@phdthesis{Haker2021,
  author    = {Haker, Felix},
  title     = {Entwicklung eines in vitro Ansatzes zur Testung von Biofilm-Nachweismethoden und Antibiotikawirksamkeit},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25070},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250703},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von aus Patientenisolaten gewonnenen S. aureus Kulturen und deren Biofilmbildung auf implantat{\"a}hnlichen Titan-Oberfl{\"a}chen. Ziel war es, den zeitlichen Ablauf bakterieller periprothetischer Infektionen {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von 21 Tagen zu beschreiben und besser zu verstehen. Dazu sollte {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden, ob ein fluoreszenzspektrometrisch ausgewertetes LIVE/DEAD Assay eine zus{\"a}tzliche Aussage zum Status der im Biofilm befindlichen Zellen liefern kann. Zudem wurde die Biofilmentwicklung anhand etablierter fluoreszenzspektrometrischer Methoden (Concanavalin-A-Markierung extrazellul{\"a}rer Polymerer Substanzen, DNA-Markierung mit Hoechst 33342) untersucht. Es konnte ein reproduzierbarer Verlauf der Entwicklung des Biofilms, sowie der DNA-Menge aufgezeigt werden. Das LIVE/DEAD Assay lieferte keine signifikanten Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das Verh{\"a}ltnis lebender zu toter S. aureus Zellen im Biofilm. Weiter wurde die Angreifbarkeit des fr{\"u}hen, am Titan adh{\"a}renten Biofilms (Alter 1-5 Tage) durch das in der Orthop{\"a}die g{\"a}ngig eingesetzte Antibiotikum Gentamicin untersucht. Die Wirksamkeit konnte zu jedem getesteten Zeitpunkt der ersten f{\"u}nf Tage durch Anzucht von Kolonien best{\"a}tigt werden. Auch wurde die Wirksamkeit {\"u}ber das LIVE/DEAD Assay {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, jedoch konnten hier keine aussagekr{\"a}ftigen Daten gewonnen werden, die diese Methode zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Antibiotikawirksamkeit empfehlen k{\"o}nnten.},
  subject      = {Biofilm},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wermser2019,
  author    = {Wermser, Charlotte},
  title     = {Morphology, regulation and interstrain interactions in a new macrocolony biofilm model of the human pathogen \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16593},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165931},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The role of multicellularity as the predominant microbial lifestyle has been affirmed by studies on the genetic regulation of biofilms and the conditions driving their formation. Biofilms are of prime importance for the pathology of chronic infections of the opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The recent development of a macrocolony biofilm model in S. aureus opened new opportunities to study evolution and physiological specialization in biofilm communities in this organism. In the macrocolony biofilm model, bacteria form complex aggregates with a sophisticated spatial organization on the micro- and macroscale. The central positive and negative regulators of this organization in S. aureus are the alternative sigma factor σB and the quorum sensing system Agr, respectively. Nevertheless, nothing is known on additional factors controlling the macrocolony morphogenesis. In this work, the genome of S. aureus was screened for novel factors that are required for the development of the macrocolony architecture. A central role for basic metabolic pathways was demonstrated in this context as the macrocolony architecture was strongly altered by the disruption of nucleotide and carbohydrate synthesis. Environmental signals further modulate macrocolony morphogenesis as illustrated by the role of an oxygen-sensitive gene regulator, which is required for the formation of complex surface structures. A further application of the macrocolony biofilm model was demonstrated in the study of interstrain interactions. The integrity of macrocolony communities was macroscopically visibly disturbed by competitive interactions between clinical isolates of S. aureus. The results of this work contribute to the characterization of the macrocolony biofilm model and improve our understanding of developmental processes relevant in staphylococcal infections. The identification of anti-biofilm effects exercised through competitive interactions could lead to the design of novel antimicrobial strategies targeting multicellular bacterial communities.},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lerch2018,
  author    = {Lerch, Maike Franziska},
  title     = {Characterisation of a novel non-coding RNA and its involvement in polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-mediated biofilm formation of \(Staphylococcus\) \(epidermidis\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155777},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis, have been recognised as an important cause of health care-associated infections due to catheterisation, and livestock-associated infections. The colonisation of indwelling medical devices is achieved by the formation of biofilms, which are large cell-clusters surrounded by an extracellular matrix. This extracellular matrix consists mainly of PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin), which is encoded by the icaADBC-operon. The importance of icaADBC in clinical strains provoking severe infections initiated numerous investigations of this operon and its regulation within the last two decades. The discovery of a long transcript being located next to icaADBC, downstream of the regulator gene icaR, led to the hypothesis of a possible involvement of this transcript in the regulation of biofilm formation (Eckart, 2006). Goal of this work was to characterise this transcript, named ncRNA IcaZ, in molecular detail and to uncover its functional role in S. epidermidis. The ~400 nt long IcaZ is specific for ica-positive S. epidermidis and is transcribed in early- and mid-exponential growth phase as primary transcript. The promotor sequence and the first nucleotides of icaZ overlap with the 3' UTR of the preceding icaR gene, whereas the terminator sequence is shared by tRNAThr-4, being located convergently to icaZ. Deletion of icaZ resulted in a macroscopic biofilm-negative phenotype with highly diminished PIA-biofilm. Biofilm composition was analysed in vitro by classical crystal violet assays and in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy under flow conditions to display biofilm formation in real-time. The mutant showed clear defects in initial adherence and decreased cell-cell adherence, and was therefore not able to form a proper biofilm under flow in contrast to the wildtype. Restoration of PIA upon providing icaZ complementation from plasmids revealed inconsistent results in the various mutant backgrounds. To uncover the functional role of IcaZ, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis was carried out, providing some hints on candidate targets, but the varying biofilm phenotypes of wildtype and icaZ mutants made it difficult to identify direct IcaZ mRNA targets. Pulse expression of icaZ was then used as direct fishing method and computational target predictions were executed with candidate mRNAs from aforesaid approaches. The combined data of these analyses suggested an involvement of icaR in IcaZ-mediated biofilm control. Therefore, RNA binding assays were established for IcaZ and icaR mRNA. A positive gel shift was maintained with icaR 3' UTR and with 5'/3' icaR mRNA fusion product, whereas no gel shift was obtained with icaA mRNA. From these assays, it was assumed that IcaZ regulates icaR mRNA expression in S. epidermidis. S. aureus instead lacks ncRNA IcaZ and its icaR mRNA was shown to undergo autoregulation under so far unknown circumstances by intra- or intermolecular binding of 5' UTR and 3' UTR (Ruiz de los Mozos et al., 2013). Here, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is blocked through 5'/3' UTR base pairing and RNase III, an endoribonuclease, degrades icaR mRNA, leading to translational blockade. In this work, icaR mRNA autoregulation was therefore analysed experimentally in S. epidermidis and results showed that this specific autoregulation does not take place in this organism. An involvement of RNase III in the degradation process could not be verified here. GFP-reporter plasmids were generated to visualise the interaction, but have to be improved for further investigations. In conclusion, IcaZ was found to interact with icaR mRNA, thereby conceivably interfering with translation initiation of repressor IcaR, and thus to promote PIA synthesis and biofilm formation. In addition, the environmental factor ethanol was found to induce icaZ expression, while only weak or no effects were obtained with NaCl and glucose. Ethanol, actually is an ingredient of disinfectants in hospital settings and known as efficient effector for biofilm induction. As biofilm formation on medical devices is a critical factor hampering treatment of S. epidermidis infections in clinical care, the results of this thesis do not only contribute to better understanding of the complex network of biofilm regulation in staphylococci, but may also have practical relevance in the future.},
  subject      = {Biofilm},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Balasubramanian2018,
  author    = {Balasubramanian, Srikkanth},
  title     = {Novel anti-infectives against pathogenic bacteria},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163882},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Marine sponge-associated actinomycetes are reservoirs of diverse natural products with novel biological activities. Their antibiotic potential has been well explored against a range of Gram positive and negative bacteria. However, not much is known about their anti-infective or anti-virulence potential against human pathogens. This Ph.D. project aimed to investigate the anti-infective (anti-Shiga toxin and anti-biofilm) potential of sponge-derived actinobacteria through identification and isolation of their bioactive metabolites produced and characterizing their mechanism of action by transcriptomics. This thesis is divided into three studies with the overall objective of exploring the anti-infective efficacy of actinomycetes-derived extracts and compound(s) that could possibly be used as future therapeutics. The first study deals with investigation on the anti-Shiga toxin effects of sponge-associated actinomycetes. Diarrheal infections pose a huge burden in several developing and developed countries. Diarrheal outbreaks caused by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) could lead to life-threatening complications like gastroenteritis and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) if left untreated. Shiga toxin (Stx) produced by EHEC is a major virulence factor that negatively affects the human cells, leading them to death via apoptosis. Antibiotics are not prescribed against EHEC infections since they may enhance the risk of development of HUS by inducing the production and release of Stx from disintegrating bacteria and thereby, worsening the complications. Therefore, an effective drug that blocks the Stx production without affecting the growth needs to be urgently developed. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 194 extracts and several compounds originating from a collection of marine sponge-derived actinomycetes were evaluated against the Stx production in EHEC strain EDL933 with the aid of Ridascreen® Verotoxin ELISA assay kit. It was found that treatment with the extracts did not lead to significant reduction in Stx production. However, strepthonium A isolated from the culture of Streptomyces sp. SBT345 (previously cultivated from the Mediterranean sponge Agelas oroides) reduced the Stx production (at 80 μM concentration) in EHEC strain EDL933 without affecting the bacterial growth. The structure of strepthonium A was resolved by spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D-NMR, as well as ESI-HRMS and ESI-HRMS2 experiments. This demonstrated the possible application of strepthonium A in restraining EHEC infections. VI In the second study, the effect of marine sponge-associated actinomycetes on biofilm formation of staphylococci was assessed. Medical devices such as contact lenses, metallic implants, catheters, pacemakers etc. are ideal ecological niches for formation of bacterial biofilms, which thereby lead to device-related infections. Bacteria in biofilms are multiple fold more tolerant to the host immune responses and conventional antibiotics, and hence are hard-to-treat. Here, the anti-biofilm potential of an organic extract derived from liquid fermentation of Streptomyces sp. SBT343 (previously cultivated from the Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis) was reported. Results obtained in vitro demonstrated its anti-biofilm (against staphylococci) and non-toxic nature (against mouse macrophage (J774.1), fibroblast (NIH/3T3) and human corneal epithelial cell lines). Interestingly, SBT343 extract could inhibit staphylococcal biofilm formation on polystyrene, glass and contact lens surfaces without affecting the bacterial growth. High Resolution Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis indicated the complexity and the chemical diversity of components present in the extract. Preliminary physio-chemical characterization unmasked the heat stable and non-proteinaceous nature of the active component(s) in the extract. Finally, fractionation experiments revealed that the biological activity was due to synergistic effects of multiple components present in the extract. In the third study, anti-biofilm screening of 50 organic extracts generated from solid and liquid fermentation of 25 different previously characterized sponge-derived actinomycetes was carried out. This led to identification of the anti-biofilm organic extract derived from the solid culture of Streptomyces sp. SBT348 (previously cultivated from the Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis). Bioassay-guided fractionation was employed to identify the active fraction Fr 7 in the SBT348 crude extract. Further purification with semi-preparative HPLC led to isolation of the bioactive SKC1, SKC2, SKC3, SKC4 and SKC5 sub-fractions. The most active sub-fraction SKC3 was found to be a pure compound having BIC90 and MIC values of 3.95 μg/ml and 31.25 μg/ml against S. epidermidis RP62A. SKC3 had no apparent toxicity in vitro on cell lines and in vivo on the greater wax moth Galleria melonella larvae. SKC3 was stable to heat and enzymatic treatments indicating its non-proteinaceous nature. HR-MS analysis revealed the mass of SKC3 to be 1258.3 Da. Structure elucidation of SKC3 with the aid of 1D and 2D-NMR data is currently under investigation. Further, to obtain insights into the mode of action of SKC3 on S. epidermidis RP62A, RNA sequencing was done. Transcriptome data revealed that SKC3 was recognized by RP62A at 20 min and SKC3 negatively interfered with the central metabolism of staphylococci at 3 h. Taken VII together, these findings suggest that SKC3 could be a lead structure for development of new anti-staphylococcal drugs. Overall, the results obtained from this work underscore the anti-infective attributes of actinomycetes consortia associated with marine sponges, and their applications in natural product drug discovery programs.},
  subject      = {Marine sponges},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GarciaBetancur2018,
  author    = {Garcia Betancur, Juan Carlos},
  title     = {Divergence of cell-fates in multicellular aggregates of \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\) defines acute and chronic infection cell types},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148059},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile human pathogen that normally develops acute or chronic infections. The broad range of diseases caused by this bacterium facilitates the escape from the host's immune response as well as from target-specific antimicrobial therapies. Nevertheless, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable S. aureus to cause these disparate types of infections are largely unknown. In this work, we depicted a novel genetic program involved in the development of cell-fate decision, which promotes the differentiation of the staphylococcal cells into two genetically identical but differently heritable cell lines capable of defining the course of an infection, by simultaneously progressing to (i) a biofilm-associated chronic infection or (ii) a disperse acute bacteremia. Here, S. aureus growing in architecturally complex multicellular communities harbored different cell types that followed an exclusive developmental plan, resulting in a clonal heterogeneous population. We found that these cell types are physiologically specialized and that, this specialization impacts the collective behavior within the multicellular aggregates. Whereas one cell line that we named BRcells, promotes biofilm formation that engenders chronic infections, the second cell line, which we termed DRcells is planktonic and synthetizes virulence factors, such as toxins that can drive acute bacteremia. We identified that the positive feedback loop present in Agr quorum sensing system of S. aureus acts a bimodal switch able to antagonistically control the divergence of these two physiologically distinct, heritable cell lines. Also, we found that this bimodal switch was triggered in response to environmental signals particularly extracellular Mg2+, affecting the size of the subpopulations in specific colonization environments. Specifically, Mg2+-enriched environments enhanced the binding of this cation to the staphylococcal teichoic acids, increasing the rigidity of the cell wall and triggering a genetic program involving the alternative sigma factor σB that downregulated the Agr bimodal switch, favoring the enrichment of the BRcells type. Therefore, colonization environments with different Mg2+ content favored different outcomes in the bimodal system, defining distinct ratio in the BRcells/DRcells subpopulations and the S. aureus outcome in our in vitro model of development of multicellular aggregates and, the infection outcome in an in vivo mice infection model. In this prime human pathogen cell-fate decision-making generates a conserved pattern of heritable, physiological heterogeneity that actively contributes to determine the course of an infection through the emergence and spatio-temporal dynamics of distinct and specialized cell types. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that cell differentiation in pathogenic bacteria is a fundamental phenomenon and its understanding, is central to understand nosocomial infections and to designing new anti-infective strategies},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Richwien2013,
  author    = {Richwien, Daniela Maria},
  title     = {Retrospektive Analyse zur Bewertung der Vena femoralis als Bypassmaterial beim tiefen Protheseninfekt},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-93318},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Einleitung: Die Protheseninfektion ist in der Gef{\"a}ßchirurgie eine seltene, aber gef{\"u}rchtete Komplikation, da sie bis dato immer noch mit einer hohen Mortalit{\"a}t und Morbidit{\"a}t einhergeht. Protheseninfektionen werden in verschiedenen Klassifikationen dargestellt. Die Pathophysiologie des Infektes verl{\"a}uft {\"u}ber die Aktivierung des Immunsystems und die F{\"a}higkeit der Erreger, sich vor den Angriffen des Immunsystems zu sch{\"u}tzen. Dabei ist der h{\"a}ufigste Kontaminationsweg die lokale Kontamination im OP-Gebiet. Der h{\"a}ufigste Erreger stellt der Biofilm bildende Staphylococcus aureus dar. Nach pr{\"a}operativer Diagnostik erfolgt die vollst{\"a}ndige Explantation der infizierten Gef{\"a}ßprothese mit lokalem radikalem Debridement des Entz{\"u}ndungsgewebes und Wiederherstellung der Perfusion. F{\"u}r diesen Gef{\"a}ßersatz stehen verschiedene Materialien zur Verf{\"u}gung. Material und Methoden: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, retrospektiv die Therapie der tiefen Protheseninfektion mittels autologer In-Situ-Rekonstruktion durch die V. femoralis superficialis im Zeitraum von September 2003 bis Juni 2010 an der Universit{\"a}tsklinik in W{\"u}rzburg zu analysieren. Es wurden insgesamt 24 Patienten behandelt. Es erfolgte eine detaillierte Aufarbeitung der Krankengeschichte, der mikrobiologischen Befunde, sowie der Operationsberichte und Folgeeingriffe. Des Weiteren wurde eine Kontrolluntersuchung im Rahmen der gef{\"a}ßchirurgischen Sprechstunde durchgef{\"u}hrt. Ergebnisse: 20 M{\"a}nner und vier Frauen wurden aufgrund einer Protheseninfektion (6x Fr{\"u}hinfekt, 14x Sp{\"a}tinfekt, 2x persistierender Infekt) operiert, nachdem ihnen eine aortoiliacale, aortofemorale oder iliacofemorale Kunststoffprothese zur Behandlung einer pAVK, eines Aneurysmas, oder aufgrund beider Entit{\"a}ten implantiert worden war. Am h{\"a}ufigsten zeigte sich als klinisches Erstsymptom eine inguinale Wundheilungsst{\"o}rung. Lymphfisteln und Infektblutungen belegten Platz zwei und drei. Jedes Mal wurde die V. femoralis superficialis (11x beidseits, 13x einseitig) entnommen, in acht F{\"a}llen kombiniert mit der V. saphena magna. 23x erfolgte die Rekonstruktion der Perfusion in-situ, lediglich einmal als extraanatomischer Obturator-Bypass. Bei 19 Patienten (79,2\%) konnte ein Pathogen nachgewiesen werden, bei f{\"u}nf Patienten (20,8\%) nicht. In 54,2\% der F{\"a}lle lag eine Monoinfektion vor, bei 12,5\% eine Mischinfektionen. Der h{\"a}ufigste Erreger mit 25\% Anteil war Staphylococcus aureus, zweimal gelang der Nachweis eines MRSA. Insgesamt kam es bei sieben Patienten zum Nachweis eines gram-positiven Pathogens, bei sechs Patienten eines gram-negativen Pathogens, was der allgemeinen Entwicklung entspricht. Bei elf Patienten (45,8\%) kam es zu einer postoperativen inguinalen Wundheilungsst{\"o}rung. Deshalb erfolgten auch die meisten Folgeeingriffe mit chirurgischer Wundtoilette, Vakuum-Okklusiv-Verband, Sekund{\"a}rnaht oder Meshgraft-Deckung als definitiven Wundverschluss. F{\"u}nf Patienten (20,8\%) erlitten eine periphere Isch{\"a}mie bzw. einen Bypass-Verschluss. Davon wurden zwei Patienten auf H{\"o}he des Oberschenkels amputiert. Ein Viertel der Patienten verstarb noch w{\"a}hrend des station{\"a}ren Aufenthaltes. Das Gesamt{\"u}berleben am untersuchten Patientengut betrug bei Durchf{\"u}hrung dieser Doktorarbeit die Zahl zehn. Sieben Patienten stellten sich zur Kontrolluntersuchung vor, dreien war dies nur schriftlich m{\"o}glich. Zweimal erfolgte poststation{\"a}r eine Isch{\"a}mie-bedingte Majoramputation. Alle Patienten waren infektfrei. Ein Patient erhielt eine PTA bei Stenose der A. femoralis superficialis rechts nach autologem aortobifemoralem Ersatz. Nach Venenentnahme besteht jedoch bei f{\"u}nf von sieben Patienten ein mildes bis mittelschweres Phleb{\"o}dem (1-2cm Umfangszunahme am Kn{\"o}chel) nach Porter. Zwei Patienten erhalten bis dato eine Lymphdrainage. Zusammenfassung: Die Protheseninfektion ist eine technische Herausforderung, insbesondere wenn die Aorta mitbetroffen ist. Die V. femoralis superficialis erscheint aktuell die erste Wahl bei Notwendigkeit eines großlumigen Gef{\"a}ßersatzes zu sein. Sie garantiert bis dato eine Infektfreiheit und eine nahezu hundertprozentige Offenheitsrate. Jedoch ist eine pr{\"a}operative Patientenselektion aufgrund der generell hohen Mortalit{\"a}t und Morbidit{\"a}t durchzuf{\"u}hren und es sind alle Alternativen zu pr{\"u}fen, um im Individualfall die bestm{\"o}gliche L{\"o}sung f{\"u}r Patient und behandelnden Arzt zu finden. Denn zur Behandlung einer Protheseninfektion gibt es zurzeit noch keinen Goldstandard. Ob es bei dieser komplexen Art der Erkrankung jedoch jemals EINEN Goldstandard geben wird, ist zu bezweifeln. Weitere Diskussionen und Entwicklungen werden und m{\"u}ssen folgen.},
  subject      = {Gef{\"a}ßprothese},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Audretsch2013,
  author    = {Audretsch, Christof},
  title     = {Analysing Quorum Sensing and Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-92189},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Staphylococcus aureus (SA) causes nosocomial infections including life threatening sepsis by multi-resistant strains (MRSA). It has the ability to form biofilms to protect it from the host immune system and from anti staphylococcal drugs. Biofilm and planctonic life style is regulated by a complex Quorum-Sensing (QS) system with agr as a central regulator. To study biofilm formation and QS mechanisms in SA a Boolean network was build (94 nodes, 184 edges) including two different component systems such as agr, sae and arl. Important proteins such as Sar, Rot and SigB were included as further nodes in the model. System analysis showed there are only two stable states biofilm forming versus planctonic with clearly different subnetworks turned on. Validation according to gene expression data confirmed this. Network consistency was tested first according to previous knowledge and literature. Furthermore, the predicted node activity of different in silico knock-out strains agreed well with corresponding micro array experiments and data sets. Additional validation included the expression of further nodes (Northern blots) and biofilm production compared in different knock-out strains in biofilm adherence assays. The model faithfully reproduces the behaviour of QS signalling mutants. The integrated model allows also prediction of various other network mutations and is supported by experimental data from different strains. Furthermore, the well connected hub proteins elucidate how integration of different inputs is achieved by the QS network. For in silico as well as in vitro experiments it was found that the sae-locus is also a central modulator of biofilm production. Sae knock-out strains showed stronger biofilms. Wild type phenotype was rescued by sae complementation. To elucidate the way in which sae takes influence on biofilm formation the network was used and Venn-diagrams were made, revealing nodes regulated by sae and changed in biofilms. In these Venn-diagrams nucleases and extracellular proteins were found to be promising nodes. The network revealed DNAse to be of great importance. Therefore qualitatively the DNAse amount, produced by different SA mutants was measured, it was tried to dissolve biofilms with according amounts of DNAse and the concentration of nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides were measured in biofilms of different SA mutants. With its thorough validation the network model provides a powerful tool to study QS and biofilm formation in SA, including successful predictions for different knock-out mutant behaviour, QS signalling and biofilm formation. This includes implications for the behaviour of MRSA strains and mutants. Key regulatory mutation combinations (agr-, sae-, sae-/agr-, sigB+, sigB+/sae-) were directly tested in the model but also in experiments. High connectivity was a good guide to identify master regulators, whose detailed behaviour was studied both in vitro and in the model. Together, both lines of evidence support in particular a refined regulatory role for sae and agr with involvement in biofilm repression and/or SA dissemination. With examination of the composition of different mutant biofilms as well as with the examination of the reaction cascade that connects sae to the biofilm forming ability of SA and also by postulating that nucleases might play an important role in that, first steps were taken in proving and explaining regulatory links leading from sae to biofilms. Furthermore differences in biofilms of different mutant SA strains were found leading us in perspective towards a new understanding of biofilms including knowledge how to better regulate, fight and use its different properties.},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{vanAlen2010,
  author    = {van Alen, Tessa},
  title     = {Vergleichende Proteomanalyse von Biofilmen und planktonischen Zellen bei dem humanen Infektionserreger Neisseria meningitidis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52463},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Neisseria meningitidis ist ein humaner Infektionserreger, der Meningitis und Sepsis hervorruft. Das asymptomatische Tr{\"a}gertum im Nasenrachenraum ist entscheidend f{\"u}r die {\"U}bertragung des Bakteriums und dessen Interaktion mit dem menschlichen Wirt. Fr{\"u}here Beobachtungen legen die Annahme nahe, dass Meningo¬kokken im Tonsillengewebe in einem biofilm{\"a}hnlichen Stadium vorliegen. Daher werden in vitro Biofilme als Modell f{\"u}r das Tr{\"a}gertum verwendet. Expressionsunterschiede zwischen Biofilmen und planktonisch gewachsenen pathogenen Neisserien wurden in wenigen Transkriptomanalysen untersucht, w{\"a}hrend bisher keine Proteomanalysen durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden. Kartierungen des Proteoms und des Immunoproteoms von Meningokokken liegen allerdings vor. In dieser Studie wurde das Biofilmproteom des unbekapselten N. meningitidis Stammes WUE3671 im Vergleich zum Proteom der planktonisch gewachsenen Bakterien untersucht. Dazu wurde ein auf Silikonschl{\"a}uchen basierendes Biofilmmodell mit kontinuierlichem Fluss etabliert. Es erfolgte eine Anreicherung bakterieller Biomasse {\"u}ber 48 h, wobei die kolonie-bildenden Einheiten bei 24 h ein Plateau erreichten. Licht- und Elektronen¬mikroskopie belegten die deutliche Zunahme der Biomasse {\"u}ber 48 h und zeigten zudem eine Struktur-ierung des 48 h Biofilms in eine apikale Region mit {\"u}berwiegend vitalen Meningokokken und eine basale Region mit einer verst{\"a}rkten Anzahl von Bakterien mit avitalem Erscheinungs-bild. Das Proteom von N. meningitidis Biofilmen, die 24 beziehungsweise 48 h gewachsen waren, wurde mit dem einer exponentiell gewachsenen planktonischen Kultur mit 2D-Gelelektro¬phorese verglichen. Unterschiedlich exprimierte Proteine wurden mit Massen-spektrometrie identifiziert und die Ergebnisse mit Spectral Counting und, wenn m{\"o}glich, mit spezifischen Antik{\"o}rpern abgesichert. Die Expression von ungef{\"a}hr 2 \% aller Proteinspots im Biofilm unterschied sich von der in planktonischen Zellen wenigstens um das 2-fache. Es wurden Ver{\"a}nderungen beobachtet, die mit einem N{\"a}hrstoff- und Sauerstoffmangel sowie einer Zunahme von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (reactive oxygen species, ROS) in Verbindung gebracht werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Expression der Proteine SodC und MntC war im Biofilm deutlich erh{\"o}ht, was mutmaßlich auf ROS im Biofilm zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass MntC in der Tat essentiell f{\"u}r Biofilmwachstum, nicht aber f{\"u}r planktonisches Wachstum ist. Die Daten zu SodC und MntC legen die Hypothese nahe, dass Meningokokken im Biofilm trainiert werden mit Mediatoren des Immunsystems, wie ROS, umzugehen. Zudem wird NMB0573, ein Lrp-Homolog, als wesentlicher globaler Regulator f{\"u}r metabolische Anpassungen im Biofilm postuliert. Es konnte {\"u}ber die Proteomanalyse hinaus gezeigt werden, dass die Adh{\"a}sine Opc und Opa, die unter der Kontrolle von NMB0573 stehen, im Biofilm vermindert exprimiert werden.},
  subject      = {Biofilm},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bauchart2010,
  author    = {Bauchart, Philippe Michel Paul},
  title     = {Evaluation of the Zoonotic Risk of Escherichia coli Strains involved in Extraintestinal Infections of Humans and Animals. Characterization of New Virulences Factors in ExPEC},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48848},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) represent a subset of the so-called extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) pathotype that can cause various extraintestinal infections in humans and animals. APEC are the causative agent of localized colibacillosis or systemic infection in poultry. In this latter case, the syndrome starts as an infection of the upper respiratory tract and develops into a systemic infection. Generally, ExPEC are characterized by a broad variety of virulence-associated factors that may contribute to pathogenesis. Major virulence factors, however, that clearly define this pathotype, have not been identified. Instead, virulence-associated genes of ExPEC and thus also of APEC could be used in a mix-and-match-fashion. Both pathotypes could not be clearly distinguished by molecular epidemiology, and this suggested a hypothetical zoonotic risk caused by APEC. Accordingly, the main scientific question of this study was to characterize common traits as well as differences of APEC and human ExPEC variants that could either support the possible zoonotic risk posed by these pathogenic E. coli strains or indicate factors involved in host specificity. Comparative genomic analysis of selected APEC and human ExPEC isolates of the same serotype indicated that these variants could not be clearly distinguished on the basis of (i) general phenotypes, (ii) phylogeny, (iii) the presence of typical ExPEC virulence genes, and (iv) the presence of pathoadaptive mutations. Allelic variations in genes coding for adhesins such as MatB and CsgA or their regulators MatA and CsgD have been observed, but further studies are required to analyze their impact on pathogenicity. On this background, the second part of this thesis focused on the analysis of differences between human ExPEC and APEC isolates at the gene expression level. The analysis of gene expression of APEC and human ExPEC under growth conditions that mimick their hosts should answer the question whether these bacterial variants may express factors required for their host-specificity. The transcriptomes of APEC strain BEN374 and human ExPEC isolate IHE3034 were compared to decipher whether there was a specific or common behavior of APEC and human ExPEC, in response to the different body temperatures of man (37°C) or poultry (41°C). Only a few genes were induced at 41 °C in each strain relative to growth at 37 °C. The group of down-regulated genes in both strains was markedly bigger and mainly included motility and chemotaxis genes. The results obtained from the transcriptome, genomic as well as phenotypic comparison of human ExPEC and APEC, supports the idea of a potential zoonotic risk of APEC and certain human ExPEC variants. In the third part of the thesis, the focus was set on the characterization of Mat fimbriae, and their potential role during ExPEC infection. Comparison of the mat gene cluster in K-12 strain MG1655 and O18:K1 isolate IHE3034 led to the discovery of differences in (i) DNA sequence, (ii) the presence of transcriptional start and transcription factor binding sites as well as (iii) the structure of the matA upstream region that account for the different regulation of Mat fimbriae expression in these strains. A negative role of the H-NS protein on Mat fimbriae expression was also proven at 20 °C and 37 °C by real-time PCR. A major role of this fimbrial adhesin was demonstrated for biofilm formation, but a significant role of Mat fimbriae for APEC in vivo virulence could not yet be determined. Interestingly, the absence of either a functional matA gene or that of the structural genes matBCDEF independently resulted in upregulation of motility in E. coli strains MG1655 and IHE3034 by a so far unknown mechanism. In conclusion, the results of this thesis indicate a considerable overlap between human and animal ExPEC strains in terms of genome content and phenotypes. It becomes more and more apparent that the presence of a common set of virulence-associated genes among ExPEC strains as well as similar virulence gene expression patterns and phylogenetic backgrounds indicate a significant zoonotic risk of avian-derived E. coli isolates. In addition, new virulence factors identified in human ExPEC may also play a role in the pathogenesis of avian ExPEC.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reidl2009,
  author    = {Reidl, Sebastian},
  title     = {Funktionale Charakterisierung an der Biofilmbildung beteiligter Faktoren pathogener und kommensaler Escherichia coli},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35684},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Multizellul{\"a}re Gemeinschaften in Form bakterieller Biofilme stellen aus medizinischer Sicht ein großes klinisches Problem dar. H{\"a}ufig lassen sich chronische oder rezidivierende Erkrankungen aber auch nosokomiale Infektionen auf die multizellul{\"a}re Lebensweise von humanpathogenen Erregern zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren. Sowohl fakultativ als auch obligat pathogene Escherichia coli-St{\"a}mme besitzen eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Faktoren, die die Biofilmbildung beeinflussen. Daran beteiligt sind unter anderem Flagellen, extrazellul{\"a}re polymere Substanzen, Adh{\"a}sine oder Oberfl{\"a}chen-assoziierte Proteine wie Autotransporter. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die funktionale Charakterisierung des Proteins Antigen 43 (Ag43). Aufgrund seiner Autoaggregation-vermittelnden Eigenschaft tr{\"a}gt Ag43 ebenfalls zur Mikrokoloniebildung und Biofilmreifung bei. Antigen 43 ist ein Autotransporterprotein, welches innerhalb der Bakterienspezies Escherichia coli weit verbreitet ist. Interessanterweise besitzen viele E. coli-Isolate gleich mehrere identische oder {\"a}hnliche Kopien von agn43, die in der Regel von variablen Genombereichen (genomische Inseln, Plasmide) kodiert werden. Am Beispiel der Antigen 43-Varianten des uropathogenen Escherichia coli (UPEC)-Stammes 536 (O6:K15:H31), des kommensalen E. coli Isolats Nissle 1917 (O6:K5:H1) sowie des E. coli K-12-Laborstammes MG1655 (OR:H48:K-) ist die Bedeutung des Autotransporterproteins im Rahmen dieser Arbeit n{\"a}her untersucht worden. Hierf{\"u}r wurden die verschiedenen agn43-Allele in ein geeignetes Vektorsystem kloniert und im Adh{\"a}sin-freien Escherichia coli K-12-Stamm MG1655 \&\#916;fim\&\#916;flu exprimiert. Da Antigen 43 in Wildtypst{\"a}mmen posttranslational glykosyliert vorliegt, sind die Experimente zus{\"a}tzlich unter Einfluß der heterologen, AIDA I-spezifischen Heptosyltransferase Aah ('Autotransporter Adhesin Heptosyltransferase') durchgef{\"u}hrt worden. Anhand von Bindungsstudien (intermolekulare Autoaggregation, Zelladh{\"a}sionstests) wurde gezeigt, daß sich einzelne Ag43-Varianten teilweise in ihren Eigenschaften unterscheiden. Im direkten Vergleich mit AIDA-I ('Adhesin Involved in Diffuse Adherence') enteropathogener Escherichia coli (EPEC) konnte f{\"u}r Ag43 nur eine Funktion als schwaches Adh{\"a}sin nachgewiesen werden. Die heterologe O-Glykosylierung beeinflußte die Funktionalit{\"a}t des Antigen 43 in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Je nach Autotransporter-Variante f{\"u}hrte die Heptosylierung entweder zu signifikant reduzierten Affinit{\"a}ten, oder sie hatte keinen Effekt auf die Bindungskapazit{\"a}t des Ag43. Antigen 43 weist zudem strukturelle Homologien zu vergleichbaren Dom{\"a}nen anderer Autotransporter auf. F{\"u}r viele dieser Proteine konnte bereits eine adh{\"a}sive oder invasive Funktion nachgewiesen werden. Eine m{\"o}gliche Interaktion von Ag43 mit eukaryontischen Rezeptoren ist hingegen noch nicht bzw. nur unvollst{\"a}ndig untersucht worden. In Overlay assays und ELISAs wurde f{\"u}r Antigen 43 hier erstmals die spezifische Bindung an die extrazellul{\"a}ren Matrixkomponenten Kollagen und Laminin gezeigt. Zusammenfassend deuten die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit darauf hin, daß das Escherichia coli spezifische Autotransporterprotein Antigen 43 nicht nur an der bakteriellen Biofilmbildung, sondern auch an der Besiedlung epithelialer Gewebe beteiligt sein kann. Seine Expression verschafft Bakterien einen Kolonisationsvorteil, der mit erh{\"o}hter Fitneß einhergeht. Die Aah-vermittelte O-Glykosylierung scheint f{\"u}r die Funktionalit{\"a}t von Ag43 nicht zwingend erforderlich zu sein. Des weiteren ist im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Testsystem entwickelt worden, das auf der Basis von Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierungen (FISH) die Differenzierung von verschiedenen (uro-)pathogenen Mikroorganismen erm{\"o}glicht. Das etablierte Protokoll eignet sich nicht nur f{\"u}r die diagnostische Erregeridentifizierung, sondern auch in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit des Probenmaterials zur Untersuchung von (Multispezies-)Biofilmen.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {de}
}