@phdthesis{Nelke2019,
  author    = {Nelke, Lena},
  title     = {Establishment and optimization of 3-dimensional mamma carcinoma models for therapy simulation and drug testing},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17228},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172280},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer death in the developed countries. As the current state of the art in first-line drug screenings is highly ineffective, there is an urgent need for novel test systems that allow for reliable predictions of drug sensitivity. In this study, a tissue engineering approach was used to successfully establish and standardize a 3-dimensional (3D) mamma carcinoma test system that was optimized for the testing of anti-tumour therapies as well as for the investigation of tumour biological issues. This 3D test system is based on the decellularised scaffold of a porcine small intestinal segment and represents the three molecular subsets of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2/Neu-overexpressing and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The characterization of the test system with respect to morphology as well as the expression of markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and differentiation indicate that the 3D tumour models cultured under static and dynamic conditions reflect tumour relevant features and have a good correlation with in vivo tumour tissue from the corresponding xenograft models. In this respect, the dynamic culture in a flow bioreactor resulted in the generation of tumour models that exhibited best reflection of the morphology of the xenograft material. Furthermore, the proliferation indices of 3D models were significantly reduced compared to 2-dimensional (2D) cell culture and therefore better reflect the in vivo situation. As this more physiological proliferation index prevents an overestimation of the therapeutic effect of cytostatic compounds, this is a crucial advantage of the test system compared to 2D culture. Moreover, it could be shown that the 3D models can recapitulate different tumour stages with respect to tumour cell invasion. The scaffold SISmuc with the preserved basement membrane structure allowed the investigation of invasion over this barrier which tumour cells of epithelial origin have to cross in in vivo conditions during the process of metastasis formation. Additionally, the data obtained from ultrastructural analysis and in situ zymography indicate that the invasion observed is connected to a tumour cell-associated change in the basement membrane in which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are also involved. This features of the model in combination with the mentioned methods of analysis could be used in the future to mechanistically investigate invasive processes and to test anti-metastatic therapy strategies. The validation of the 3D models as a test system with respect to the predictability of therapeutic effects was achieved by the clinically relevant targeted therapy with the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab which induces therapeutic response only in patients with HER2/Neu-overexpressing mamma carcinomas due to its specificity for HER2. While neither in 2D nor in 3D models of all molecular subsets a clear reduction of cell viability or an increase in apoptosis could be observed, a distinct increase in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was detected only in the HER2/NEU-overexpressing 3D model with the help of an ADCC reporter gene assay that had been adapted for the application in the 3D model in the here presented work. This correlates with the clinical observations and underlines the relevance of ADCC as a mechanism of action (MOA) of trastuzumab. In order to measure the effects of ADCC on the tumour cells in a direct way without the indirect measurement via a reporter gene, the introduction of an immunological component into the models was required. This was achieved by the integration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), thereby allowing the measurement of the induction of tumour cell apoptosis in the HER2/Neu-overexpressing model. Hence, in this study an immunocompetent model could be established that holds the potential for further testing of therapies from the emergent field of cancer immunotherapies. Subsequently, the established test system was used for the investigation of scientific issues from different areas of application. By the comparison of the sensitivity of the 2D and 3D model of TNBC towards the water-insoluble compound curcumin that was applied in a novel nanoformulation or in a DMSO-based formulation, the 3D test system was successfully applied for the evaluation of an innovative formulation strategy for poorly soluble drugs in order to achieve cancer therapy-relevant concentrations. Moreover, due to the lack of targeted therapies for TNBC, the TNBC model was applied for testing novel treatment strategies. On the one hand, therapy with the WEE1 kinase inhibitor MK 1775 was evaluated as a single agent as well as in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. This therapy approach did not reveal any distinct benefits in the 3D test system in contrast to testing in 2D culture. On the other hand, a novel therapy approach from the field of cellular immunotherapies was successfully applied in the TNBC 3D model. The treatment with T cells that express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) against ROR1 revealed in the static as well as in the dynamic model a migration of T cells into the tumour tissue, an enhanced proliferation of T cells as well as an efficient lysis of the tumour cells via apoptosis and therefore a specific anti-cancer effect of CAR-transduced T cells compared to control T cells. These results illustrate that the therapeutic application of CAR T cells is a promising strategy for the treatment of solid tumours like TNBC and that the here presented 3D models are suitable for the evaluation and optimization of cellular immunotherapies. In the last part of this work, the 3D models were expanded by components of the tumour stroma for future applications. By coculture with fibroblasts, the natural structures of the intestinal scaffold comprising crypts and villi were remodelled and the tumour cells formed tumour-like structures together with the fibroblasts. This tissue model displayed a strong correlation with xenograft models with respect to morphology, marker expression as well as the activation of dermal fibroblasts towards a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. For the integration of adipocytes which are an essential component of the breast stroma, a coculture with human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) which could be successfully differentiated along the adipose lineage in 3D static as well as dynamic models was established. These models are suitable especially for the mechanistic analysis of the reciprocal interaction between tumour cells and adipocytes due to the complex differentiation process. Taken together, in this study a human 3D mamma carcinoma test system for application in the preclinical development and testing of anti-tumour therapies as well as in basic research in the field of tumour biology was successfully established. With the help of this modular test system, relevant data can be obtained concerning the efficacy of therapies in tumours of different molecular subsets and different tumour stages as well as for the optimization of novel therapy strategies like immunotherapies. In the future this can contribute to improve the preclinical screening and thereby to reduce the high attrition rates in pharmaceutical industry as well as the amount of animal experiments.},
  subject      = {Brustkrebs},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Toensmann2019,
  author    = {T{\"o}nsmann, Johannes},
  title     = {Der Zusammenhang zwischen Lebensqualit{\"a}t bzw. sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung und dem Bed{\"u}rfnis nach bzw. der Inanspruchnahme von psychosozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18397},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-183975},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung eines m{\"o}glichen Zusammenhangs zwischen Lebensqualit{\"a}t bzw. sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung und dem Bed{\"u}rfnis nach bzw. der Inanspruchnahme von psychosozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung bei Tumorpatienten. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte im Rahmen einer deutschlandweiten Multicenterstudie am Studienstandort W{\"u}rzburg. Eingeschlossen wurden 128 Patienten mit Melanom, gyn{\"a}kologischen und gastrointestinalen Tumoren. Die Studiendaten wurden mittels Frageb{\"o}gen erhoben. Hierzu z{\"a}hlten der SF-12-Fragebogen zur Lebensqualit{\"a}t, der SSUK-8-Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterst{\"u}tzung und jeweils ein Fragebogen zum Bed{\"u}rfnis und zur Inanspruchnahme psychosozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung. Ein Zusammenhang ergab sich zwischen psychischer Lebensqualit{\"a}t und dem Bed{\"u}rfnis nach psychosozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung. Patienten, die ein Bed{\"u}rfnis nach psychosozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung {\"a}ußerten, wiesen eine signifikant niedrigere psychische Lebensqualit{\"a}t auf. Ebenso konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Inanspruchnahme psychosozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung und der Lebensqualit{\"a}t gesehen werden. Patienten, die psychosoziale Unterst{\"u}tzungsangebote in Anspruch genommen hatten, wiesen eine niedrigere k{\"o}rperliche und psychische Lebensqualit{\"a}t auf. Es konnten keine Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen positiver sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung und dem Bed{\"u}rfnis nach bzw. der Inanspruchnahme von psychosozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung gesehen werden.},
  subject      = {Krebs},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kajdi2019,
  author    = {Kajdi, Georg Wilhelm},
  title     = {iROLL - 3D-bildnavigierte, radioaktivit{\"a}tsgest{\"u}tzte Resektion des nicht-palpablen Mammakarzinoms},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18045},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180459},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In dieser prospektiven Studie wurde die Durchf{\"u}hrbarkeit der 3D-bildnavigierten, radioaktivit{\"a}tsgest{\"u}tzten Resektion des nicht-palpablen Mammakarzinoms (iROLL) unter Verwendung der freehand SPECT (fhSPECT)-Technologie untersucht. Das Verfahren wurde mit der als Goldstandard etablierten, drahtgest{\"u}tzten Lokalisation (WGL) verglichen. Sekund{\"a}re Endpunkte der Studie waren die erfolgreiche Sentinellymphknotenbiopsie (SLNB) mittels fhSPECT, der Patientenkomfort beider Verfahren, die m{\"o}gliche Vorhersage tumorpositiver Resektatr{\"a}nder mittels fhSPECT, inklusive notwendiger Nachresektionen und der Einfluss von iROLL auf die OP-Dauer. Die fhSPECT-gest{\"u}tzte iROLL ist ein schmerzarmes, patientenfreundliches, zeiteffizientes und v.a. gut durchf{\"u}hrbares brusterhaltendes Therapieverfahren (BET) ist. Gegen{\"u}ber der WGL wird eine einzeitige Markierung zur Primarius- und SLN-Markierung m{\"o}glich, ohne dabei auf eine visuell fassbare, intraoperative Navigationshilfe verzichten zu m{\"u}ssen.},
  subject      = {Brustkrebs},
  language  = {de}
}