@phdthesis{Sudmann2023,
  author    = {Sudmann, Jessica},
  title     = {Evaluation einer longitudinalen Erweiterung einer Lehrveranstaltung zur Nikotinentw{\"o}hnung im Medizinstudium},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32163},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321634},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund: An der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg wurde bereits im Wintersemester 2018/19 eine 90-min{\"u}tige Lehrveranstaltung zur Nikotinentw{\"o}hnung als Pr{\"a}senz- oder E-Learning-Seminar im 6. Semester implementiert. In 2020 wurden weitere Bausteine erg{\"a}nzt: eine Kurzinfo zur Raucherberatung im 9. Semester und die Beratung realer Patienten im 10. Semester im Blockpraktikum-Allgemeinmedizin (BPA). Fragestellung: Wie wirkt sich der Besuch des Seminars langfristig auf das Beratungs-Wissen aus? Ist eine Nikotinentw{\"o}hnungsberatung im Rahmen des BPA machbar? Erh{\"o}ht sich dadurch die subjektive Sicherheit der Studierenden? Methoden: Im Sommersemester 2020 wurden Studierende des 9. Semesters, die regul{\"a}r das Seminar zur Raucherberatung im Wintersemester 2018/19 besucht haben sollten, online bzgl. Wissen zur Nikotinentw{\"o}hnungsberatung befragt. Es folgten vertonte PowerPoint-Folien zur Raucherberatung (Kurzinfo). Im Wintersemester 2020/21 im BPA sollten die Studierenden ein Nikotinentw{\"o}hnungsgespr{\"a}ch mit einem Patienten in der Lehrpraxis durchf{\"u}hren und ihre Erfahrungen und subjektive Sicherheit mittels Online-Befragung retrospektiv evaluieren. Ergebnisse: In der Befragung des 9. Semesters (n=54, R{\"u}cklauf: 35\%) sch{\"a}tzten Teilnehmende der Ursprungskohorte (n=35 von urspr{\"u}nglich 130) im Vergleich zu Nicht-Teilnehmenden (n=19) ihr Wissen deutlich h{\"o}her ein (p=0,016). Dabei spielte die zuvor besuchte Lehrform keine Rolle (p=0,963). Im BPA f{\"u}hrten 50\% (n=57) der 114 Befragten (R{\"u}cklauf: 74\%) eine Nikotinberatung mit einem Patienten durch, dabei stieg die Sicherheit, ein solches Gespr{\"a}ch zu f{\"u}hren, signifikant (p<0,001). Beratende Studierende beurteilten den Zugewinn an Fertigkeiten durch das BPA h{\"o}her (p<0,001) und hielten es f{\"u}r wichtiger, Patienten zu ihrem Rauchverhalten zu beraten (p=0,048). Diskussion: Unabh{\"a}ngig von der Lehrform scheint sich ein Seminar zur Raucherberatung langfristig positiv auf das Wissen auszuwirken. F{\"u}r 50\% war eine Nikotinentw{\"o}hnungsberatung im BPA machbar. Als Hinderungsgr{\"u}nde wurden fehlende Gelegenheiten und ungeeignete Patienten angegeben. Die Beratung eines Patienten in einer realen Situation erh{\"o}ht die Beratungssicherheit.},
  subject      = {Raucherentw{\"o}hnung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Befelein2023,
  author    = {Befelein, Dennis},
  title     = {Die {\"U}bernahmeleistung des Fahrers im hochautomatisierten Fahren in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Merkmalen fahrfremder T{\"a}tigkeiten und Art der {\"U}bernahmeaufforderung},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32147},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321479},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Im Zuge des technischen Fortschritts ist das hochautomatisierte Fahren nach SAE Level 3 (SAE, 2018) in den vergangenen Jahren in greifbare N{\"a}he ger{\"u}ckt. Es ist damit zu rechnen, dass Fahrzeuge in naher Zukunft zumindest bei Vorliegen einer Reihe strikter Rahmenbedingungen den Fahrer phasenweise von der Fahraufgabe entbinden k{\"o}nnen. Letzterer muss die Fahrzeugautomation w{\"a}hrend dieser Phasen nicht {\"u}berwa chen und kann sich anderen T{\"a}tigkeiten zuwenden. An Systemgrenzen oder bei Systemfehlern (Gold, Naujoks, Radlmayr, Bellem \& Jarosch, 2017) stellt er jedoch die R{\"u}ckfallebene dar und muss die Fahrzeugkontrolle innerhalb eines angemessenen Zeitraumes {\"u}bernehmen, sobald ihn das Fahrzeug dazu auffordert. Diese R{\"u}ck{\"u}bertragung der Fahraufgabe an den Fahrer stellt ein kritisches Nadel{\"o}hr f{\"u}r die Sicherheit und Akzeptanz automatisierter Fahrsysteme dar. Aus psychologischer Perspektive handelt es sich hierbei um Aufgabenwechsel. Diese gehen in Experimenten der kognitiven und angewandten Psychologie zuverl{\"a}ssig mit Kosten einher, welche sich in verl{\"a}ngerten Reaktionszeiten und erh{\"o}hten Fehlerraten bei der Aufgabenbearbeitung niederschlagen. Insbesondere im Bereich des automatisierten Fahrens liegen zahlreiche Belege vor, dass der Wechsel zwischen automatisiertem und manuellem Fahren zu einer Verschlechterung der Fahrleistungen gegen{\"u}ber dem manuellen Fahren f{\"u}hren kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit diesen {\"U}berg{\"a}ngen und fokussiert dabei die T{\"a}tigkeiten, denen Fahrer w{\"a}hrend der hochautomatisierten Fahrabschnitte nachgehen k{\"o}nnen. Vier Experimente im Fahrsimulator betrachten die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Aspekte fahrfremder T{\"a}tigkeiten (FFT) in {\"U}bernahmesituationen sowie deren Zusammenwirken mit unterschiedlichen {\"U}bernahmeaufforderungen. Im ersten Experiment wird zun{\"a}chst der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern sich die Vielzahl denkbarer und zu erwartender FFT durch {\"u}bergeordnete und damit systematisch untersuchbare Merkmale auszeichnet und welche dies gegebenenfalls sind. Im zweiten Experiment werden anschließend die relevantesten Merkmale, Unterbrechungsaufwand und Anreiz zur Weiterbearbeitung der Aufgabe daraufhin untersucht, welchen Ein- fluss sie auf Fahrerleistungen in {\"U}bernahmesituationen aus{\"u}ben. Im dritten Experiment wird der Frage nachgegangen, welches Potenzial solche {\"U}bernahmeaufforderungen besitzen, deren Dringlichkeit adaptiv ist hinsichtlich des jeweiligen Aufwandes der Aufgabenunterbrechung sowie des jeweiligen Anreizes zur Weiterbearbeitung der Aufgabe. Im vierten Experiment wird ein {\"U}bernahmekonzept untersucht, bei dem der Zeitpunkt der {\"U}bernahmeaufforderung adaptiv ist hinsichtlich des jeweiligen Aufwandes der Aufgaben- unterbrechung. Die vorliegende Arbeit kann mit dem Unterbrechungsaufwand und dem Bearbeitungsanreiz zwei in L3-{\"U}bernahmesituationen wesentliche Merkmale fahrfremder T{\"a}tigkeiten identifizieren (Studien 1 und 2). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird eine experimentelle Variation des Unterbrechungsaufwandes erbracht und deren Effekte abgebildet (Studie 2). Durch den Vergleich adaptiver und nicht adaptiver Transitionskonzepte werden die Vorteile von Adaptivit{\"a}t im Rahmen von L3-{\"U}bernahmesituationen experimentell herausgearbeitet (Studien 3 und 4).},
  subject      = {Autonomes Fahrzeug},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Breil2023,
  author    = {Breil, Christina},
  title     = {Look at me and I will feel you: eye contact and social understandig},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27802},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278021},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {One of the features that defines humans as extraordinarily social beings is their striking susceptibility to the gaze of others. The research reported in this dissertation was undertaken to advance our understanding of the role of gaze cues in low-level attentional and higher-order cognitive processes. In particular, effects of gaze were examined with regard to three aspects of human cognition: (1) social attention, (2) social interaction and (3) social understanding. Chapter 1 consists of three manuscripts that investigate the boundary conditions of attention capture by direct gaze and how gaze direction is integrated with facial context information. Manuscript 1 and 2 suggest two necessary requirements for attention capture by direct gaze: a meaningful holistic facial context and sharp foveal vision, respectively. Manuscript 3 shows approach/avoidance-congruency effects between gaze direction and emotion expression on attention. Chapter 2 of this dissertation explores the role of gaze in more naturalistic social scenarios. Manuscript 4 demonstrates that gaze behavior during a conversation shapes our perception of another person. Manuscript 5 builds on these findings by showing that these perceptions define our willingness to act in a prosocial way towards our interaction partner. Finally, chapter 3 adopts a broader perspective on social cognition research with a special focus on methodological aspects. Manuscript 6 is a review highlighting the significance of methodological aspects in social cognition research and stressing the importance of sophisticated decisions on task and stimulus materials. Manuscript 7 introduces a new instrument for the assessment of social understanding in adolescents. Initial application in a young sample group indicates that an understanding of another person's mental states is a capacity that is still developing throughout adolescence. Both manuscripts of this final chapter include eye tracking data that suggest a relationship between gaze behavior and social understanding, a finding that further emphasizes the complex and multifaceted nature of social cognition. I conclude from the findings of this dissertation that research can benefit from adopting a broad view in terms of methodological as well as temporal aspects in order to capture human social cognition in its entirety.},
  subject      = {Blick},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StegmannAndreattaPaulietal.2023,
  author    = {Stegmann, Yannik and Andreatta, Marta and Pauli, Paul and Keil, Andreas and Wieser, Matthias J.},
  title     = {Investigating sustained attention in contextual threat using steady-state VEPs evoked by flickering video stimuli},
  series = {Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1111/psyp.14229},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312430},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Anxiety is characterized by anxious anticipation and heightened vigilance to uncertain threat. However, if threat is not reliably indicated by a specific cue, the context in which threat was previously experienced becomes its best predictor, leading to anxiety. A suitable means to induce anxiety experimentally is context conditioning: In one context (CTX+), an unpredictable aversive stimulus (US) is repeatedly presented, in contrast to a second context (CTX-), in which no US is ever presented. In this EEG study, we investigated attentional mechanisms during acquisition and extinction learning in 38 participants, who underwent a context conditioning protocol. Flickering video stimuli (32 s clips depicting virtual offices representing CTX+/-) were used to evoke steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) as an index of visuocortical engagement with the contexts. Analyses of the electrocortical responses suggest a successful induction of the ssVEP signal by video presentation in flicker mode. Furthermore, we found clear indices of context conditioning and extinction learning on a subjective level, while cortical processing of the CTX+ was unexpectedly reduced during video presentation. The differences between CTX+ and CTX- diminished during extinction learning. Together, these results indicate that the dynamic sensory input of the video presentation leads to disruptions in the ssVEP signal, which is greater for motivationally significant, threatening contexts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StegmannAndreattaWieser2023,
  author    = {Stegmann, Yannik and Andreatta, Marta and Wieser, Matthias J.},
  title     = {The effect of inherently threatening contexts on visuocortical engagement to conditioned threat},
  series = {Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1111/psyp.14208},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312465},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Fear and anxiety are crucial for adaptive responding in life-threatening situations. Whereas fear is a phasic response to an acute threat accompanied by selective attention, anxiety is characterized by a sustained feeling of apprehension and hypervigilance during situations of potential threat. In the current literature, fear and anxiety are usually considered mutually exclusive, with partially separated neural underpinnings. However, there is accumulating evidence that challenges this distinction between fear and anxiety, and simultaneous activation of fear and anxiety networks has been reported. Therefore, the current study experimentally tested potential interactions between fear and anxiety. Fifty-two healthy participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a test phase in which the conditioned stimuli were presented in front of threatening or neutral contextual images. To capture defense system activation, we recorded subjective (threat, US-expectancy), physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) and visuocortical (steady-state visual evoked potentials) responses to the conditioned stimuli as a function of contextual threat. Results demonstrated successful fear conditioning in all measures. In addition, threat and US-expectancy ratings, cardiac deceleration, and visuocortical activity were enhanced for fear cues presented in threatening compared with neutral contexts. These results are in line with an additive or interactive rather than an exclusive model of fear and anxiety, indicating facilitated defensive behavior to imminent danger in situations of potential threat.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{kleinSelleSuchotzkiPertzovetal.2023,
  author    = {klein Selle, Nathalie and Suchotzki, Kristina and Pertzov, Yoni and Gamer, Matthias},
  title     = {Orienting versus inhibition: The theory behind the ocular-based Concealed Information Test},
  series = {Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1111/psyp.14186},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312626},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {When trying to conceal one's knowledge, various ocular changes occur. However, which cognitive mechanisms drive these changes? Do orienting or inhibition—two processes previously associated with autonomic changes—play a role? To answer this question, we used a Concealed Information Test (CIT) in which participants were either motivated to conceal (orienting + inhibition) or reveal (orienting only) their knowledge. While pupil size increased in both motivational conditions, the fixation and blink CIT effects were confined to the conceal condition. These results were mirrored in autonomic changes, with skin conductance increasing in both conditions while heart rate decreased solely under motivation to conceal. Thus, different cognitive mechanisms seem to drive ocular responses. Pupil size appears to be linked to the orienting of attention (akin to skin conductance changes), while fixations and blinks rather seem to reflect arousal inhibition (comparable to heart rate changes). This knowledge strengthens CIT theory and illuminates the relationship between ocular and autonomic activity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LudwigStrack2023,
  author    = {Ludwig, Jonas and Strack, Fritz},
  title     = {Asymmetrical friendships? People are willing to risk COVID-19 infection from friends but are reluctant to pass it on to them},
  series = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1111/jasp.12927},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312411},
  pages     = {69 -- 79},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Although most protective behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic come with personal costs, they will produce the largest benefit if everybody cooperates. This study explores two interacting factors that drive cooperation in this tension between private and collective interests. A preregistered experiment (N = 299) examined (a) how the quality of the relation among interacting partners (social proximity), and (b) how focusing on the risk of self-infection versus onward transmission affected intentions to engage in protective behaviors. The results suggested that risk focus was an important moderator of the relation between social proximity and protection intentions. Specifically, participants were more willing to accept the risk of self-infection from close others than from strangers, resulting in less caution toward a friend than toward a distant other. However, when onward transmission was the primary concern, participants were more reluctant to effect transmission to close others, resulting in more caution toward friends than strangers. These findings inform the debate about effective nonclinical measures against the pandemic. Practical implications for risk communication are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RinnKrishnaDeutsch2023,
  author    = {Rinn, Robin and Krishna, Anand and Deutsch, Roland},
  title     = {The psychology of income wealth threshold estimations: A registered report},
  series = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1111/bjso.12581},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311847},
  pages     = {630 -- 650},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {How do people estimate the income that is needed to be rich? Two correlative survey studies (Study 1 and 2, N = 568) and one registered experimental study (Study 3, N = 500) examined the cognitive mechanisms that are used to derive an answer to this question. We tested whether individuals use their personal income (PI) as a self-generated anchor to derive an estimate of the income needed to be rich (= income wealth threshold estimation, IWTE). On a bivariate level, we found the expected positive relationship between one's PI and IWTE and, in line with previous findings, we found that people do not consider themselves rich. Furthermore, we predicted that individuals additionally use information about their social status within their social circles to make an IWTE. The findings from study 2 support this notion and show that only self-reported high-income individuals show different IWTEs depending on relative social status: Individuals in this group who self-reported a high status produced higher IWTEs than individuals who self-reported low status. The registered experimental study could not replicate this pattern robustly, although the results trended non-significantly in the same direction. Together, the findings revealed that the income of individuals as well as the social environment are used as sources of information to make IWTE judgements, although they are likely not the only important predictors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Forster2023,
  author    = {Forster, Andr{\´e}},
  title     = {Targeting Temporally Stable Vulnerability Factors in the Prediction of Long-Term Courses of Depression: Diagnostic Considerations and Therapeutic Protocols Based on Transcranial Ultrasonic Neuromodulation of Endophenotypes},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27906},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-279065},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Depressive disorders represent one of the main sources for the loss of healthy years of life. One of the reasons for this circumstance is the recurrent course of these disorders, which can be interrupted by current therapeutic approaches, especially in the shortterm, but seem to be maintained at least in part in the long-term. Subsequently, on one hand, this thesis deals with methodological measurement issues in the longitudinal prediction of depressive courses. On the other hand, it addresses two currently discussed neuroscience-based treatment approaches, which are investigated experimentally in a basic-psychological manner and reviewed in the light of their potential to translate results to the application in patient care. These two approaches each address potential mechanisms that may negatively impact long-term disease trajectories: First, stable endophenotypes for vulnerability factors that could regain control over the organism and reactivate maladaptive experiences, or behaviors with increasing temporal distance from therapeutic methods are focused on. In the studies presented, these were influenced by a recently rediscovered method of neuromodulation (transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound) which is discussed in light of its unique capability to address even deepest, subcortical regions at a high spatial resolution. Lastly, as a second approach, an experimental design for the use of reconsolidation interference is presented, which could provide a first insight into the applicability of corresponding protocols in the field of depressive disorders and thus contribute to the modification, instead of inhibition, of already mentioned endophenotypes. In sum, methodological considerations for monitoring and predicting long-term courses of depression are deducted before two approaches are discussed that could potentially exert positive influences on the recurrent nature of depressive symptoms on their own, in combination with each other, or as augmentation for existing therapeutic procedures.},
  subject      = {Depression},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{OPUS4-31720,
  title     = {Abstracts of the Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023},
  editor    = {Neumann, Isabel and Gado, Sabrina and K{\"a}thner, Ivo and Hildebrandt, Lea and Andreatta, Marta},
  edition   = {korrigierte Auflage},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31720},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317203},
  pages     = {76},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 was initiated to bring together researchers from many fields who use VR/AR/XR. There was a focus on applied XR and social VR. In this conference band, you can find the abstracts of the two keynotes, the 34 posters and poster pitches, the 29 talks and the four workshops.},
  subject      = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}