@article{HessStritzkerHaertletal.2011,
  author    = {Hess, Michael and Stritzker, Jochen and H{\"a}rtl, Barbara and Sturm, Julia and Gentschev, Ivaylo and Szalay, Aladar},
  title     = {Bacterial glucuronidase as general marker for oncolytic virotherapy or other biological therapies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69163},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Oncolytic viral tumor therapy is an emerging field in the fight against cancer with rising numbers of clinical trials and the first clinically approved product (Adenovirus for the treatment of Head and Neck Cancer in China) in this field. Yet, until recently no general (bio)marker or reporter gene was described that could be used to evaluate successful tumor colonization and/or transgene expression in other biological therapies. Methods: Here, a bacterial glucuronidase (GusA) encoded by biological therapeutics (e.g. oncolytic viruses) was used as reporter system. Results: Using fluorogenic probes that were specifically activated by glucuronidase we could show 1) preferential activation in tumors, 2) rena l excretion of the activated fluorescent compounds and 3) reproducible detection of GusA in the serum of oncolytic vaccinia virus treated, tumor bearing mice in several tumor models. Time course studies revealed that reliable differentiation between tumor bearing and healthy mice can be done as early as 9 days post injection of the virus. Regarding the sensitivity of the newly developed assay system, we could show that a single infected tumor cell could be reliably detected in this assay. Conclusion: GusA therefore has the potential to be used as a general marker in the preclinical and clinical evaluation of (novel) biological therapies as well as being useful for the detection of rare cells such as circulating tumor cells},
  subject      = {Virologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlementKaemmerer2011,
  author    = {Klement, Rainer and K{\"a}mmerer, Ulrike},
  title     = {Is there a role for carbohydrate restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69178},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Over the last years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that by systematically reducing the amount of dietary carbohydrates (CHOs) one could suppress, or at least delay, the emergence of cancer, and that proliferation of already existing tumor cells could be slowed down. This hypothesis is supported by the association between modern chronic diseases like the metabolic syndrome and the risk of developing or dying from cancer. CHOs or glucose, to which more complex carbohydrates are ultimately digested, can have direct and indirect effects on tumor cell proliferation: first, contrary to normal cells, most malignant cells depend on steady glucose availability in the blood for their energy and biomass generating demands and are not able to metabolize significant amounts of fatty acids or ketone bodies due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Second, high insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels resulting from chronic ingestion of CHO-rich Western diet meals, can directly promote tumor cell proliferation via the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway. Third, ketone bodies that are elevated when insulin and blood glucose levels are low, have been found to negatively affect proliferation of different malignant cells in vitro or not to be usable by tumor cells for metabolic demands, and a multitude of mouse models have shown antitumorigenic properties of very low CHO ketogenic diets. In addition, many cancer patients exhibit an altered glucose metabolism characterized by insulin resistance and may profit from an increased protein and fat intake. In this review, we address the possible beneficial effects of low CHO diets on cancer prevention and treatment. Emphasis will be placed on the role of insulin and IGF1 signaling in tumorigenesis as well as altered dietary needs of cancer patients.},
  subject      = {Medizin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Klingelhoeffer2011,
  author    = {Klingelh{\"o}ffer, Christoph},
  title     = {Untersuchungen zur Ascorbins{\"a}ure-vermittelten anti-Tumor-Wirkung: Oxidativer Stress als Ausl{\"o}ser selektiver Zytotoxizit{\"a}t},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66402},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die Bedeutung von Ascorbins{\"a}ure als „Krebsschutzfaktor" wird auch weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert. Seit einiger Zeit wird vermutet, dass Ascorbins{\"a}ure oxidativen Stress ausl{\"o}st. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Wirkung von Ascorbins{\"a}ure auf 12 maligne und 3 benigne Zelllinien in vitro untersucht. Die Zellen wurden f{\"u}r 2 bzw. 14 Stunden mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen von Ascorbins{\"a}ure (5 bis 100 mmol/L) inkubiert und 24, 48 und 72 Stunden nach Versuchsbeginn der Anteil vitaler Zellen bestimmt. Die hierf{\"u}r verwendeten Assays, WST-8 und Kristallviolett-Assay, ließen zudem Aussagen {\"u}ber die Stoffwechselaktivit{\"a}t (WST-8) und Zellvitalit{\"a}t (Kristallviolett) zu. Die sch{\"a}digende Wirkung von Ascorbins{\"a}ure wurde als EC50-Wert angegeben, bei dieser Ascorbins{\"a}ure-Konzentration sind 50 \% der Zellen zerst{\"o}rt. Ascorbins{\"a}ure wirkte nach 2 Stunden Inkubation kaum zelltoxisch, w{\"a}hrend nach 14 Stunden Inkubation eindeutige zelltoxische Effekte bei 6 der 12 malignen Zelllinien zu beobachten waren. So waren die drei getesteten Glioblastomzelllinien allesamt bereits bei einer Ascorbins{\"a}ure-Konzentrationen von 5 mmol/L nahezu vollkommen zerst{\"o}rt (EC50: 2,6-5,5 mmol/L). Die Mammakarzinomzelllinie BT-20 hingegen war am widerstandsf{\"a}higsten gegen{\"u}ber dem zelltoxischen Effekt der Ascorbins{\"a}ure (EC50: 95 mmol/L). Als wesentliches Effektormolek{\"u}l der zelltoxischen Wirkung der Ascorbins{\"a}ure wurde Wasserstoffperoxid identifiziert. Die Zugabe von Katalase sch{\"u}tzt Ascorbins{\"a}ure- sensitive Zellen, in dem es Wasserstoffperoxid abbaut. Ein weiteres Indiz hierf{\"u}r ist, dass Zelllinien, die gegen{\"u}ber dem Ascorbins{\"a}ure-vermittelten Effekt unempfindlich waren, dies auch gegen{\"u}ber Wasserstoffperoxid waren. Umgekehrt waren Zelllinien, die empfindlich gegen{\"u}ber dem Ascorbins{\"a}urevermittelten zelltoxischen Effekt reagierten, auch empfindlich gegen{\"u}ber Wasserstoffperoxid. 45 Eine wesentliche sich aus den Daten dieser Arbeit ergebende Frage ist die, worin sich Ascorbins{\"a}ure-resistente Tumorzellen von Ascorbins{\"a}ure-empfindlichen Tumorzellen unterscheiden. Da Ascorbins{\"a}ure-empfindliche Zellen durch Zugabe von Katalase vor der zelltoxischen Wirkung der Ascorbins{\"a}ure gesch{\"u}tzt werden, liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass eine wesentliche Ursache hierf{\"u}r in der zelleigenen Katalase begr{\"u}ndet liegt. Somit sollten Ascorbins{\"a}ureresistente Zellen mehr bzw. aktivere Katalase aufweisen, als Ascorbins{\"a}ureempfindliche Zellen. Diese Vermutung ist in weiteren Experimenten zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen.},
  subject      = {Vitamin C},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Polzien2011,
  author    = {Polzien, Lisa},
  title     = {BAD Phosphorylation: A Novel Link between Apoptosis and Cancer},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56919},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {BAD (Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death, Bcl-2 associated death promoter) is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family that is regulated by phosphorylation in response to survival factors. Although much attention has been devoted to the identification of phosphorylation sites in murine BAD (mBAD), little data are available with respect to phosphorylation of human BAD (hBAD) protein. In this work, we investigated the quantitative contribution of BAD targeting kinases in phosphorylating serines 75, 99 and 118 of hBAD (Chapter 3.1). Our results indicate that RAF kinases phosphorylate hBAD in vivo at these established serine residues. RAF-induced phosphorylation of hBAD was not prevented by MEK inhibitors but could be reduced to control levels by use of the RAF inhibitor Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006). Consistently, expression of active RAF suppressed apoptosis induced by hBAD and the inhibition of colony formation caused by hBAD could be prevented by RAF. In addition, using surface plasmon resonance technique we analyzed the direct consequences of hBAD phosphorylation by RAF with respect to complex formation of BAD with 14-3-3 proteins and Bcl-XL. Phosphorylation of hBAD by active RAF promotes 14-3-3 protein association, whereby the phosphoserine 99 represents the major binding site. Furthermore, we demonstrate in this work that hBAD forms channels in planar bilayer membranes in vitro. This pore-forming capacity is dependent on phosphorylation status and interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. Additionally, we show that hBAD pores possess a funnel-shaped geometry that can be entered by ions and non-charged molecules up to 200 Da (Chapter 3.2). Since both lipid binding domains of hBAD (LBD1 and LBD2) are located within the C-terminal region, we investigated this part of the protein with respect to its structural properties (Chapter 3.3). Our results demonstrate that the C-terminus of hBAD possesses an ordered β-sheet structure in aqueous solution that adopts helical disposition upon interaction with lipid membranes. Additionally, we show that the interaction of the C-terminal segment of hBAD with the BH3 domain results in the formation of permanently open pores, whereby the phosphorylation of serine 118 proved to be necessary for effective pore-formation. In contrast, phosphorylation of serine 99 in combination with 14-3-3 association suppresses formation of channels. These results indicate that the C-terminal part of hBAD controls hBAD function by structural transitions, lipid binding and phosphorylation. Using mass spectrometry we identified in this work, besides the established in vivo phosphorylation sites at serines 75, 99 and 118, several novel hBAD phosphorylation sites (serines 25, 32/34, 97, 124 and 134, Chapter 3.1). To further analyze the regulation of hBAD function, we investigated the role of these newly identified phosphorylation sites on BAD-mediated apoptosis. We found that in contrast to the N-terminal phosphorylation sites, the C-terminal serines 124 and 134 act in an anti-apoptotic manner (Chapter 3.4). Our results further indicate that RAF kinases and PAK1 effectively phosphorylate BAD at serine 134. Notably, in the presence of wild type hBAD, co-expression of survival kinases, such as RAF and PAK1, leads to a strongly increased proliferation, whereas substitution of serine 134 by alanine abolishes this process. Furthermore, we identified hBAD serine 134 to be strongly involved in survival signaling in B-RAF-V600E containing tumor cells and found phosphorylation of this residue to be crucial for efficient proliferation in these cells. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the regulation of hBAD function by phosphorylation and its role in cancer signaling.},
  subject      = {Krebs <Medizin>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schneider2011,
  author    = {Schneider, Tim Frederik},
  title     = {Untersuchung des EGF-Rezeptor-Signalwegs an Karzinomen der Kopfspeicheldr{\"u}sen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65278},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Bei vielen Karzinomen spielt EGFR und das KRAS-Onkogen eine wichtige Rolle in der Tumorentstehung. Da bei den seltenen Karzinomen an Kopfspeicheldr{\"u}sen sehr wenig {\"u}ber molekulare Mechanismen der Tumorgenese bekannt ist, war es das Ziel der Arbeit den EGFR-Signalweg zu untersuchen. Es wurden Paraffinschnitte von 43 Speicheldr{\"u}senkarzinomen von den Typen ACC, MEC und Adeno-Ca NOS mit dem phosphorylierten EGFR-Antik{\"o}rper gef{\"a}rbt und mit klinisch-pathologischen Daten korreliert. Weiterhin wurde eine Mutationsanalyse der kras-Gensequenz durchgef{\"u}hrt. In allen F{\"a}llen war das kras-Gen vom Wildtyp. Bei der Expressionsanalyse von EGFR stellte sich heraus, dass 79\% der Proben einen aktivierten EGF-Rezeptor besitzen. Statistisch signifikante Korrelationen gab es zwischen der EGFR-Expression und dem Patientenalter, dem zervikalen Lymphknotenbefall und der Tumorgr{\"o}ße. Der EGF-Signaltransduktionsweg ist bei den untersuchten Karzinomen der Kopfspeicheldr{\"u}sen im {\"u}berwiegenden Masse aktiviert, ohne dass eine autonome Aktivierung beim KRAS-Onkogen vorliegt.},
  subject      = {Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor},
  language  = {de}
}