@phdthesis{Wanzek2016,
  author    = {Wanzek, Katharina},
  title     = {The investigation of the function of repair proteins at G-quadruplex structures in \(Saccharomyces\) \(cerevisiae\) revealed that Mms1 promotes genome stability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142547},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {G-quadruplex structures are highly stable alternative DNA structures that can, when not properly regulated, impede replication fork progression and cause genome instability (Castillo Bosch et al, 2014; Crabbe et al, 2004; Koole et al, 2014; Kruisselbrink et al, 2008; London et al, 2008; Lopes et al, 2011; Paeschke et al, 2013; Paeschke et al, 2011; Piazza et al, 2015; Piazza et al, 2010; Piazza et al, 2012; Ribeyre et al, 2009; Sabouri et al, 2014; Sarkies et al, 2012; Sarkies et al, 2010; Schiavone et al, 2014; Wu \& Spies, 2016; Zimmer et al, 2016). The aim of this thesis was to identify novel G-quadruplex interacting proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to unravel their regulatory function at these structures to maintain genome integrity. Mms1 and Rtt101 were identified as G-quadruplex binding proteins in vitro via a pull-down experiment with subsequent mass spectrometry analysis. Rtt101, Mms1 and Mms22, which are all components of an ubiquitin ligase (Rtt101Mms1/Mms22), are important for the progression of the replication fork following fork stalling (Luke et al, 2006; Vaisica et al, 2011; Zaidi et al, 2008). The in vivo binding of endogenously tagged Mms1 to its target regions was analyzed genome-wide using chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by deep-sequencing. Interestingly, Mms1 bound independently of Mms22 and Rtt101 to G-rich regions that have the potential to form G-quadruplex structures. In vitro, formation of G-quadruplex structures could be shown for the G-rich regions Mms1 bound to. This binding was observed throughout the cell cycle. Furthermore, the deletion of MMS1 caused replication fork stalling as evidenced by increased association of DNA Polymerase 2 at Mms1 dependent sites. A gross chromosomal rearrangement assay revealed that deletion of MMS1 results in a significantly increased genome instability at G-quadruplex motifs compared to G-rich or non-G-rich regions. Additionally, binding of the helicase Pif1, which unwinds G4 structures in vitro (Paeschke et al, 2013; Ribeyre et al, 2009; Sanders, 2010; Wallgren et al, 2016), to Mms1 binding sites was reduced in mms1 cells. The data presented in this thesis, together with published data, suggests a novel mechanistic model in which Mms1 binds to G-quadruplex structures and enables Pif1 association. This allows for replication fork progression and genome integrity.},
  subject      = {Quadruplex-DNS},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lorenzin2016,
  author    = {Lorenzin, Francesca},
  title     = {Regulation of transcription by MYC - DNA binding and target genes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150766},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {MYC is a transcription factor, whose expression is elevated or deregulated in many human cancers (up to 70\%) and is often associated with aggressive and poorly differentiated tumors. Although MYC is extensively studied, discrepancies have emerged about how this transcription factor works. In primary lymphocytes, MYC promotes transcriptional amplification of virtually all genes with an open promoter, whereas in tumor cells MYC regulates specific sets of genes that have significant prognostic value. Furthermore, the set of target genes that distinguish MYC's physiological function from the pathological/oncogenic one, whether it exists or not, has not been fully understood yet. In this study, it could be shown that MYC protein levels within a cell and promoter affinity (determined by E-box presence or interaction with other proteins) of target genes toward MYC are important factors that influence MYC activity. At low levels, MYC can amplify a certain transcriptional program, which includes high affinity binding sites, whereas at high levels MYC leads to the specific up- and down regulation of genes with low affinity. Moreover, the promoter affinity characterizes different sets of target genes which can be distinguished in the physiological or oncogenic MYC signatures. MYC-mediated repression requires higher MYC levels than activation and formation of a complex with MIZ1 is necessary for inhibiting expression of a subset of MYC target genes.},
  subject      = {MYC},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dagvadorj2016,
  author    = {Dagvadorj, Nergui},
  title     = {Improvement of T-cell response against WT1-overexpressing leukemia by newly developed anti-hDEC205-WT1 antibody fusion proteins},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149098},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1) is a suitable target to develop an immunotherapeutic approach against high risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly their relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). As an intracellular protein traversing between nucleus and cytoplasm, recombinant expression of WT1 is difficult. Therefore, an induction of WT1-specific T-cell responses is mostly based on peptide vaccination as well as dendritic cell (DC) electroporation with mRNA encoding full-length protein to mount WT1-derived peptide variations presented to T cells. Alternatively, the WT1 peptide presentation could be broadened by forcing receptor-mediated endocytosis of DCs. In this study, antibody fusion proteins consisting of an antibody specific to the human DEC205 endocytic receptor and various fragments of WT1 (anti-hDEC205-WT1) were generated for a potential DC-targeted recombinant WT1 vaccine. Anti-hDEC205-WT1 antibody fusion proteins containing full-length or major parts of WT1 were not efficiently expressed and secreted due to their poor solubility and secretory capacity. However, small fragment-containing variants: anti-hDEC205-WT110-35, anti-hDEC205-WT191-138, anti-hDEC205-WT1223-273, and anti-hDEC205-WT1324-371 were obtained in good yields. Since three of these fusion proteins contain the most of the known immunogenic epitopes in their sequences, the anti-hDEC205-WT191-138, anti-hDEC205-WT1223-273, and anti-hDEC205-WT1324-371 were tested for their T-cell stimulatory capacities. Mature monocyte-derived DCs loaded with anti-hDEC205-WT191-138 could induce ex vivo T-cell responses in 12 of 16 blood samples collected from either healthy or HSC transplanted individuals compared to included controls (P < 0.01). Furthermore, these T cells could kill WT1-overexpressing THP-1 leukemia cells in vitro after expansion. In conclusion, alongside proving the difficulty in expression and purification of intracellular WT1 as a vaccine protein, our results from this work introduce an alternative therapeutic vaccine approach to improve an anti-leukemia immune response in the context of allogeneic HSCT and potentially beyond.},
  subject      = {Akute myeloische Leuk{\"a}mie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Langlhofer2016,
  author    = {Langlhofer, Georg},
  title     = {{\"U}ber die Bedeutung intrazellul{\"a}rer Subdom{\"a}nen des Glycinrezeptors f{\"u}r die Kanalfunktion},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140249},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Der zur Familie der pentameren ligandengesteuerten Ionenkan{\"a}le zugeh{\"o}rige Glycinrezeptor (GlyR) ist ein wichtiger Vermittler synaptischer Inhibition im Zentralnervensystem von S{\"a}ugetieren. GlyR-Mutationen f{\"u}hren zur neurologischen Bewegungsst{\"o}rung Hyperekplexie. Aufgrund fehlender struktureller Daten ist die intrazellul{\"a}re Loop-Struktur zwischen den Transmembransegmenten 3 und 4 (TM3-4 Loop) eine weitgehend unerforschte Dom{\"a}ne des GlyR. Innerhalb dieser Dom{\"a}ne wurden Rezeptortrunkierungen sowie Punktmutationen identifiziert. Rezeptortrunkierung geht mit Funktionslosigkeit einher, welche jedoch durch Koexpression des fehlenden Sequenzabschnitts zum Teil wiederhergestellt werden kann. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wurde die Interaktion zwischen trunkierten, funktionslosen GlyR und sukzessiv verk{\"u}rzten Komplementationskonstrukten untersucht. Dabei wurden als Minimaldom{\"a}nen f{\"u}r die Interaktion das C-terminalen basische Motive des TM3-4 Loops, die TM4 sowie der extrazellul{\"a}re C-Terminus identifiziert. Die R{\"u}ckkreuzung transgener M{\"a}use, die das Komplementationskonstrukt iD-TM4 unter Kontrolle des GlyR-Promotors exprimierten, mit der oscillator-Maus spdot, die einen trunkierten GlyR exprimiert und 3 Wochen nach der Geburt verstirbt, hatte aufgrund fehlender Proteinexpression keinen Effekt auf die Letalit{\"a}t der Mutation. Des Weiteren wurde die Bedeutsamkeit der Integrit{\"a}t beider basischer Motive 316RFRRKRR322 und 385KKIDKISR392 im TM3-4 Loop in Kombination mit der Loop-L{\"a}nge f{\"u}r die Funktionalit{\"a}t und das Desensitisierungsverhalten des humanen GlyRα1 anhand von chim{\"a}ren Rezeptoren identifiziert. Eine bisher unbekannte Patientenmutation P366L innerhalb des TM3-4 Loops wurde mit molekularbiologischen, biochemischen und elektrophysiologischen Methoden charakterisiert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die mutierten Rezeptorkomplexe in vitro deutlich reduzierte Glycin-induzierte Maximalstr{\"o}me sowie eine beschleunigte Schließkinetik aufweisen. P366L hat im Gegensatz zu bereits charakterisierten Hyperekplexiemutationen innerhalb des TM3-4 Loops keinen Einfluss auf die Biogenese des Rezeptors. P366 ist Teil einer m{\"o}glichen Poly-Prolin-Helix, die eine Erkennungssequenz f{\"u}r SH3-Dom{\"a}nen darstellt. Ein potenzieller Interaktionspartner des TM3-4 Loops des GlyRα1 ist Collybistin, welches eine wichtige Rolle bei der synaptischen Rezeptorintegration spielt und die Verbindung zum Zytoskelett vermittelt. An der inhibitorischen Synapse verursacht P366L durch die Reduzierung postsynaptischer Chloridstr{\"o}me, das beschleunigte Desensitisierungsverhalten des GlyRα1 sowie ein ver{\"a}ndertes Interaktionsmotiv St{\"o}rungen der glycinergen Transmission, die zur Auspr{\"a}gung ph{\"a}notypischer Symptome der Hyperekplexie f{\"u}hren.},
  subject      = {Glycinrezeptor},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Herweg2016,
  author    = {Herweg, Andreas},
  title     = {Beyond the state of the art, towards intuitive and reliable non-visual Brain-Computer-Interfacing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133447},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {For the present work three main goals were formulated: goal 1 To design a tactile BCI used for mobility which is intuitive (G1.1), reliable and fast while being usable by participants aged 50 years and above. goal 2 To design an auditory BCI used for communication which is intuitive and reliable. goal 3 To examine the effects of training on tactile and auditory BCI performance. Three studies were performed to achieve these goals. In the first study nine participants aged above 50 years performed a five-session training after which eight participants were able to navigate a virtual wheelchair with mean accuracy above 95\% and an ITR above 20 bits / min. In the second study 15 participants, four of them endusers with motor-impairment, were able to communicate meaningful with high accuracies using an auditory BCI. In the third study nine healthy and nine visually impaired participants (regarded as sensory experts for non-visual perception) performed tactile, auditory and visual (for healthy participants only) copy tasks. Participants with trained perception significantly outperformed control participants for tactile but not for auditory performance. Tactile performance of sensory experts was on equal levels as the visual performance of control participants. We were able to demonstrate viability of intuitive gazeindependent tactile and auditory BCI. Our tactile BCI performed on levels similar to those of visual BCI, outperforming current tactile BCI protocols. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate significant beneficial effect of training on tactile BCI performance. Our results demonstrate previously untapped potential for tactile BCI and avenues for future research in the field of gaze-independent BCI.},
  subject      = {Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kanis2016,
  author    = {Kanis, Julia Birgit},
  title     = {Elterliches Wissen, Selbsthilfe und psychotherapeutische Intervention bei nicht-organischen Schlafst{\"o}rungen im Kleinkindalter},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133432},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {F{\"u}r eine gesunde kindliche Entwicklung ist besonders in der fr{\"u}hen Kindheit guter Schlaf sehr wichtig. Gerade im Baby- und Kleinkindalter sind Schlafschwierigkeiten jedoch ein h{\"a}ufiges Ph{\"a}nomen. Vor allem Ein- und Durchschlafst{\"o}rungen kommen vielfach vor, die nicht automatisch mit zunehmendem Alter eines Kindes remittieren. Sie k{\"o}nnen persistieren und zum Teil auch schwerwiegende Folgen f{\"u}r die kindliche Entwicklung haben. Nicht nur Hyperaktivit{\"a}t, Reizbarkeit und Aggressivit{\"a}t treten bei Kindern mit Schlafst{\"o}rungen geh{\"a}uft auf, sondern auch Tagesm{\"u}digkeit, Konzentrationsund Ged{\"a}chtnisst{\"o}rungen sowie kognitive Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen k{\"o}nnen die Folge sein. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus k{\"o}nnen Depressionen, Angstst{\"o}rungen und {\"U}bergewicht langfristige Folgen von Schlafst{\"o}rungen sein. Auch wirken sich die Schlafst{\"o}rungen bei jungen Kindern negativ auf die Eltern aus. Daher ist es wichtig, Schlafprobleme im fr{\"u}hen Kindesalter zu erkennen, ernst zu nehmen und fr{\"u}hzeitig zu behandeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilen. Es wurden das elterliche Wissen {\"u}ber Schlaf im Kleinkindalter sowie eine Auswahl von Elternratgeberliteratur f{\"u}r kindliche Schlafprobleme untersucht. Ferner wurde das multimodale Elterntrainingsprogramm „Mini-KiSS", ein Elterntraining f{\"u}r Kinder bis vier Jahren mit Schlafst{\"o}rungen (Schlarb_2014), hinsichtlich seiner externen Validit{\"a}t betrachtet. Da Eltern diejenigen sind, die als erste mit den Schlafproblemen ihres Kindes konfrontiert sind, sollten sie kindliche Schlafst{\"o}rungen als diese erkennen und auch einsch{\"a}tzen k{\"o}nnen, um ggf. weiterf{\"u}hrende Maßnahme einzuleiten. Deshalb ist es wichtig, dass Eltern {\"u}ber den kindlichen Schlaf informiert sind. Um dieses elterliche Wissen {\"u}ber Schlaf von jungen Kindern zu erfassen, wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, in dem Anwendungs- und Faktenwissen {\"u}ber Schlaf im Baby- und Kleinkindalter erfragt wurden. Dieser wurde einer Online-Stichprobe (N = 1291) vorgelegt. Insgesamt verf{\"u}gten die Eltern {\"u}ber ein gutes Wissen, sie beantworteten 65\% der Fragen korrekt. Es zeigte sich jedoch ein Unterschied zwischen dem Anwendungswissen, wo die Eltern 72\% korrekt beantworteten und dem Faktenwissen, wo die Eltern 61\% der gestellten Fragen korrekt beantworteten. Allerdings wurden auch Unsicherheiten sowie Wissensdefizite deutlich, die noch genauer erfasst werden und denen k{\"u}nftig mit unverbindlichen Informations- und Beratungsangeboten begegnet werden sollte. Insbesondere bei den Interventionsm{\"o}glichkeiten zum Umgang mit einer Schlafproblematik im Kleinkindalter wurde ein Dissens deutlich, der sich auch in der nachfolgenden Analyse von Elternratgeberliteratur f{\"u}r Schlafschwierigkeiten widerspiegelte. Es wurden Literaturanalysen {\"u}ber Ratgeber f{\"u}r das Kindesalter einerseits und f{\"u}r das Baby- und Kleinkindalter andererseits durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Autoren entweder eine Position zum lerntheoretischen Ansatz der graduierten Extinktion bezogen und diese Methode empfohlen oder das Co-Sleeping, also das gemeinsame Schlafen von Eltern und Kind in einem Bett, favorisierten. Zudem wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit das multimodale Elterntraining Mini-KiSS bez{\"u}glich der externen Validit{\"a}t im Langzeitverlauf erfolgreich {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Das Elterntraining richtet sich an Eltern von Kindern im Alter von sechs Monaten bis vier Jahren mit Schlafst{\"o}rungen und findet in Form von sechs aufeinanderfolgenden Elternabenden statt. Durch das Training kam es zu signifikanten Verbesserungen des kindlichen und m{\"u}tterlichen Schlafes, diese bis zur Ein-Jahres-Katamnese stabil. Auch weitere mit problematischem kindlichem Schlafverhalten assoziierte Parameter, wie das allgemeine kindliche Problemverhalten sowie die elterliche Gesamtbelastung, konnten nachhaltig reduziert werden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Intervention sowohl auf das Kind als auch auf die Eltern positiv auswirkte, was auch anhand von objektiven Verfahren best{\"a}tigt werden konnte. Zusammengefasst leistet diese Arbeit somit mit der Befragung einer großen Online-Stichprobe zu fr{\"u}hkindlichem Schlaf, der literaturanalytischen Betrachtung ausgew{\"a}hlter Ratgeberliteratur sowie der erfolgreichen Pr{\"u}fung der externen Validit{\"a}t des Mini-KiSS-Trainings einen wichtigen und richtungsweisenden Beitrag zur aktuellen Forschung im Bereich der nichtorganischen Schlafst{\"o}rungen im Kleinkindalter.},
  subject      = {Schlafst{\"o}rung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Ruf2016,
  author    = {Ruf, Franziska},
  title     = {The circadian regulation of eclosion in \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146265},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Eclosion is the emergence of an adult insect from the pupal case at the end of development. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, eclosion is a circadian clock-gated event and is regulated by various peptides. When studied on the population level, eclosion reveals a clear rhythmicity with a peak at the beginning of the light-phase that persists also under constant conditions. It is a long standing hypothesis that eclosion gating to the morning hours with more humid conditions is an adaption to reduce water loss and increase the survival. Eclosion behavior, including the motor pattern required for the fly to hatch out of the puparium, is orchestrated by a well-characterized cascade of peptides. The main components are ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH), eclosion hormone (EH) and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP). The molt is initiated by a peak level and pupal ecdysis by a subsequent decline of the ecdysteroid ecdysone. Ecdysteroids are produced by the prothoracic gland (PG), an endocrine tissue that contains a peripheral clock and degenerates shortly after eclosion. Production and release of ecdysteroids are regulated by the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). Although many aspects of the circadian clock and the peptidergic control of the eclosion behavior are known, it still remains unclear how both systems are interconnected. The aim of this dissertation research was to dissect this connection and evaluate the importance of different Zeitgebers on eclosion rhythmicity under natural conditions. Potential interactions between the central clock and the peptides regulating ecdysis motor behavior were evaluated by analyzing the influence of CCAP on eclosion rhythmicity. Ablation and silencing of CCAP neurons, as well as CCAP null-mutation did not affect eclosion rhythmicity under either light or temperature entrainment nor under natural conditions. To dissect the connection between the central and the peripheral clock, PTTH neurons were ablated. Monitoring eclosion under light and temperature entrainment revealed that eclosion became arrhythmic under constant conditions. However, qPCR expression analysis revealed no evidence for cycling of Ptth mRNA in pharate flies. To test for a connection with pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-expressing neurons, the PDF receptor (PDFR) and short neuropeptide F receptor (sNPFR) were knocked down in the PTTH neurons. Knockdown of sNPFR, but not PDFR, resulted in arrhythmic eclosion under constant darkness conditions. PCR analysis of the PTTH receptor, Torso, revealed its expression in the PG and the gonads, but not in the brain or eyes, of pharate flies. Knockdown of torso in the PG lead to arrhythmicity under constant conditions, which provides strong evidence for the specific effect of PTTH on the PG. These results suggest connections from the PDF positive lateral neurons to the PTTH neurons via sNPF signaling, and to the PG via PTTH and Torso. This interaction presumably couples the period of the peripheral clock in the PG to that of the central clock in the brain. To identify a starting signal for eclosion and possible further candidates in the regulation of eclosion behavior, chemically defined peptidergic and aminergic neurons were optogenetically activated in pharate pupae via ChR2-XXL. This screen approach revealed two candidates for the regulation of eclosion behavior: Dromyosuppressin (DMS) and myo-inhibitory peptides (MIP). However, ablation of DMS neurons did not affect eclosion rhythmicity or success and the exact function of MIP must be evaluated in future studies. To assess the importance of the clock and of possible Zeitgebers in nature, eclosion of the wildtype Canton S and the clock mutant per01 and the PDF signaling mutants pdf01 and han5304 was monitored under natural conditions. For this purpose, the W{\"u}rzburg eclosion monitor (WEclMon) was developed, which is a new open monitoring system that allows direct exposure of pupae to the environment. A general decline of rhythmicity under natural conditions compared to laboratory conditions was observed in all tested strains. While the wildtype and the pdf01 and han5304 mutants stayed weakly rhythmic, the per01 mutant flies eclosed mostly arrhythmic. PDF and its receptor (PDFR encoded by han) are required for the synchronization of the clock network and functional loss can obviously be compensated by a persisting synchronization to external Zeitgebers. The loss of the central clock protein PER, however, lead to a non-functional clock and revealed the absolute importance of the clock for eclosion rhythmicity. To quantitatively analyze the effect of the clock and abiotic factors on eclosion rhythmicity, a statistical model was developed in cooperation with Oliver Mitesser and Thomas Hovestadt. The modelling results confirmed the clock as the most important factor for eclosion rhythmicity. Moreover, temperature was found to have the strongest effect on the actual shape of the daily emergence pattern, while light has only minor effects. Relative humidity could be excluded as Zeitgeber for eclosion and therefore was not further analyzed. Taken together, the present dissertation identified the so far unknown connection between the central and peripheral clock regulating eclosion. Furthermore, a new method for the analysis of eclosion rhythms under natural conditions was established and the necessity of a functional clock for rhythmic eclosion even in the presence of multiple Zeitgebers was shown.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Blaettner2016,
  author    = {Bl{\"a}ttner, Sebastian},
  title     = {The role of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase AusAB and its product phevalin in intracellular virulence of Staphylococcus aureus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146662},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent commensal bacterium which represents one of the leading causes in health care-associated bacterial infections worldwide and can cause a variety of different diseases ranging from simple abscesses to severe and life threatening infections including pneumonia, osteomyelitis and sepsis. In recent times multi-resistant strains have emerged, causing severe problems in nosocomial as well as community-acquired (CA) infection settings, especially in the United States (USA). Therefore S. aureus has been termed as a superbug by the WHO, underlining the severe health risk originating from it. Today, infections in the USA are dominated by S. aureus genotypes which are classified as USA300 and USA400, respectively. Strains of genotype USA300 are responsible for about 70\% of the CA infections. The molecular mechanisms which render S. aureus such an effective pathogen are still not understood in its entirety. For decades S. aureus was thought to be a strictly extracellular pathogen relying on pore-forming toxins like α-hemolysin to damage human cells and tissue. Only recently it has been shown that S. aureus can enter non-professional phagocytes, using adhesins like the fibronectin-binding proteins which mediate an endocytotic uptake into the host cells. The bacteria are consequently localized to endosomes, where the degradation of enclosed bacterial cells through phagosome maturation would eventually occur. S. aureus can avoid degradation, and translocate to the cellular cytoplasm, where it can replicate. The ability to cause this so-called phagosomal escape has mainly been attributed to a family of amphiphilic peptides called phenol soluble modulins (PSMs), but as studies have shown, they are not sufficient. In this work I used a transposon mutant library in combination with automated fluorescence microscopy to screen for genes involved in the phagosomal escape process and intracellular survival of S. aureus. I thereby identified a number of genes, including a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). The NRPS, encoded by the genes ausA and ausB, produces two types of small peptides, phevalin and tyrvalin. Mutations in the ausAB genes lead to a drastic decrease in phagosomal escape rates in epithelial cells, which were readily restored by genetic complementation in trans as well as by supplementation of synthetic phevalin. In leukocytes, phevalin interferes with calcium fluxes and activation of neutrophils and promotes cytotoxicity of intracellular bacteria in both, macrophages and neutrophils. Further ausAB is involved in survival and virulence of the bacterium during mouse lung pneumoniae. The here presented data demonstrates the contribution of the bacterial cyclic dipeptide phevalin to S. aureus virulence and suggests, that phevalin directly acts on a host cell target to promote cytotoxicity of intracellular bacteria.},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jung2016,
  author    = {Jung, Lisa Anna},
  title     = {Targeting MYC Function as a Strategy for Tumor Therapy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146993},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {A large fraction of human tumors exhibits aberrant expression of the oncoprotein MYC. As a transcription factor regulating various cellular processes, MYC is also crucially involved in normal development. Direct targeting of MYC has been a major challenge for molecular cancer drug discovery. The proof of principle that its inhibition is nevertheless feasible came from in vivo studies using a dominant-negative allele of MYC termed OmoMYC. Systemic expression of OmoMYC triggered long-term tumor regression with mild and fully reversible side effects on normal tissues. In this study, OmoMYC's mode of action was investigated combining methods of structural biology and functional genomics to elucidate how it is able to preferentially affect oncogenic functions of MYC. The crystal structure of the OmoMYC homodimer, both in the free and the E-box-bound state, was determined, which revealed that OmoMYC forms a stable homodimer, and as such, recognizes DNA via the same base-specific DNA contacts as the MYC/MAX heterodimer. OmoMYC binds DNA with an equally high affinity as MYC/MAX complexes. RNA-sequencing showed that OmoMYC blunts both MYC-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Genome-wide DNA-binding studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing revealed that OmoMYC competes with MYC/MAX complexes on chromatin, thereby reducing their occupancy at consensus DNA binding sites. The most prominent decrease in MYC binding was seen at low-affinity promoters, which were invaded by MYC at oncogenic levels. Strikingly, gene set enrichment analyses using OmoMYC-regulated genes enabled the identification of tumor subgroups with high MYC levels in multiple tumor entities. Together with a targeted shRNA screen, this identified novel targets for the eradication of MYC-driven tumors, such as ATAD3A, BOP1, and ADRM1. In summary, the findings suggest that OmoMYC specifically inhibits tumor cell growth by attenuating the expression of rate-limiting proteins in cellular processes that respond to elevated levels of MYC protein using a DNA-competitive mechanism. This opens up novel strategies to target oncogenic MYC functions for tumor therapy.},
  subject      = {Myc},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ziegler2016,
  author    = {Ziegler, Christiane},
  title     = {Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Anxiety Disorders},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146815},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Anxiety disorders (AD) are common, disabling mental disorders, which constitute the most prevalent mental health condition conveying a high individual and socioeconomic burden. Social anxiety disorder (SAD), i.e. fear in social situations particularly when subjectively scrutinized by others, is the second most common anxiety disorder with a life time prevalence of 10\%. Panic disorder (PD) has a life time prevalence of 2-5\% and is characterized by recurrent and abrupt surges of intense fear and anticipatory anxiety, i.e. panic attacks, occurring suddenly and unexpected without an apparent cue. In recent years, psychiatric research increasingly focused on epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation as a possible solution for the problem of the so-called "hidden heritability", which conceptualizes the fact that the genetic risk variants identified so far only explain a small part of the estimated heritability of mental disorders. In the first part of this thesis, oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene methylation was investigated regarding its role in the pathogenesis of social anxiety disorder. In summary, OXTR methylation patterns were implicated in different phenotypes of social anxiety disorder on a categorical, neuropsychological, neuroendocrinological as well as on a neural network level. The results point towards a multilevel role of OXTR gene hypomethylation particularly at one CpG site (CpG3, Chr3: 8 809 437) within the protein coding region of the gene in SAD. The second part of the thesis investigated monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene methylation regarding its role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder as well as - applying a psychotherapy-epigenetic approach - its dynamic regulation during the course of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in PD patients. First, MAOA hypomethylation was shown to be associated with panic disorder as well as with panic disorder severity. Second, in patients responding to treatment MAOA hypomethylation was shown to be reversible up to the level of methylation in healthy controls after the course of CBT. This increase in MAOA methylation along with successful psychotherapeutic treatment was furthermore shown to be associated with symptom improvement regarding agoraphobic avoidance in an independent replication sample of non-medicated patients with PD. Taken together, in the future the presently identified epigenetic patterns might contribute to establishing targeted preventive interventions and personalized treatment options for social anxiety disorder or panic disorder, respectively.},
  subject      = {Angst},
  language  = {en}
}