\"a}ufiger vorkommen und auch einen signifikant h{\"o}heren Durchmesser aufweisen. Doppelimmunreaktionen mit Antik{\"o}rpern, die den C- bzw. N-terminalen Bereich von BRP erkennen, belegten dar{\"u}ber hinaus, dass in den Aggregaten das vollst{\"a}ndige BRP-Protein vorliegt. Angeregt durch die Ultrastrukturbefunde von mit den elektronendichten Strukturen in den Aggregaten assoziierten Vesikeln wurde in weiteren Doppelimmunreaktionen untersucht, ob ein typisches Protein synaptischer Vesikel neuromuskul{\"a}rer Synapsen in Drosophila, der vesikul{\"a}re Glutamattransporter (DVGlut), in den BRP-Ansammlungen nachweisbar ist. W{\"a}hrend Kolokalisation von BRP und DVGlut in aktiven Zonen pr{\"a}synaptischer Boutons nachgewiesen werden konnte, war der Vesikelmarker in BRP-Aggregaten nicht kolokalisiert. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Kinase SRPK79D f{\"u}r die Vermeidung einer ektopen Bildung von BRP-enthaltenden, elektronenmikroskopisch atypischen aktiven Zonen {\"a}hnelnden Strukturen in larvalen Motoneuronaxonen notwendig ist. Die in diesen Aggregaten regelm{\"a}ßig zu beobachtenden Vesikel {\"a}hneln morphologisch synaptischen Vesikeln, besitzen aber keine daf{\"u}r typischen Vesikelmarker.},
  subject      = {Bruchpilot},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MostosiSchindelinKollmannsbergeretal.2020,
  author    = {Mostosi, Philipp and Schindelin, Hermann and Kollmannsberger, Philip and Thorn, Andrea},
  title     = {Haruspex: A Neural Network for the Automatic Identification of Oligonucleotides and Protein Secondary Structure in Cryo-Electron Microscopy Maps},
  series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  number    = {35},
  doi       = {10.1002/anie.202000421},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214763},
  pages     = {14788 -- 14795},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In recent years, three-dimensional density maps reconstructed from single particle images obtained by electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) have reached unprecedented resolution. However, map interpretation can be challenging, in particular if the constituting structures require de-novo model building or are very mobile. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of convolutional neural networks for the annotation of cryo-EM maps: our network Haruspex has been trained on a carefully curated set of 293 experimentally derived reconstruction maps to automatically annotate RNA/DNA as well as protein secondary structure elements. It can be straightforwardly applied to newly reconstructed maps in order to support domain placement or as a starting point for main-chain placement. Due to its high recall and precision rates of 95.1 \% and 80.3 \%, respectively, on an independent test set of 122 maps, it can also be used for validation during model building. The trained network will be available as part of the CCP-EM suite.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Song2021,
  author    = {Song, Boyuan},
  title     = {Structural and functional studies of \(Saccharomyces\) \(cerevisiae\) Ccr4-Not complex with Electron microscopy},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21652},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216527},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The degradation of poly-adenosine tails of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the eukaryotic cells is a determining step in controlling the level of gene expression. The highly conserved Ccr4-Not complex was identified as the major deadenylation complex in all eukaryotic organisms. Plenty of biochemical studies have shown that this complex is also involved in many aspects of the mRNA metabolism, but we are still lacking the detailed structural information about its overall architecture and conformational states that could help to elucidate its multifunction and the way it is coordinated in the cells. Such information can also provide a basis to finding a possible way of intervention since the complex is also involved in some diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders in humans. Meanwhile, the single particle Cryo-EM method has been through a "resolution revolution" recently due to the use of the newly developed direct electron detectors and has since resolved the high-resolution structures of many macromolecular protein complexes in their near-native state. Therefore, it was employed as a suitable method for studying the Ccr4-Not complex here. In this work, the Falcon 3EC direct detector mounted on the 300kV Titan Krios G3i Cryo-EM was evaluated for its practical performance at obtaining high-quality Cryo-EM data from protein samples of different molecular sizes. This served as a proof of principle for this detector's capabilities and as a data collection guidance for studying the macromolecular complexes, such as the Ccr4-Not, when using an advanced high-performance microscope system. Next, the endogenous yeast Ccr4-Not complex was also purified via the immunoaffinity purification method and evaluated using negative staining EM to assess the conditions of the complex before proceeding to sample preparation for Cryo-EM. This has shown that the complex had an unexpected inherently dynamic property in vitro and extra optimisation procedures were needed to stabilise the complex during the purification and sample preparation. In addition, by using the label-free quantitative Mass spectrometry to examine the coimmunoprecipitated complex via different tagged subunits, it was deduced that two of the subunits (Not3/Not5) that shared some sequence similarity might compete for association with the scaffold subunit of the complex. An uncharacterised protein was also identified coimmunoprecipitating with the Caf130 subunit of the yeast complex. Cryo-EM data from the purified complex provided a low-resolution map that represents a surprisingly smaller partial complex as compared to 3D structures from previous studies, although gel electrophoresis and Mass spectrometry data have identified all of the nine subunits of the Ccr4-Not core complex in the sample. It was concluded that due to the presence of many predicted unstructured regions VI in the subunits and their dynamic composition in solution, the native complex could have been spontaneously denatured at the air/water interface during the sample preparation thus limiting the resolution of the Cryo-EM reconstruction. The purified complex was also examined for its deadenylase and ubiquitin ligase activity by in vitro assays. It was shown that the native complex has a different rate of activity and possibly also a different mode of action compared to the recombinant complexes from other species under similar reaction conditions. The Not4 E3 ligase was also shown to be active in the complex and was likely auto-ubiquitinated in the absence of a substrate. Both types of assays have also shown that the conformational flexibility does not seem to affect the enzymatic reactions when using a chemically crosslinked form of the complex for the assay, which implies that there can be other underlying mechanisms coordinating its structural and functional relationship. The findings from this work have therefore moved our understanding of the Ccr4-Not complex forward by looking at the different structural and functional behaviours of the endogenous complex, especially highlighting the obstacles in sample preparation for the native complex in high-resolution Cryo-EM. This would serve as foundation for future studies on the mechanism of this complex's catalytic functions and also for optimising the Cryo-EM sample to generate better data that could eventually resolve the structure to a high-resolution.},
  subject      = {CCR4},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DoganScheuringWagneretal.2021,
  author    = {Dogan, Leyla and Scheuring, Ruben and Wagner, Nicole and Ueda, Yuichiro and Schmidt, Sven and W{\"o}rsd{\"o}rfer, Philipp and Groll, J{\"u}rgen and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman},
  title     = {Human iPSC-derived mesodermal progenitor cells preserve their vasculogenesis potential after extrusion and form hierarchically organized blood vessels},
  series = {Biofabrication},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Biofabrication},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1088/1758-5090/ac26ac},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-254046},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Post-fabrication formation of a proper vasculature remains an unresolved challenge in bioprinting. Established strategies focus on the supply of the fabricated structure with nutrients and oxygen and either rely on the mere formation of a channel system using fugitive inks or additionally use mature endothelial cells and/or peri-endothelial cells such as smooth muscle cells for the formation of blood vessels in vitro. Functional vessels, however, exhibit a hierarchical organization and multilayered wall structure that is important for their function. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells (hiMPCs) have been shown to possess the capacity to form blood vessels in vitro, but have so far not been assessed for their applicability in bioprinting processes. Here, we demonstrate that hiMPCs, after formulation into an alginate/collagen type I bioink and subsequent extrusion, retain their ability to give rise to the formation of complex vessels that display a hierarchical network in a process that mimics the embryonic steps of vessel formation during vasculogenesis. Histological evaluations at different time points of extrusion revealed the initial formation of spheres, followed by lumen formation and further structural maturation as evidenced by building a multilayered vessel wall and a vascular network. These findings are supported by immunostainings for endothelial and peri-endothelial cell markers as well as electron microscopic analyses at the ultrastructural level. Moreover, endothelial cells in capillary-like vessel structures deposited a basement membrane-like matrix at the basal side between the vessel wall and the alginate-collagen matrix. After transplantation of the printed constructs into the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) the printed vessels connected to the CAM blood vessels and get perfused in vivo. These results evidence the applicability and great potential of hiMPCs for the bioprinting of vascular structures mimicking the basic morphogenetic steps of de novo vessel formation during embryogenesis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Flegler2022,
  author    = {Flegler, Vanessa Judith},
  title     = {Application of electron cryomicroscopy for structural and functional studies on the mechanosensitive channels of small conductance},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-26897},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268979},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Bacteria thrive and survive in many different environments, and as a result, they have developed robust mechanisms to adapt rapidly to alterations in their surroundings. The protection against osmotic forces is provided by mechanosensitive channels: their primary function is to maintain the integrity of the cell upon a hypoosmotic shock. The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) is not only the smallest common structural unit of a diverse family that allows for a tailored response in osmoregulation; it is also the most intensively studied homologue. Mechanosensitive channels directly sense elevated membrane tension levels generated by increased pressure within the cell and open transiently. Escherichia coli has six paralogues that differ in their gating properties and the number of additional transmembrane (TM) helices. These TM helices, termed sensor paddles, are essential for sensing, as they directly contact the surrounding membrane; however, the role of the additional TM helices is still unclear. Furthermore, lipids occupy hydrophobic pockets far away from the membrane plane. A recent gating model for MscS states that increased membrane tension triggers the expulsion of lipids out of those pockets, modulating different conformational states of MscS. This model focuses on bound lipids, but it is still unclear to what extent the direct interaction with the membrane influences sensing and how relevant it is for the larger paralogues. In the herein described work, structural studies on two larger paralogues, the medium-sized channel YnaI and the large channel YbiO were realised using electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM). Lipids were identified in YnaI in the pockets in a similar position and orientation as in MscS, suggesting a conserved sensing mechanism. Moreover, the copolymer diisobutylene/maleic acid (DIBMA) allowed the extraction of artificially activated YnaI from plasma membranes, leading to an open-like form of this channel. This novel conformation indicated that the pore helices bend at a GGxGG motif during gating, which is unique among the Escherichia coli paralogues, concomitant with a structural reorganisation of the sensor paddles. Thus, despite a high similarity of their closed states, the gating mechanisms of MscS and YnaI are surprisingly different. Furthermore, the comparison of MscS, YnaI, and YbiO accentuates variations and similarities between the differently sized family members, implying fine-tuning of channel properties in the pore regions and the cytosolic lateral entry sides into the channel. Structural analyses of MscS reconstituted into different systems showed the advantages and disadvantages of certain polymers and detergents. The novel DIBMA copolymer and the more conventional amphiphilic polymers, so-called Amphipols, perturb contacting transmembrane helices or lead to their denaturation. Due to this observation, the obtained structures of YnaI must also be cautiously considered. The structures obtained in detergents resulted in unaffected channels; however, the applicability of detergents for MscS-like channels is limited by the increased required sample concentration. The role of lipids for gating MscS in the absence of a membrane was examined by deliberately removing coordinated lipid molecules from MscS using different amounts and kinds of detergent. The effects on the channel were inspected by cryo-EM. These experiments showed that closed MscS adopts the open conformation when it is enough delipidated by incubation with the detergent n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside, and adding lipids to the open channel reverses this process. The results agree with the state-of-the-art model that the amount of lipid molecules in the pockets and grooves is responsible for the conformational state of MscS. Furthermore, incubation with the detergent lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol, which has stabilising and delipidating characteristics, resulted in a high-resolution structure of open MscS exhibiting an intricate network of ligands. Based on this structure, an updated gating model is proposed, which states that upon opening, lipids from the pockets migrate into the cytosolic membrane leaflet, while lipids from the periplasmic leaflet enter the grooves that arise between the sensor paddles.},
  language  = {en}
}