@phdthesis{Fusi2023,
  author    = {Fusi, Lorenza},
  title     = {Crosstalk between the MEK5/ERK5 and PKB/FoxO pathways: underlying mechanism and its relevance for vasoprotection and tumorigenesis},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29676},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296769},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Forkhead box O transcription factors are a family of proteins involved in cellular processes downstream of the Insulin-PI3K-PKB pathway. In response to extra- or intracellular stresses, for example starvation or oxidative stress, FoxOs are required to direct cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In endothelial cells, they induce apoptosis, and their deregulation is linked to diseases involving the insulin pathway, such as diabetes. FoxOs also exhibit a complex role in tumour transformation: here their main function is to suppress tumorigenesis. In both physiological and cancer contexts, FoxO activation leads to the transcription of some general targets, such as p27kip1 or IGFBP1. The FoxOs can also induce tissue-specific genes, as ANGPT2 and BIM in the endothelium. In endothelial cells, another pathway with a pivotal function is the MEK5/ERK5 MAPK signalling way. Its activation promotes cell survival and proliferation in stressful conditions, e.g., when blood vessels are exposed to the shear forces exerted by the blood stream. Furthermore, recent data described ERK5 as a kinase directing tumour resistance upon therapy-induced stress. Comparing their reported roles in various tumours and in the endothelium, FoxO proteins and the MEK5/ERK5 MAPK cascade appear to exert opposite functions. First non-published data confirmed the hypothesis that FoxO factors are subject to a negative modulation by the MEK5/ERK5 pathway. Hence, one goal of this PhD project was to further characterise this crosstalk at molecular level. The major mechanism of FoxO regulation is the balance among several post translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. Most importantly, the PKB dependent phosphorylation of FoxOs negatively controls their activity, and it is critical for their subcellular localization. Therefore, the regulation of FoxO localization as mechanism of ERK5 dependent suppression was studied, but the results presented in this thesis argue against this hypothesis. However, additional experiments are required to explore the impact of ERK5 activity on FoxO post-translational modifications. FoxO activity can also be modulated by the interaction with other proteins, which in turn could explain general- and tissue-specific gene expression. Thus, another objective of this work was to investigate FoxO3-interactome in endothelial cells and the impact of MEK5/ERK5 activation on it. As published in (Fusi et al. 2022) and presented here, this analysis unveiled TRRAP as new FoxO bound protein in several cell types. Moreover, the interaction did not rely on the capacity of the FoxOs to bind their consensus DNA sequences at the promoter of target genes. Functional data demonstrated that TRRAP is required for FoxO-dependent gene transcription in endothelial and osteosarcoma cells. In addition, TRRAP expression in the endothelium is important for FoxO induced apoptosis. In summary, the interaction between FoxO factors and TRRAP revealed a new regulatory mechanism of FoxO-dependent gene transcription. It remains to be analysed whether the MEK5/ERK5 cascade may exert its suppressive effect on FoxO activity by interfering with their binding to TRRAP and whether such a mechanism may be relevant for tumorigenesis.},
  subject      = {Endothel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weiss2021,
  author    = {Weiß, Neele},
  title     = {Bedeutung des MEK5/ERK5-Signalwegs in der zielgerichteten Melanomtherapie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21907},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219073},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In dieser Dissertation wird der MEK5/ERK5- Signalweg als m{\"o}glicher Angriffspunkt in der zielgerichteten Melanomtherapie identifiziert. Die Adressierung von ERK5 bietet eine Alternative, um einer Resistenzentwicklung gegen{\"u}ber Inhibitoren des MAPK- Signalwegs entgegenzuwirken. Das maligne Melanom ist ein hochaggressiver Tumor mit steigender Inzidenz. Zunehmende Sonnenstunden im Rahmen des Klimawandels mit erh{\"o}hter Belastung der Haut durch UV-Strahlung werden die Problematik des malignen Melanoms f{\"u}r den Menschen in den n{\"a}chsten Jahren weiter zunehmen lassen. Die Aktivierung des MEK5/ERK5- Signalwegs scheint eine Reaktion von Tumorzellen auf Therapiestress zu sein. Diese Aktivierung liefert den Melanomzellen einen {\"U}berlebensvorteil und verhindert ein langfristiges Therapieansprechen. ERK5 beeinflusst den Zellzyklus von Melanomzellen und ist somit m{\"o}glicherweise von wichtiger Bedeutung in der Tumorgenese des malignen Melanoms. Patienten mit NRAS- Mutation profitieren auffallend weniger von einer gezielten MEKi-Therapie als solche mit BRAF Mutation. F{\"u}r ersteres Patientenkollektiv steht aktuell lediglich die Immuntherapie zur Verf{\"u}gung, wodurch oft nur ein kurzes, progressionsfreies Intervall erreicht werden kann und die Patienten h{\"a}ufig unter schweren Nebenwirkungen leiden. Grund f{\"u}r die problematische Behandlung k{\"o}nnte das h{\"a}ufige Auftreten einer basalen ERK5- Aktivierung in NRAS- mutierten Melanomen sein. Diese Arbeit liefert eine positive Prognose {\"u}ber den Nutzen einer ERK5- Inhibition als Erweiterung des Therapieschemas. Diese These gilt auch f{\"u}r Melanompatienten mit einer BRAF- Mutation. Patienten, die an einem malignen Melanom erkrankt sind, weisen zu 80\% eine Mutation in einem dieser beschriebenen Onkogene auf. Die Arbeit l{\"a}sst darauf schließen, dass eine ERK5- Inhibition in der Therapie von beiden Gruppen erfolgreich sein k{\"o}nnte und somit das Leben nahezu aller Melanompatienten betrifft.},
  subject      = {Melanom},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Borst2017,
  author    = {Borst, Andreas},
  title     = {Apoptosis \& senescence: cell fate determination in inhibitor-treated melanoma cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155085},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Neoplasms of the skin represent the most frequent tumors worldwide; fortunately, most of them are benign or semi-malignant and well treatable. However, the two most aggressive and deadly forms of malignant skin-neoplasms are melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), being responsible for more than 90\% of skin-cancer related deaths. The last decade has yielded enormous progress in melanoma therapy with the advent of targeted therapies, like BRAF or MEK inhibitors, and immune-stimulating therapies, using checkpoint antibodies targeting CTLA- 4, PD-1 or PD-L1. Very recent studies suggest that also MCC patients benefit from a treatment with checkpoint antibodies. Nevertheless, in an advanced metastatic stage, a cure for both of these aggressive malignancies is still hard to achieve: while only a subset of patients experience durable benefit from the immune-based therapies, the widely applicable targeted therapies struggle with development of resistances that inevitably occur in most patients, and finally lead to their death. The four articles included in this thesis addressed current questions concerning therapy and carcinogenesis of melanoma and MCC. Moreover, they are discussed in the light of the up-to-date research regarding targeted and immune-based therapies. In article I we demonstrated that besides apoptosis, MAPK pathway inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells also induces senescence, a permanent cell cycle arrest. These cells may provide a source for relapse, as even permanently arrested cancer cells can contribute to a pro-tumorigenic milieu. To identify molecular factors determining the differential response, we established M14 melanoma cell line derived single cell clones that either undergo cell death or arrest when treated with BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Using these single cell clones, we demonstrated in article IV that downregulation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein BIK via epigenetic silencing is involved in apoptosis deficiency, which can be overcome by HDAC inhibitors. These observations provide a possible explanation for the lack of a complete and durable response to MAPK inhibitor treatment in melanoma patients, and suggest the application of HDAC inhibitors as a complimentary therapy to MAPK pathway inhibition. Concerning MCC, we scrutinized the interactions between the Merkel cell polyomavirus' (MCV) T antigens (TA) and the tumor suppressors p53 and Rb in article II and III, respectively. In article III, we demonstrated that the cell cycle master regulator Rb is the crucial target of MCV large T (LT), while it - in contrast to other polyomavirus LTs - exhibits much lower affinity to the related proteins p107 and p130. Knockdown of MCV LT led to proliferation arrest in MCC cells, which can be rescued by knockdown of Rb, but not by knockdown of p107 and p130. Contrary to Rb, restriction of p53 in MCC seems to be independent of the MCV TAs, as we demonstrated in article II. In conclusion, the presented thesis has revealed new molecular details, regarding the response of melanoma cells towards an important treatment modality and the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis in MCC.},
  subject      = {Melanom},
  language  = {en}
}