@article{VikukFuchsKrischkeetal.2020,
  author    = {Vikuk, Veronika and Fuchs, Benjamin and Krischke, Markus and Mueller, Martin J. and Rueb, Selina and Krauss, Jochen},
  title     = {Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichlo{\"e} festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?},
  series = {Journal of Fungi},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Journal of Fungi},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2309-608X},
  doi       = {10.3390/jof6030177},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213171},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Mycotoxins in agriculturally used plants can cause intoxication in animals and can lead to severe financial losses for farmers. The endophytic fungus Epichlo{\"e} festucae var. lolii living symbiotically within the cool season grass species Lolium perenne can produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids. Hence, an exact quantitation of alkaloid concentrations is essential to determine intoxication risk for animals. Many studies use different methods to detect alkaloid concentrations, which complicates the comparability. In this study, we showed that alkaloid concentrations of individual plants exceeded toxicity thresholds on real world grasslands in Germany, but not on the population level. Alkaloid concentrations on five German grasslands with high alkaloid levels peaked in summer but were also below toxicity thresholds on population level. Furthermore, we showed that alkaloid concentrations follow the same seasonal trend, regardless of whether plant fresh or dry weight was used, in the field and in a common garden study. However, alkaloid concentrations were around three times higher when detected with dry weight. Finally, we showed that alkaloid concentrations can additionally be biased to different alkaloid detection methods. We highlight that toxicity risks should be analyzed using plant dry weight, but concentration trends of fresh weight are reliable.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RychlikHumpfMarkoetal.2014,
  author    = {Rychlik, Michael and Humpf, Hans-Ulrich and Marko, Doris and D{\"a}nicke, Sven and Mally, Angela and Berthiller, Franz and Klaffke, Horst and Lorenz, Nicole},
  title     = {Proposal of a comprehensive definition of modified and other forms of mycotoxins including "masked" mycotoxins},
  series = {Mycotoxin Research},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Mycotoxin Research},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12550-014-0203-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121240},
  pages     = {197-205},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {As the term "masked mycotoxins" encompasses only conjugated mycotoxins generated by plants and no other possible forms of mycotoxins and their modifications, we hereby propose for all these forms a systematic definition consisting of four hierarchic levels. The highest level differentiates the free and unmodified forms of mycotoxins from those being matrix-associated and from those being modified in their chemical structure. The following lower levels further differentiate, in particular, "modified mycotoxins" into "biologically modified" and "chemically modified" with all variations of metabolites of the former and dividing the latter into "thermally formed" and "non-thermally formed" ones. To harmonize future scientific wording and subsequent legislation, we suggest that the term "modified mycotoxins" should be used in the future and the term "masked mycotoxins" to be kept for the fraction of biologically modified mycotoxins that were conjugated by plants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Seefelder2003,
  author    = {Seefelder, Walburga},
  title     = {Fumonisine und deren Reaktionsprodukte in Lebensmitteln: Vorkommen, Bedeutung, biologische Aktivit{\"a}t und Metabolismus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5430},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden Ergebnisse zu Untersuchungen an Fumonisinen, einer erts seit 1988 bekannten Gruppe von kanzerogenen Fusarium-Mykotoxinen, vorgestellt. Die Schwerpunkte liegen auf den Aspekten: 1)Qualitative und quantitative Erfassung von NCM-FB1, einem rektionsprodukt von FB1, in maishaltigen Lebensmitteln. 2)Charakterisierung weiterer Reaktionsprodukte der Fumonisine 3)Vorkommen von Fumonisisnen in Gem{\"u}se 4)Zellkuturstudien zur biologischen Aktivit{\"a}t der Fumonisine 5)Modellstudien zum Metabolismus von FB1 beim Menschen},
  subject      = {Fumonisine},
  language  = {de}
}