@phdthesis{Altrock2002,
  author    = {Altrock, Stefanie},
  title     = {Genetische Organisation und Transkription eines Virulenz-assoziierten, instabilen Chromosomenabschnitts von Listeria ivanovii},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3303},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Unter den sechs Arten der Gattung Listeria finden sich nur zwei pathogene Spezies. L. monocytogenes ist pathogen f{\"u}r Mensch und Tier, L. ivanovii nur tierpathogen. Beide Arten besitzen ein Virulenzgencluster, das auch als Pathogenit{\"a}tsinsel LIPI-1 bezeichnet wird. Pathogenit{\"a}tsinseln (PAIs) sind bei gram-negativen Bakterien weit verbreitet, wurden bei gram-positiven Pathogenen bisher jedoch nur selten beschrieben. In L. ivanovii wurde nun ein weiterer Virulenz-assoziierter, instabiler Chromosomenabschnitt entdeckt, der in einem Teilbereich Eigenschaften einer Pathogenit{\"a}tsinsel besitzt. Ausgehend von einem spontanen, aber reproduzierbaren Deletionsereignis eines großen Genomabschnitts, der einige schon bekannte Virulenz-assoziierte Gene umfasst (i-inlE, i-inlF, smcL), wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit den Kooperationspartnern an der "Universidad Complutense de Madrid", insbesondere mit G. Dom{\´i}nguez-Bernal die komplette deletierte Region sowie flankierende Genombereiche genauer analysiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten rechts von dem bereits charakterisierten Gen smcL 13 neue Open Reading Frames (ORFs) bzw. Gene (ydeI, rnaH, norA) von L. ivanovii identifiziert werden, die gr{\"o}ßtenteils in der Deletionsmutante L. ivanovii GD-3 deletiert waren. F{\"u}r die meisten Open Reading Frames konnten Homologien zu ORFs in den Genomsequenzen von L. monocytogenes und der apathogenen Art L. innocua gefunden werden. Eigene experimentelle Analysen zeigten zudem, dass diese ORFs in {\"a}hnlicher Anordnung auch in den apathogenen Arten L. seeligeri und L. welshimeri vorhanden sind, was wahrscheinlich macht, dass sie nicht an der Virulenz von Listerien beteiligt sind. G. Dom{\´i}nguez-Bernal fand im links von smcL liegenden Bereich eine Reihe neuer Internalingene, die alle spezifisch f{\"u}r L. ivanovii sind. F{\"u}r die Gene i-inlE, i-inlF und smcL ist bereits bekannt, dass diese Virulenz-assoziiert sind. Dies f{\"u}hrte zur Definition einer neuen, LIPI-2 genannten Pathogenit{\"a}tsinsel in L. ivanovii, die außer smcL und i-inlFE alle neu gefundenen Internalingene umfasst. In dieser Arbeit durchgef{\"u}hrte Untersuchungen der LIPI-2 flankierenden Bereiche zeigten, dass diese in L. monocytogenes und auch den apathogenen Arten L. innocua, L. seeligeri und L. welshimeri bemerkenswert konserviert sind. Durch Transkriptionsuntersuchungen mittels RT-PCR wurde die Expression der neu identifizierten Gene analysiert. Hierbei wurden verschiedene Kulturbedingungen untersucht sowie die Transkription nach Infektion mehrerer Zelllinien bestimmt. Bei der Sequenzanalyse wurde f{\"u}r fast alle Internalingene eine PrfA-Box identifiziert und es best{\"a}tigte sich in dieser Arbeit, dass die meisten der Internalingene PrfA-abh{\"a}ngig exprimiert werden. Allerdings wiesen die einzelnen Gene kein einheitliches Transkriptionsprofil unter verschiedenen in vitro-Bedingungen auf. Eine Analyse der Genexpression nach Infektion verschiedener Zelllinien zeigte schließlich, dass die Internalingene w{\"a}hrend einer Infektion differentiell transkribiert werden und m{\"o}glicherweise am Infektionsgeschehen beteiligt sind. Das Expressionsmuster der zu LIPI-2 benachbarten Open Reading Frames best{\"a}tigte, dass diese Gene PrfA-unabh{\"a}ngig und unter verschiedenen Bedingungen konstitutiv exprimiert werden. Das Expressionsmuster dieser Gene l{\"a}ßt den Schluss zu, dass sie vermutlich nicht zur Virulenz von L. ivanovii beitragen. Die Untersuchung der Virulenzclustergene in LIPI-1 schließlich zeigte eine deutliche PrfA-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Genexpression. Es konnte best{\"a}tigt werden, dass deren Transkription unter PrfA-induzierenden Bedingungen verst{\"a}rkt wird. Zudem fand sich auch nach Infektion eine deutliche Expression dieser Gene.},
  subject      = {Listeria ivanovii},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{AlcantarinoMenescal2012,
  author    = {Alcantarino Menescal, Luciana},
  title     = {In vivo characterization of genetic factors involved in Xmrk driven melanoma formation in Medaka (Oryzias latipes): a closer look at braf, Stat5 and c-myc},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70762},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes and is one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. In fish of the genus Xiphophorus, melanoma development, although very rarely, happens spontaneously in nature and can be induced by interspecific crossing. The oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, Xmrk, is responsible for melanoma formation in these fishes. Since Xiphophorus are live-bearing fishes and therefore not compatible with embryonic manipulation and transgenesis, the Xmrk melanoma model was brought to the medaka (Oryzias latipes) system. Xmrk expression under the control of the pigment cell specific mitf promoter leads to melanoma formation with 100\% penetrance in medaka. Xmrk is an orthologue of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activates several downstream signaling pathways. Examples of these pathways are the direct phosphorylation of BRAF and Stat5, as well as the enhanced transcription of C-myc. BRAF is a serine-threonine kinase which is found mutated at high frequencies in malignant melanomas. Stat5 is a transcription factor known to be constitutively activated in fish melanoma. C-myc is a transcription factor that is thought to regulate the expression of approximately 15\% of all human genes and is involved in cancer progression of a large number of different tumors. To gain new in vivo information on candidate factors known to be involved in melanoma progression, I identified and analysed BRAF, Stat5 and C-myc in the laboratory fish model system medaka. BRAF protein motifs are highly conserved among vertebrates and the results of this work indicate that its function in the MAPK signaling is maintained in medaka. Transgenic medaka lines carrying a constitutive active version of BRAF (V614E) showed more pigmented skin when compared to wild type. Also, some transiently expressing BRAF V614E fishes showed a disrupted eye phenotype. In addition, I was able to identify two Stat5 copies in medaka, named Stat5ab/a and Stat5ab/b. Sequence analysis revealed a higher similarity between both Stat5 sequences when compared to either human Stat5a or Stat5b. This suggests that the two Stat5 copies in medaka arose by an independent duplication processes. I cloned these two Stat5 present in medaka, produced constitutive active and dominant negative gene versions and successfully established transgenic lines carrying each version under the control of the MITF promoter. These lines will help to elucidate questions that are still remaining in Stat5 biology and its function in melanoma progression, like the role of Stat5 phosphorylation on tumor invasiveness. In a third project during my PhD work, I analysed medaka C-myc function and indentified two copies of this gene in medaka, named c-myc17 and c-myc20, according to the chromosome where they are located. I produced conditional transgenic medaka lines carrying the c-myc17 gene coupled to the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor to enable specific transgene activation at a given time point. Comparable to human C-myc, medaka C-myc17 is able to induce proliferation and apoptosis in vivo after induction. Besides that, C-myc17 long-term activation led to liver hyperplasia. In summary, the medaka models generated in this work will be important to bring new in vivo information on genes involved in cancer development. Also, the generated transgenic lines can be easily crossed to the melanoma developing Xmrk medaka lines, thereby opening up the possibility to investigate their function in melanoma progression. Besides that, the generated medaka fishes make it possible to follow the whole development of melanocytes, since the embryos are transparent and can be used for high throughput chemical screens.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Albers2000,
  author    = {Albers, Christine},
  title     = {Reinigung und Charakterisierung der alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase aus menschlicher Leber},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-770},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Im Katabolismus methylverzweigter Fetts{\"a}uren spielt die alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase eine wichtige Rolle, indem sie die (R)- und (S)-Isomere von alpha-methylverzweigten Fetts{\"a}uren als Coenzym A Thioester racemisiert. Methylverzweigte Fetts{\"a}uren entstehen beim Abbau von Isoprenoiden und werden dar{\"u}ber hinaus auch von vielen Organismen, wie z.B. Mycobakterien, synthetisiert. Die Hauptaufgabe der Racemase ist aber vermutlich in der Biosynthese von Gallens{\"a}uren zu sehen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase aus humanem Gewebe zu reinigen und zu charakterisieren sowie ihre physiologische Rolle im Katabolismus verzweigtkettiger Fetts{\"a}uren und der Gallens{\"a}urebiosynthese zu untersuchen. Die alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase wurde aus humanem Gewebe zur Homogenit{\"a}t gereinigt, umfassend biochemisch charakterisiert und zur genauen molekularbiologischen Analyse in E.coli kloniert. Die Aktivit{\"a}t der Racemase wurde anhand der [³H]H2O-Freisetzung aus [alpha-³H]-a-Methylacyl-CoAs bestimmt. Die humane Racemase ist in der aktiven Form ein monomeres Protein und besteht aus 382 Aminos{\"a}uren. Als Substrate akzeptiert das Enzym ein breites Spektrum von alpha-Methylacyl-CoAs. Neben den Coenzym A-Thioestern alpha-methylverzweigter Fetts{\"a}uren, wie Pristans{\"a}ure, werden auch CoA-Ester von Steroidderivaten, z.B. des Gallens{\"a}ureintermediats Trihydroxycoprostans{\"a}ure, und aromatischen Phenylpropions{\"a}uren, wie dem Analgetikum Ibuprofen, umgesetzt. Freie Fetts{\"a}uren, geradkettige oder beta-methylverzweigte Acyl-CoAs werden nicht racemisiert. Die alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase ist im Menschen zu ca. 80 Prozent auf die Peroxisomen und ca. 20 Prozent auf die Mitochondrien verteilt, wobei entsprechende peroxisomale (PTS 1) und mitochondriale (MTS) Transportsignale die Lokalisation bestimmen. Die vollst{\"a}ndige cDNA-Sequenz der humanen a-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase hat eine Gesamtl{\"a}nge von 2039 Basenpaaren mit einem offenen Leseraster von 89 - 1237 bp. Das Startcodon ATG ist in eine klassische Kozak-Sequenz zum Translationsstart eingebettet. Die Protein endet am C-Terminus mit dem Sequenzmotiv -KASL, das dem peroxisomalen Transportsignal (PTS I) einiger S{\"a}ugetierkatalasen entspricht. Aufgrund alternativer Polyadenylierung sind in allen untersuchten menschlichen Geweben Transkripte von 1,6 kb bzw. 2,0 kb zu finden. Es liegt keine gewebsabh{\"a}ngige Polyadenylierung vor, die Racemase wird aber gewebsspezifisch exprimiert (besonders stark in Leber und Niere). Das humane Racemasegen liegt auf dem kurzen Arm des Chromosoms 5 nahe am Centromer (5p1.3), im Intervall von D5S651 (46,6 cM) und D5S634 (59.9 cM).},
  subject      = {Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA racemase},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Akimzhanov2005,
  author    = {Akimzhanov, Askar M.},
  title     = {Epigenetic repression of the NFATc1 transcription factor in human lymphomas},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-12921},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {We examined the regulation of NFATc1 in different lymphomas and observed an inversed correlation between the methylation status and expression of NFATc1. Our data demonstrate that aberrant DNA methylation associated with chromatin remodeling within nfatc1 locus is a major mechanism for the repression of NFATc1 expression, suggesting that the DNA methylation-mediated transcriptional silencing of NFATc1 may be a critical event in the tumorogenesis of ALCLs and cHLs. Furthermore, the DNA methylation of human nfatc1 promoter region could be used as a novel biomarker of tumor progression. Our results indicate a close link between the loss of immunoreceptor signaling and NFATc1 expression in human lymphomas. For both ALCLs and cHLs, defects in immunoreceptor signaling have been described which result in a loss of receptor-mediated gene expression programs (Schwering et al., 2003; Bonzheim et al., 2004; Marafioti et al., 2004). In T cells, one indicator gene of these programs appears to be the nfatc1 gene whose expression is controlled by TCR signals (Chuvpilo et al., 2002a). In contrast, in T cells NFATc1 expression is unaffected by TCR signals, and NFATc2 was found to be expressed at normal levels in ALCLs and cHLs (L.K., unpubl. data). Moreover, the activity of NF-kappaB factors which can bind to certain NFAT binding sites and share a distantly-related DNA binding domain with NFATs is strongly elevated in cHL cells (Bargou et al., 1997; Hinz et al., 2001; Hinz et al., 2002) suggesting that NFATs and NF-kappaBs exert very different effects on generation and maintenance of Hodgkin's lymhomas. However, it should be mentioned that in Burkitt's and further B cell lymphomas in which NFATc1 proteins are strongly expressed and controlled by receptor signals (Kondo et al., 2003), they could exert a promoting function in tumor development. The genes of p53 family members p63 and p73 are prominent examples for mammalian genes whose products can act both as oncoproteins and tumor suppressor genes (Hibi et al., 2000; Stiewe and Putzer, 2002), and it is likely that more genes exist which encode both tumor suppressors and oncoproteins. It remains to be shown whether the nfatc1 gene is one of them.},
  subject      = {Lymphom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Aichinger2007,
  author    = {Aichinger, Eric},
  title     = {Risikoberechnung bei der Muskeldystrophie Duchenne und der Muskeldystrophie Becker},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27000},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Risikoberechnung in Familien mit Muskeldystrophie Duchenne oder Muskeldystrophie Becker. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung eines Keimzellmosaiks, heterogener Neumutationsraten und der M{\"o}glichkeit homozygot betroffener Frauen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Adhikari2024,
  author    = {Adhikari, Bikash},
  title     = {Targeted degradation of Myc-interacting oncoproteins},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31732},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317326},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The hallmark oncoprotein Myc is a major driver of tumorigenesis in various human cancer entities. However, Myc's structural features make it challenging to develop small molecules against it. A promising strategy to indirectly inhibit the function of Myc is by targeting its interactors. Many Myc-interacting proteins have reported scaffolding functions which are difficult to target using conventional occupancy- driven inhibitors. Thus, in this thesis, the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) approach was used to target two oncoproteins interacting with Myc which promote the oncogenicity of Myc, Aurora-A and WDR5. PROTACs are bifunctional small molecules that bind to the target protein with one ligand and recruit a cellular E3- ligase with the other ligand to induce target degradation via the ubiquitin- proteasome system. So far, the most widely used E3-ligases for PROTAC development are Cereblon (CRBN) and von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL). Furthermore, there are cases of incompatibility between some E3-ligases and proteins to bring about degradation. Hence there is a need to explore new E3- ligases and a demand for a tool to predict degradative E3-ligases for the target protein in the PROTAC field. In the first part, a highly specific mitotic kinase Aurora-A degrader, JB170, was developed. This compound utilized Aurora-A inhibitor alisertib as the target ligand and thalidomide as the E3-ligase CRBN harness. The specificity of JB170 and the ternary complex formation was supported by the interactions between Aurora-A and CRBN. The PROTAC-mediated degradation of Aurora-A induced a distinct S- phase defect rather than mitotic arrest, shown by its catalytic inhibition. The finding demonstrates that Aurora-A has a non-catalytic role in the S-phase. Furthermore, the degradation of Aurora-A led to apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In the second part, two different series of WDR5 PROTACs based on two protein- protein inhibitors of WDR5 were evaluated. The most efficient degraders from both series recruited VHL as a E3-ligase and showed partial degradation of WDR5. In addition, the degradation efficiency of the PROTACs was significantly affected by the linker nature and length, highlighting the importance of linker length and composition in PROTAC design. The degraders showed modest proliferation defects at best in cancer cell lines. However, overexpression of VHL increased the degradation efficiency and the antiproliferative effect of the PROTACs. In the last part, a rapamycin-based assay was developed to predict the degradative E3-ligase for a target. The assay was validated using the WDR5/VHL and Aurora- A/CRBN pairs. The result that WDR5 is degraded by VHL but not CRBN and Aurora-A is degraded by CRBN, matches observations made with PROTACs. This technique will be used in the future to find effective tissue-specific and essential E3-ligases for targeted degradation of oncoproteins using PROTACs. Collectively, the work presented here provides a strategy to improve PROTAC development and a starting point for developing Aurora-A and WDR5 PROTACs for cancer therapy.},
  subject      = {Degradation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{AbdelRahman2003,
  author    = {Abdel Rahman, Faisal Mirghani},
  title     = {Systematic analysis of genes expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and identification of candidates for genetic susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7053},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the major cause of blindness in the developed world. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are not well understood although in recent years a primary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has become evident. The aim of the present study is to systematically analyse genes which are differentially expressed in the RPE, and to assess their possible association with mechanisms and pathways likely to be related to retinal disease, in particular AMD. Towards this goal, 2379 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were established from an inhouse generated RPE cDNA library. This library was constructed by using the suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) technique which normalises redundant sequences and ensures enrichment of rare transcripts. In a first phase, 1002 ESTs were sequenced and subjected to comprehensive alignment with public nucleotide and protein databases. A search of the 1002 ESTs against the human genome draft sequence yielded 168 known genes, 51 predicted genes, 15 unknown transcripts and 41 clones with no significant similarity. Reverse Northern blot hybridization was performed for 318 EST clusters to identify abundantly expressed genes in the RPE and to prioritize subsequent analyses. Representative clones were spotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with cDNA probes of driver (heart and liver) and tester (RPE) used in the cDNA library construction. Subsequently, 107 EST clusters were subjected to Northern blot hybridizations. These analyses identified 7 RPE-specific, 3 retina-specific, 7 RPE/retina-specific, and 7 tissue restricted transcripts, while 29 EST clusters were ubiquitously expressed, and evaluation was not possible for another 54 EST clusters. Of the 24 transcripts with specific or restricted expression, 16 clones were selected for further characterization. The predicted gene MGC2477 and 2 novel isoforms of the human transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 3 (TRPM3) were cloned and further described in detail. In addition, polymorphic variations for these 2 genes as well as for the human MT-Protocadherin gene were determined. For MGC2477, 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, with 13 having a frequency of the minor allele greater than 20\%. 10 of the 15 SNPs have not been reported in so far in public SNP repertoires. Partial assessment of the TRPM3 gene yielded 35 SNPs. Of these, 30 (85.7\%) were highly frequent (0.17-0.5\%), and 14 (40\%) were novel. The MT-Protocadherin gene revealed 35 SNPs, including 28 (80\%) with high frequency of the minor allele. 23 (65.7\%) were novel SNPs. These SNPs will be used to construct the most common haplotypes. These will be used in case/control association studies in 400 AMD patients and 200 ethnically and aged matched controls to assess a possible contribution of these genes in the etiology of AMD.},
  subject      = {Senile Makuladegeneration / Pigmentepithel / Genexpression},
  language  = {en}
}