@phdthesis{Angermeier2011, author = {Angermeier, Hilde Gabriele}, title = {Molecular and ecological investigations of Caribbean sponge diseases}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56855}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {W{\"a}hrend gewinnbringende Assoziationen von Schw{\"a}mmen mit Mikroorganismen in den letzten Jahren viel Aufmerksamkeit erhalten haben, wurde weit weniger in die Interaktion von Schw{\"a}mmen mit m{\"o}glicherweise pathogenen Mikroben investiert. Somit war es das Ziel dieser Studie zwei ausgew{\"a}hlte Karibische Schwammkrankheiten namens „Sponge Orange Band" und „Sponge White Patch" mittels {\"o}kologischer und molekularer Methoden zu untersuchen. Die Sponge Orange Band (SOB) Erkrankung bef{\"a}llt den bedeutenden karibischen Fass-Schwamm Xestospongia muta, der zu den bakterienhaltigen (HMA) Schw{\"a}mmen gez{\"a}hlt wird, w{\"a}hrend die Sponge White Patch (SWP) Erkrankung den h{\"a}ufig vorkommenden Seil-Schwamm Amphimedon compressa betrifft, der zu den bakterienarmen (LMA) Schw{\"a}mmen geh{\"o}rt. F{\"u}r beide Karibischen Schwammkrankheiten konnte ich einen Krankheitsverlauf beschreiben, der mit massiver Gewebszerst{\"o}rung und dem Verlust charakteristischer mikrobieller Signaturen einhergeht. Obwohl ich zeigen konnte, dass zus{\"a}tzliche Bakterienarten die gebleichten Schwammbereiche kolonisieren, lieferten meine Infektionsversuche in beiden F{\"a}llen keinen Beweis f{\"u}r die Beteiligung eines mikrobiellen Pathogens als Krankheitserreger. Somit liegen die eigentlichen Ausl{\"o}ser der Erkrankungen Sponge Orange Band als auch Sponge White Patch noch immer im Dunkeln.}, subject = {Meeresschw{\"a}mme}, language = {en} } @article{BelairBaudChabasetal.2011, author = {Belair, C{\´e}dric and Baud, Jessica and Chabas, Sandrine and Sharma, Cynthia M and Vogel, J{\"o}rg and Staedel, Cathy and Darfeuille, Fabien}, title = {Helicobacter pylori interferes with an embryonic stem cell micro RNA cluster to block cell cycle progression}, series = {Silence : a Journal of RNA regulation}, volume = {2}, journal = {Silence : a Journal of RNA regulation}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1186/1758-907X-2-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140438}, pages = {1-16}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background MicroRNAs, post-transcriptional regulators of eukaryotic gene expression, are implicated in host defense against pathogens. Viruses and bacteria have evolved strategies that suppress microRNA functions, resulting in a sustainable infection. In this work we report that Helicobacter pylori, a human stomach-colonizing bacterium responsible for severe gastric inflammatory diseases and gastric cancers, downregulates an embryonic stem cell microRNA cluster in proliferating gastric epithelial cells to achieve cell cycle arrest. Results Using a deep sequencing approach in the AGS cell line, a widely used cell culture model to recapitulate early events of H. pylori infection of gastric mucosa, we reveal that hsa-miR-372 is the most abundant microRNA expressed in this cell line, where, together with hsa-miR-373, it promotes cell proliferation by silencing large tumor suppressor homolog 2 (LATS2) gene expression. Shortly after H. pylori infection, miR-372 and miR-373 synthesis is highly inhibited, leading to the post-transcriptional release of LATS2 expression and thus, to a cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition. This downregulation of a specific cell-cycle-regulating microRNA is dependent on the translocation of the bacterial effector CagA into the host cells, a mechanism highly associated with the development of severe atrophic gastritis and intestinal-type gastric carcinoma. Conclusions These data constitute a novel example of host-pathogen interplay involving microRNAs, and unveil the couple LATS2/miR-372 and miR-373 as an unexpected mechanism in infection-induced cell cycle arrest in proliferating gastric cells, which may be relevant in inhibition of gastric epithelium renewal, a major host defense mechanism against bacterial infections.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bergmann2011, author = {Bergmann, Anna}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Verwertung proteinhaltiger Substrate als m{\"o}gliche Virulenzdeterminante des humanpathogenen Schimmelpilzes Aspergillus fumigatus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67333}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Die asexuellen Sporen von Aspergillus fumigatus sind ubiquit{\"a}r verbreitete Luftkeime. Als Saprophyt ist dieser opportunistisch humanpathogene Pilz darauf spezialisiert, polymere Substanzen aus dem umgebenden Milieu zu zersetzen, um daraus die von ihm ben{\"o}tigten N{\"a}hrstoffe zu generieren und aufzunehmen. Die F{\"a}higkeit, verschiedene Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoffquellen zu verwerten, tr{\"a}gt dabei zu seiner Virulenz bei und hierbei scheint die extrazellul{\"a}re Proteolyse eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Sekretierte Proteasen, die das umgebende Gewebe w{\"a}hrend einer Infektion mit A. fumigatus erschließen, k{\"o}nnten somit zu dessen Pathogenit{\"a}t beitragen. Dementsprechend sollte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Bedeutung einer Regulation der extrazellul{\"a}ren proteolytischen Aktivit{\"a}t von A. fumigatus f{\"u}r dessen Virulenz untersucht werden. Dies geschah durch Untersuchungen eines konservierten Transkriptionsfaktors, PrtT. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass PrtT die Expression der drei Hauptproteasen von A. fumigatus, Alp, Mep und Pep stark beeinflusst, in einem murinen Tiermodell der pulmonaren Aspergillose scheint dieser Regulator jedoch keine Rolle f{\"u}r die Pathogenit{\"a}t von A. fumigatus zu spielen. Um einen weiteren Aspekt des pilzlichen Aminos{\"a}urestoffwechsels zu beleuchten, wurde die Biosynthese der aromatischen Aminos{\"a}uren als m{\"o}gliche Virulenzdeterminate untersucht. F{\"u}r den Menschen sind diese Aminos{\"a}uren essentiell, weshalb dieser Syntheseweg ein m{\"o}gliches Ziel f{\"u}r antimykotische Substanzen darstellen k{\"o}nnte. Es konnten mehrere f{\"u}r A. fumigatus essentielle Komponenten des Shikimatweges identifiziert werden, des Weiteren wurden Deletionsmutanten in den Genen aroC und trpA, die f{\"u}r die Chorismatmutase bzw. Anthranilatsynthase der Biosynthese von Phenylalanin und Tyrosin bzw. Tryptophan kodieren, erzeugt und ph{\"a}notypisch charakterisiert. Deren Untersuchung in einem alternativen Tiermodell der Aspergillose zeigte eine deutlich attenuierte Virulenz. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, wie wichtig die Biosynthese der aromatischen Aminos{\"a}uren f{\"u}r das Wachstum von A. fumigatus ist, und dass ein Eingriff in diesen Syntheseweg eine lohnende Strategie zur Entwicklung neuer Antimykotika sein k{\"o}nnte. Die hier pr{\"a}sentierten Ergebnisse unterstreichen die f{\"u}r den Schimmelpilz A. fumigatus typische Redundanz bez{\"u}glich extrazellul{\"a}rer proteolytischer Enzyme und dass diese nur bedingt hinsichtlich ihres Virulenzbeitrags untersucht werden k{\"o}nnen. Im Gegensatz hierzu lassen sich bestimmte Stoffwechselwege, die oftmals durch einzigartige Genprodukte katalysiert werden, unter Umst{\"a}nden besser als unspezifische aber vielversprechende Virulenzdeterminanten identifizieren.}, subject = {Aspergillus fumigatus}, language = {de} } @article{BergmillerPenaMillerBoehmetal.2011, author = {Bergmiller, Tobias and Pena-Miller, Rafael and Boehm, Alexander and Ackermann, Martin}, title = {Single-cell time-lapse analysis of depletion of the universally conserved essential protein YgjD}, series = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, number = {118}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-11-118}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142324}, pages = {1-12}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: The essential Escherichia coli gene ygjD belongs to a universally conserved group of genes whose function has been the focus of a number of recent studies. Here, we put ygjD under control of an inducible promoter, and used time-lapse microscopy and single cell analysis to investigate the phenotypic consequences of the depletion of YgjD protein from growing cells. Results: We show that loss of YgjD leads to a marked decrease in cell size and termination of cell division. The transition towards smaller size occurs in a controlled manner: cell elongation and cell division remain coupled, but cell size at division decreases. We also find evidence that depletion of YgjD leads to the synthesis of the intracellular signaling molecule (p) ppGpp, inducing a cellular reaction resembling the stringent response. Concomitant deletion of the relA and spoT genes - leading to a strain that is uncapable of synthesizing (p) ppGpp abrogates the decrease in cell size, but does not prevent termination of cell division upon YgjD depletion. Conclusions: Depletion of YgjD protein from growing cells leads to a decrease in cell size that is contingent on (p) ppGpp, and to a termination of cell division. The combination of single-cell time-lapse microscopy and statistical analysis can give detailed insights into the phenotypic consequences of the loss of essential genes, and can thus serve as a new tool to study the function of essential genes.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bourdet2011, author = {Bourdet, Patric}, title = {Entwicklung einer auf Antik{\"o}rpern basierten Therapie von chirurgischen Infektionen verursacht durch methicillinresistente und -sensible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA und MSSA)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56199}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus ist einer der h{\"a}ufigsten Erreger von nosokomialen Infektionen. Diese grampositiven Bakterien verursachen neben harmlosen oberfl{\"a}chlichen Hautinfektionen auch lebensbedrohliche Systeminfektionen. Ein großes Problem in der Therapie von S. aureus-Infektionen stellen die zunehmenden Multiresistenzen dar. Die Entwicklung neuer Antibiotika wird zuk{\"u}nftig wahrscheinlich nicht ausreichen, da immer wieder neue Resistenzen der Bakterien zu erwarten sind. Es besteht daher dringender Bedarf an der Entwicklung alternativer Therapieformen im Kampf gegen multiresistente Problemkeime wie S. aureus. Eine M{\"o}glichkeit besteht in der Immuntherapie, zum Beispiel durch Gewinnung von monoklonalen Antik{\"o}rpern gegen geeignete Targetstrukturen von S. aureus. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zun{\"a}chst zwei Proteine IsaA und IsaB herzustellen, um diese Proteine f{\"u}r Immunisierungsstudien zu nutzen. Zun{\"a}chst wurde das gereinigte IsaA-Protein verwendet, um ein Kaninchen zu immunisieren. Mit den daraus gewonnenen Antik{\"o}rpern wurden dann erste Tierversuche begonnen, um die Bedingungen f{\"u}r den therapeutischen Einatz von gegen IsaA-gerichteten Antik{\"o}rpern zu ermitteln und die Wirksamkeit einer Antik{\"o}rper-Behandlung zu evaluieren. F{\"u}r die Herstellung der gew{\"u}nschten Proteine wurden die Gensequenzen zun{\"a}chst aus verschiedenen S. aureus-St{\"a}mmen mittels PCR amplifiziert und in den kommerziellen Expressionsvektor pQE30 kloniert. Die amplifizierte Gensequenz stammt aus den klinischen St{\"a}mmen 418 (IsaA) bzw. 134 (IsaB). Nach der Klonierung wurden geeignete Expressions- und Reinigungsstrategien entwickelt. Dabei wurden folgende Bedingungen als optimal f{\"u}r Wachstum und {\"U}berexpression herausgearbeitet: IsaA: Induktion der {\"U}berexpression mit 100 µM IPTG, 3 h Wachstum bei 37°C. IsaB: Induktion der {\"U}berexpression mit 100 µM IPTG, 4 h Wachstum bei 37°C. Es stellte sich auch heraus, dass IsaA zun{\"a}chst in nur unzureichender Quantit{\"a}t vorhanden bzw. exprimiert worden war. Die Vermutung, dass IsaA {\"u}berwiegend im Pellet in sogenannten Einschlussk{\"o}rpern (inclusion bodies) eingeschlossen war, erkl{\"a}rte dieses Ph{\"a}nomen. Das Protein konnte erfolgreich aus dem Pellet isoliert werden. Die Produktion und Aufreinigung beider Proteine IsaA und IsaB unter optimierten Bedingungen ergab, dass beide Proteine nun in ausreichender Menge und Konzentration f{\"u}r die folgende Immunisierung und die weiteren Arbeiten vorlagen. Aus Kaninchen, die mit IsaA immunisiert wurden, konnten polyklonale Antik{\"o}rper gewonnen werden, die die Grundlage f{\"u}r einen ersten Tierversuch mit 24 Ratten bildeten. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Tiere, die mit 1.000.000.000 Bakterien infiziert worden waren deutlich st{\"a}rkere Infektionszeichen aufwiesen als diejenigen, die mit 100.000.000 Bakterien infiziert worden waren. Weiterhin wurde deutlich, dass die Tiere, die Serum (mit Antik{\"o}rper gegen IsaA) erhalten hatten, gegen{\"u}ber den Vergleichstieren mit Placebo einen deutlichen Vorteil hinsichtlich Infektionszeichen und Immunantwort hatten. Somit belegen die tierexperimentiellen Ergebnisse in dieser Arbeit erstmalig den therapeutischen Nutzen von Antik{\"o}rpern gegen IsaA. IsaA ist demnach ein geeignetes Target f{\"u}r eine Immuntherapie gegen S. aureus.}, subject = {MRSA}, language = {de} } @article{ChenYuZhangetal.2011, author = {Chen, Nanhai G. and Yu, Yong A. and Zhang, Qian and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Replication efficiency of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cell cultures prognosticates the virulence and antitumor efficacy in mice}, series = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, volume = {9}, journal = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, number = {164}, doi = {10.1186/1479-5876-9-164}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142268}, pages = {1-11}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: We have shown that insertion of the three vaccinia virus (VACV) promoter-driven foreign gene expression cassettes encoding Renilla luciferase-Aequorea GFP fusion protein, beta-galactosidase, and beta-glucuronidase into the F14.5L, J2R, and A56R loci of the VACV LIVP genome, respectively, results in a highly attenuated mutant strain GLV 1h68. This strain shows tumor specific replication and is capable of eradicating tumors with little or no virulence in mice. This study aimed to distinguish the contribution of added VACV promoter-driven transcriptional units as inserts from the effects of insertional inactivation of three viral genes, and to determine the correlation between replication efficiency of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cell cultures and the virulence and antitumor efficacy in mice Methods: A series of recombinant VACV strains was generated by replacing one, two, or all three of the expression cassettes in GLV 1h68 with short non coding DNA sequences. The replication efficiency and tumor cell killing capacity of these newly generated VACV strains were compared with those of the parent virus GLV-1h68 in cell cultures. The virus replication efficiency in tumors and antitumor efficacy as well as the virulence were evaluated in nu/nu (nude) mice bearing human breast tumor xenografts. Results: we found that virus replication efficiency increased with removal of each of the expression cassettes. The increase in virus replication efficiency was proportionate to the strength of removed VACV promoters linked to foreign genes. The replication efficiency of the new VACV strains paralleled their cytotoxicity in cell cultures. The increased replication efficiency in tumor xenografts resulted in enhanced antitumor efficacy in nude mice. Similarly, the enhanced virus replication efficiency was indicative of increased virulence in nude mice. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that insertion of VACV promoter-driven transcriptional units into the viral genome for the purpose of insertional mutagenesis did modulate the efficiency of virus replication together with antitumor efficacy as well as virulence. Replication efficiency of oncolytic VACV in cell cultures can predict the virulence and therapeutic efficacy in nude mice. These findings may be essential for rational design of safe and potent VACV strains for vaccination and virotherapy of cancer in humans and animals.}, language = {en} } @article{EulalioFroehlichManoetal.2011, author = {Eulalio, Ana and Fr{\"o}hlich, Kathrin S. and Mano, Miguel and Giacca, Mauro and Vogel, J{\"o}rg}, title = {A Candidate Approach Implicates the Secreted Salmonella Effector Protein SpvB in P-Body Disassembly}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68928}, year = {2011}, abstract = {P-bodies are dynamic aggregates of RNA and proteins involved in several post-transcriptional regulation processes. Pbodies have been shown to play important roles in regulating viral infection, whereas their interplay with bacterial pathogens, specifically intracellular bacteria that extensively manipulate host cell pathways, remains unknown. Here, we report that Salmonella infection induces P-body disassembly in a cell type-specific manner, and independently of previously characterized pathways such as inhibition of host cell RNA synthesis or microRNA-mediated gene silencing. We show that the Salmonella-induced P-body disassembly depends on the activation of the SPI-2 encoded type 3 secretion system, and that the secreted effector protein SpvB plays a major role in this process. P-body disruption is also induced by the related pathogen, Shigella flexneri, arguing that this might be a new mechanism by which intracellular bacterial pathogens subvert host cell function.}, subject = {Salmonella}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FoerstnerHagedornKoltzenburgetal.2011, author = {F{\"o}rstner, Konrad and Hagedorn, Gregor and Koltzenburg, Claudia and Kubke, Fabiana and Mietchen, Daniel}, title = {Collaborative platforms for streamlining workflows in Open Science}, series = {Proceedings of the 6th Open Knowledge Conference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Open Knowledge Conference}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101678}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Despite the internet's dynamic and collaborative nature, scientists continue to produce grant proposals, lab notebooks, data files, conclusions etc. that stay in static formats or are not published online and therefore not always easily accessible to the interested public. Because of limited adoption of tools that seamlessly integrate all aspects of a research project (conception, data generation, data evaluation, peerreviewing and publishing of conclusions), much effort is later spent on reproducing or reformatting individual entities before they can be repurposed independently or as parts of articles. We propose that workflows - performed both individually and collaboratively - could potentially become more efficient if all steps of the research cycle were coherently represented online and the underlying data were formatted, annotated and licensed for reuse. Such a system would accelerate the process of taking projects from conception to publication stages and allow for continuous updating of the data sets and their interpretation as well as their integration into other independent projects. A major advantage of such work ows is the increased transparency, both with respect to the scientific process as to the contribution of each participant. The latter point is important from a perspective of motivation, as it enables the allocation of reputation, which creates incentives for scientists to contribute to projects. Such work ow platforms offering possibilities to fine-tune the accessibility of their content could gradually pave the path from the current static mode of research presentation into a more coherent practice of open science.}, language = {en} } @article{GentschevMuellerAdelfingeretal.2011, author = {Gentschev, Ivaylo and M{\"u}ller, Meike and Adelfinger, Marion and Weibel, Stephanie and Grummt, Friedrich and Zimmermann, Martina and Bitzer, Michael and Heisig, Martin and Zhang, Qian and Yu, Yong A. and Chen, Nanhai G. and Stritzker, Jochen and Lauer, Ulrich M. and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Efficient Colonization and Therapy of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Using the Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Strain GLV-1h68}, series = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0022069}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135319}, pages = {e22069}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Virotherapy using oncolytic vaccinia virus strains is one of the most promising new strategies for cancer therapy. In this study, we analyzed for the first time the therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 in two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HuH7 and PLC/PRF/5 (PLC) in cell culture and in tumor xenograft models. By viral proliferation assays and cell survival tests, we demonstrated that GLV-1h68 efficiently colonized, replicated in, and did lyse these cancer cells in culture. Experiments with HuH7 and PLC xenografts have revealed that a single intravenous injection (i.v.) of mice with GLV-1h68 resulted in a significant reduction of primary tumor sizes compared to uninjected controls. In addition, replication of GLV-1h68 in tumor cells led to strong inflammatory and oncolytic effects resulting in intense infiltration of MHC class II-positive cells like neutrophils, macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells and in up-regulation of 13 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, GLV-1h68 infection of PLC tumors inhibited the formation of hemorrhagic structures which occur naturally in PLC tumors. Interestingly, we found a strongly reduced vascular density in infected PLC tumors only, but not in the non-hemorrhagic HuH7 tumor model. These data demonstrate that the GLV-1h68 vaccinia virus may have an enormous potential for treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma in man.}, language = {en} } @article{HertleinSturmKircheretal.2011, author = {Hertlein, Tobias and Sturm, Volker and Kircher, Stefan and Basse-L{\"u}sebrink, Thomas and Haddad, Daniel and Ohlsen, Knut and Jakob, Peter}, title = {Visualization of Abscess Formation in a Murine Thigh Infection Model of \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\) by (19)F-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018246}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142846}, pages = {e18246}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: During the last years, (19)F-MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC) emerged as a powerful contrast agent methodology to track cells and to visualize inflammation. We applied this new modality to visualize deep tissue abscesses during acute and chronic phase of inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Methodology and Principal Findings: In this study, a murine thigh infection model was used to induce abscess formation and PFC or CLIO (cross linked ironoxides) was administered during acute or chronic phase of inflammation. 24 h after inoculation, the contrast agent accumulation was imaged at the site of infection by MRI. Measurements revealed a strong accumulation of PFC at the abscess rim at acute and chronic phase of infection. The pattern was similar to CLIO accumulation at chronic phase and formed a hollow sphere around the edema area. Histology revealed strong influx of neutrophils at the site of infection and to a smaller extend macrophages during acute phase and strong influx of macrophages at chronic phase of inflammation. Conclusion and Significance: We introduce (19)F-MRI in combination with PFC nanoemulsions as a new platform to visualize abscess formation in a murine thigh infection model of S. aureus. The possibility to track immune cells in vivo by this modality offers new opportunities to investigate host immune response, the efficacy of antibacterial therapies and the influence of virulence factors for pathogenesis.}, language = {en} }