@phdthesis{Reuss2013,
  author    = {Reuß, Heiko},
  title     = {The interplay of unconscious processing and cognitive control},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76950},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study was both to investigate the influence of cognitive control on unconscious processing, and to investigate the influence of unconscious processing on cognitive control. At first, different mechanisms and accounts to explain unconscious priming are presented. Here, perceptual and motor processes, as well as stimulus-response learning, semantic categorization, and the action trigger account as theories to explain motor priming are discussed. Then, the issue of the potential limits of unconscious processing is presented. Findings that indicate that active current intentions and expertise modulate unconscious processing are illustrated. Subsequently, results that imply an influence of unconsciously presented stimuli that goes beyond motor processes are discussed, with a special focus on inhibition processes, orienting of attention, task set activation, and conflict adaptation. Then I present the results of my own empirical work. Experiment 1 shows that the effective processing of unconsciously presented stimuli depends on expertise, even when potentially confounding difference between the expert and novice groups are controlled. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that the intention to use particular stimuli is a crucial factor for the effectiveness of these stimuli when they are presented unconsciously. Additionally, these findings show that shifts of attention can be triggered by centrally presented masked arrow cues. Experiments 4 and 5 broaden these results to cue stimuli that are not inherently associated with a spatial meaning. The finding corroborate that typically endogenously controlled shifts of attention can also be induced by unconscious stimuli. Experiments 6 and 7 demonstrate that even a central cognitive control process like task set activation is not contingent on conscious awareness, but can in contrast be triggered through unconscious stimulation. Finally, these results are integrated and I discuss how the concept of cognitive control and the limits of unconscious processing may have to be reconsidered. Furthermore, potential future research possibilities in this field are presented.},
  subject      = {Bewusstsein},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kinateder2012,
  author    = {Kinateder, Max},
  title     = {Social Influence in Emergency Situations - Studies in Virtual Reality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76805},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In 1999, a tragic catastrophe occurred in the Mont Blanc Tunnel, one of the most important transalpine road tunnels. Twenty-seven of the victims never left their vehicles as a result of which they were trapped in smoke and suffocated (Beard \& Carvel, 2005). Immediate evacuation is crucial in tunnel fires, but still many tunnel users stay passive. During emergency situations people strongly influence each other's behavior (e.g. Nilsson \& Johansson, 2009a). So far, only few empirical experimental studies investigated the interaction of individuals during emergencies. Recent developments of advanced immersive virtual worlds, allow simulating emergency situations which makes analogue studies possible. In the present dissertation project, theoretical aspects of human behavior and SI in emergencies are addressed (Chapter 1). The question of Social Influence in emergency situations is investigated in five simulation studies during different relevant stages of the evacuation process from a simulated road tunnel fire (Chapter 2). In the last part, the results are discussed and criticized (Chapter 3). Using a virtual reality (VR) road tunnel scenario, study 1 (pilot study) and 2 investigated the effect of information about adequate behavior in tunnel emergencies as well as Social Influence (SI) on drivers' behavior. Based on a classic study of Darley and Latan{\´e} (1968) on bystander inhibition, the effect of passive bystanders on self-evacuation was analyzed. Sixty participants were confronted with an accident and smoke in a road tunnel. The presence of bystanders and information status was manipulated and consequently, participants were randomly assigned into four different groups. Informed participants read a brochure containing relevant information about safety behavior in emergency situations prior to the tunnel drives. In the bystander conditions, passive bystanders were situated in a car in front of the emergency situation. Participants who had received relevant information left the car more frequently than the other participants. Neither significant effect of bystanders nor interaction with information status on the participants' behavior was observed. Study 3 (pilot study) examined a possible alternative explanation for weak SI in VR. Based on the Threshold Theory of Social Influence (Blascovich, 2002b) and the work of Guadagno et al. (2007), the perception of virtual humans as an avatar (a virtual representation of a real human being) or as an agent (a computer-controlled animated character) was manipulated. Subsequently, 32 participants experienced an accident similar to the one in study 1. However, they were co-drivers and a virtual agent (VA) was the driver. Participants reacted differently in avatar and agent condition. Consequently, the manipulation of the avatar condition was implemented in study 4. In study 4, SI within the vehicle was investigated, as drivers are mostly not alone in their car. In a tunnel scenario similar to the first study, 34 participants were confronted with an emergency situation either as drivers or co-drivers. In the driver group, participants drove themselves and a VA was sitting on the passenger seat. Correspondently, participants in the co-driver group were seated on the passenger seat and the VA drove the vehicle on a pre-recorded path. Like in study 1, the tunnel was blocked by an accident and smoke was coming from the accident in one drive. The VA initially stayed inactive after stopping the vehicle but started to evacuate after ca. 30 seconds. About one third of the sample left the vehicle during the situation. There were no significant differences between drivers and co-drivers regarding the frequency of leaving the vehicle. Co-drivers waited significantly longer than drivers before leaving the vehicle. Study 5 looked at the pre-movement and movement phase of the evacuation process. Forty participants were repeatedly confronted with an emergency situation in a virtual road tunnel filled with smoke. Four different experimental conditions systematically varied the presence and behavior of a VA. In all but one conditions a VA was present. Across all conditions at least 60\% of the participants went to the emergency exit. If the VA went to the emergency exit, the ratio increased to 75\%. If the VA went in the opposite direction of the exit, however, only 61\% went there. If participants were confronted with a passive VA, they needed significantly longer until they started moving and reached the emergency exit. The main and most important finding across all studies is that SI is relevant for self-evacuation, but the degree of SI varies across the phases of evacuation and situation. In addition to the core findings, relevant theoretical and methodological questions regarding the general usefulness and limitations of VR as a research tool are discussed. Finally, a short summary and outlook on possible future studies is presented.},
  subject      = {Notfall},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Shiban2013,
  author    = {Shiban, Youssef},
  title     = {Attenuating Renewal following Exposure Therapy : Mechanisms of Exposure in Multiple Contexts and its Influence on the Renewal of Fear: Studies in Virtual Reality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76673},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {„Renewal" bezeichnet das Wiederauftreten von Angst nach erfolgreicher Expositionstherapie in Folge einer erneuten Konfrontation mit dem phobischen Stimulus in einem neuen, sich vom Expositionskontext unterscheidenden Kontext. Bouton (1994) zufolge deutet diese Angstr{\"u}ckkehr durch einen Kontextwechsel darauf hin, dass die Angst nicht gel{\"o}scht wurde. Stattdessen wurde w{\"a}hrend der Expositionssitzung eine neue Assoziation gelernt, die das gef{\"u}rchtete Objekt mit „keiner Angst", also den konditionierten Reiz (conditioned stimulus, CS) mit „keinem unkonditionierten Reiz" (no unconditioned stimulus, no US), verbindet. Bouton argumentiert weiter, dass diese Assoziation kontextabh{\"a}ngig ist, wodurch Effekte wie Angst-Renewal erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnen. Da in einem neuen Kontext die CS-no US-Assoziation nicht aktiviert wird, wird die Angst auch nicht gehemmt. Die Kontextabh{\"a}ngigkeit der CS-no US-Assoziation wurde in mehreren Studien belegt (Balooch \& Neumann, 2011; Siavash Bandarian Balooch, Neumann, \& Boschen, 2012; Culver, Stoyanova, \& Craske, 2011; Kim \& Richardson, 2009; Neumann \& Kitlertsirivatana, 2010). Aktuell konzentriert sich die Forschung zur Therapie von Angstst{\"o}rungen auf die Frage, wie Angst reduziert und gleichzeitig ein R{\"u}ckfall verhindert werden kann. Hierzu werden verschiedene Expositionsprotokolle untersucht, wie zum Beispiel (1) Exposition in mehreren Kontexten (multiple contexts exposure, MCE), um Renewal zu reduzieren (z.B. Balooch \& Neumann, 2011); (2) verl{\"a}ngerte Exposition (prolonged exposure, PE), um die hemmende Assoziation w{\"a}hrend des Extinktionslernes zu st{\"a}rken (z.B. Thomas, Vurbic, \& Novak, 2009) und (3) Rekonsolidierungs-Updates (reconsolidation update, RU), die den Rekonsolidierungsprozess durch eine kurze Exposition des CS+ vor der eigentlichen Exposition aktualisieren sollen (Schiller et al., 2010). Bisher liegen jedoch nur sehr wenige Studien vor, die diese neuen Expositionsprotokolle an klinischen Stichproben untersucht haben, und - soweit bekannt - keine Studie, welche die Wirkmechanismen dieser Protokolle an einer klinischen Stichprobe erforscht. Die vorliegende Dissertation hat drei Ziele. Das erste Ziel besteht darin zu pr{\"u}fen, ob Expositionstherapie in multiplen Kontexten die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Renewal reduziert. Das zweite Ziel ist die Untersuchung der Mechanismen, die dem Effekt der Exposition in multiplen Kontexten zugrunde liegen und das dritte ist den Kontext im Zusammenhang mit Konditionierung und Extinktion zu konzeptualisieren. Insgesamt wurden drei Studien durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die erste Studie untersuchte den Effekt von Exposition in multiplen Kontexten auf Renewal, die zweite und dritte Studie die Wirkmechanismen von MCE. In der ersten Studie wurden spinnenphobische Probanden (N = 30) viermal mit einer virtuellen Spinne konfrontiert. Die Expositionstrials wurden entweder in einem gleichbleibenden Kontext oder in vier verschiedenen Kontexten durchgef{\"u}hrt. Am Ende der Sitzung absolvierten alle Teilnehmer einen virtuellen Renewaltest, bei dem die virtuelle Spinne in einem neuen Kontext gezeigt wurde, und einen in vivo Verhaltensvermeidungstest (behavioral avoidance test, BAT) mit einer echten Spinne. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Probanden, welche die vier Expositionstrials in unterschiedlichen Kontexten erfuhren, weniger Angst, sowohl im virtuellen Renewaltest als auch im BAT, erlebten. In dieser Studie konnte die Wirksamkeit von MCE f{\"u}r die Reduktion von Renewal erfolgreich nachgewiesen werden. Studie 2 (N = 35) untersuchte die Wirkmechanismen von MCE in einem differentiellen Konditionierungsparadigma. Die Extinktion wurde in multiplen Kontexten durchgef{\"u}hrt. Hierbei war das Ziel, eine {\"a}hnliche Verminderung von Renewal wie in Studie 1 nachzuweisen. Der Extinktion folgten zwei Tests, mit dem Ziel m{\"o}gliche hemmende Effekte des Kontexts, die w{\"a}hrend der Extinktionsphase erworben wurden, aufzudecken. Bez{\"u}glich des Effektes von MCE wurden drei Hypothesen aufgestellt: (1) Der Extinktionskontext wird mit der Exposition assoziiert, fungiert folglich w{\"a}hrend der Extinktion als Sicherheitssignal und konkurriert daher mit dem Sicherheitslernen des CS. Dies f{\"u}hrt zu einem verminderten Extinktionseffekt auf den CS, wenn die Extinktion nur in einem Kontext durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. (2) Die Elemente im Extinktionskontext (z.B. Raumfarbe, M{\"o}bel) stehen im Zusammenhang mit der CS-no US-Assoziation und erinnern daher an die Extinktion, was zu einer gr{\"o}ßeren Angsthemmung f{\"u}hrt, wenn sie w{\"a}hrend eines Tests gezeigt werden. (3) Nach der emotionalen Prozesstheorie (emotional process theory; Bouton, 1994; Foa et al., 1996) bestimmen die Therapieprozessfaktoren die St{\"a}rke des Renewals. Beispielsweise korrelieren initiale Angstaktivierung, Aktivierung in und zwischen den Sitzungen mit der St{\"a}rke des Renewals. Jedoch waren in dieser Studie keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen im Renewaltest zu beobachten, weswegen die Ergebnisse der zwei Nachtests nicht zu interpretieren sind. Das Ziel von Studie 3 (N = 61) war es, das Konzept des Kontexts im Rahmen von Konditionierung und Exposition zu definieren. In Studie 3 wurde das Auftreten der Generalisierungsabnahme (generalization decrement) genutzt, bei der eine konditionierte Reaktion infolge eines Kontextwechsels nur reduziert auftritt. Auf diesem Weg kann Kontext{\"a}hnlichkeit quantifiziert werden. Nach einer Akquisitonsphase in einem Kontext wurden die Teilnehmer in einem von drei verschiedenen Kontexten getestet. Zwei dieser Kontexte unterschieden sich nur in einer Dimension (Anordnung der Objekte vs. Objekteigenschaften). Die dritte Gruppe wurde im Akquisitonskontext getestet und diente als Kontrollgruppe. Es fanden sich jedoch keine Unteschiede zwischen den Gruppen in den Testphasen. Eine m{\"o}gliche Erkl{\"a}rung ist die Neuartigkeit des Testkontextes. Teilnehmer, die nach der Extinktion einem neuen Kontext ausgesetzt waren, erwarteten in einem anderen Kontext eine zweite Extinktionsphase und zeigten daher mehr statt weniger Angst als erwartet.},
  subject      = {Angst},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Molitor2012,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Molitor, Sabine},
  title     = {Motivationsentwicklung in Begabtenf{\"o}rderprogrammen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75884},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie sich die Motivation bei Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern in speziellen homogenen Begabtenklassen verglichen mit regul{\"a}ren Schulklassen entwickelt. Dazu wurden im Rahmen des „Projekts zur Untersuchung des Lernens in der Sekundarstufe" (PULSS-Projekt) zu vier Messzeitpunkten die Leistungs- und Lernzielorientierung sowie die intrinsische Motivation in Mathematik und Deutsch erfasst. Der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom Beginn der 5. Jahrgangsstufe bis zum Ende der 7. Klasse. Um eine gr{\"o}ßtm{\"o}gliche Vergleichbarkeit der Begabten- und der Regelkl{\"a}ssler zu gew{\"a}hrleisten, wurden die Stichproben anhand entscheidender Merkmale parallelisiert (Schule, Geschlecht, IQ, sozio{\"o}konomischer Status). Die statistische Auswertung best{\"a}tigte den R{\"u}ckgang der Motivation aller Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}ler {\"u}ber die vier Messzeitpunkte hinweg. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigten sich keine bedeutsamen Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Klassentypen. Differenzierte man in den einzelnen Klassen nach Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern unterschiedlicher Begabung, so zeigte sich, dass die Auspr{\"a}gung der Intelligenz keinen Einfluss auf die H{\"o}he der Motivation nimmt. Beim akademischen Selbstkonzept verh{\"a}lt es sich teilweise anders. Wurde neben dem Klassentyp zwischen Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern mit hohem und solchen mit niedrigem akademischen Selbstkonzept unterschieden, so war bei einigen Kennwerten die H{\"o}he der Motivation in den Begabtenklassen st{\"a}rker vom Selbstkonzept beeinflusst als in den Regelklassen. Dies {\"a}ußerte sich dahingehend, dass die Begabtenkl{\"a}ssler mit hohem akademischem Selbstkonzept verh{\"a}ltnism{\"a}ßig stark motiviert waren, wohingegen die Begabtenkl{\"a}ssler mit niedrigem akademischem Selbstkonzept die geringste Motivation zeigten. Eine abschließende Bewertung dieser Entwicklung kann aufgrund der in vorliegender Arbeit gefundenen Ergebnisse jedoch nicht vorgenommen werden. Insgesamt konnte die Bef{\"u}rchtung eines ung{\"u}nstigeren Entwicklungsverlaufs in begabungshomogenen Klassen widerlegt werden. Das Ausmaß, inwieweit einzelne Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}ler von der Beschulung in Begabtenklassen profitieren, scheint hinsichtlich der motivationalen Entwicklung nicht so sehr von der Intelligenz, sondern vielmehr von nicht-kognitiven Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsfaktoren abzuh{\"a}ngen. So legen die Resultate nahe, die Auspr{\"a}gung des akademischen Selbstkonzepts bei Auswahlverfahren st{\"a}rker zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen.},
  subject      = {Motivation},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Walter2012,
  author    = {Walter, Martina},
  title     = {A new methodological approach to assess drug driving - The German Smartphone Survey},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present piece of work was to give information about the frequency of psychoactive substances within the German driver population and to identify preventive and promotive circumstances of drug driving. Furthermore, a new methodological approach to gather and link data about the consumption of psychoactive substances and the mobility of drug users is shown. Traditionally, roadside surveys are conducted to estimate the prevalence of drug driving within a population. By the present study, an alternative method is introduced. In total, 195 drug users (mainly cannabis users) and 100 controls out of the normal driving population were queried for four weeks about their driving and drug consumption behaviour by a questionnaire that was deployed on smartphones. The prevalences of drug driving within the sample were extrapolated into representative values. Because the subjects reported all daily activities within the study-period, it was also possible to describe situations in which the subjects decided against driving under influence. Besides, relevant previous experiences, attitudes, the approval of legal regulations, other traffic-specific parameters, social influences and personality variables were queried. So, individual factors that are associated with drug driving can be specified. The results are integrated in a model that shows dependencies of different societal, behavioural and legal variables. They can serve as major input to the discussion on drug driving and can be of practical use for rehabilitation and prevention purposes. The results can be summarised as follows: - Compared to the results of a German roadside survey from 1994, the prevalences that are found within the present study seem pretty low. This finding is discussed and possible explanations for the described trend are lined out. Furthermore, the prevalences that were calculated in the present study are compared to current data from other European countries. - The results show differences between users and controls on several variables. The differences indicate that substance use impacts on the structuring of day-to-day life. Overall, the controls' days proceed more along a daily working routine than the users' (e.g. less mobility at night, more mobility at rush-hour, alcohol consumption mainly at nights out). - The individual extent to which drugs are consumed differs dependent on daytime, day of the week and kind of substance. Of course, these dependencies also influence the occurrence of drug driving. Other factors of influence on drug driving are the distance, the availability of alternative modes of transport as well as the presence of female companions. - Not everybody who uses drugs drives under the influence of drugs. A striking predictor for frequent drug driving and highly intoxicated driving is a high consumption, associated with risky consumption patterns and a low subjective feeling of impairment after drug consumption. - The subjects' attitudes towards drug driving and their beliefs about social norms largely go in line with the behaviour they engage in. Drug users have rather liberal attitudes towards drug use and driving under influence. - A possible deterrence effect of sanctioning and police enforcement and its dependence on the acceptance and awareness of the measures is delineated. - Only small effects are found when examining the objective impairment that is caused by drug use by a computer-based test battery. This result is critically discussed with regards to the operationalisation of the study groups. - Except from driving under influence, there is no evidence to suggest that DUI offenders also show problematic behaviour according to other traffic-related measures. - Parents and peers may have an influence as role models on the development of problematic behaviour. A good relationship between parents and children may have a positive impact on the development of conventional values and behaviour. - Drug use is associated with some crucial personality dimensions and drugs are often used to solve personal problems. A less precise but similar difference was found for users who commit many drives under influence compared to users who never or only sometimes drive under influence. Moreover, users marginally more often have psychological problems compared to controls. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the new methodological approach of data collection are discussed as well as the challenges that are faced when implementing it. All in all, it has proved to be a promising method and should serve as a standard to which future studies should aspire.},
  subject      = {Verkehrspsychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerbertKuebler2011,
  author    = {Herbert, Cornelia and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {Dogs Cannot Bark: Event-Related Brain Responses to True and False Negated Statements as Indicators of Higher-Order Conscious Processing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74907},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (sentence level) and prime-target expressions (word level). Stimuli were presented acoustically and no overt behavioral response of the participants was required. Event-related brain potentials to target words preceded by true and false negated expressions were analyzed both within group and at the single subject level. Across the different processing conditions (word pairs and sentences), target words elicited a frontal negativity and a late positivity in the time window from 600-1000 msec post target word onset. Amplitudes of both brain potentials varied as a function of the truth value of the negated expressions. Results were confirmed at the single-subject level. In sum, our results support recent suggestions according to which evaluation of the truth value of a negated expression is a time- and cognitively demanding process that cannot be solved automatically, and thus requires conscious processing. Our paradigm provides insight into higher-order processing related to language comprehension and reasoning in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to evaluate if our paradigm also proves sensitive for the detection of consciousness in non-responsive patients.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stemmler2011,
  author    = {Stemmler, Thomas},
  title     = {Just do it! Guilt as a moral intuition to cooperate - A parallel constraint satisfaction approach},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74873},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Nach langer Dominanz rationaler Urteils- und Entscheidungsmodelle in der Moralpsychologie (z.B. Kohlberg, 1969) besteht seit einiger Zeit verst{\"a}rktes Interesse an intuitiven, emotionalen Einfl{\"u}ssen auf moralische Urteile und Entscheidungen (z.B. Greene, 2007; Haidt, 2001; Monin, Pizarro, \& Beer, 2007). Der Einfluss von Emotionen auf moralische Entscheidungen wird in der Literatur u.a. mittels heuristischer, non-kompensatorischer Informationsverarbeitung erkl{\"a}rt (z.B. Sinnott-Armstrong, Young, \& Cushman, 2010; Sunstein, 2005; Tobler, Kalis, \& Kalenscher, 2008). Hierbei wird jedoch der Prozess der Emotionsentstehung ignoriert. Appraisaltheorien postulieren, dass Emotionen durch die Inkoh{\"a}renz (oder Diskrepanz) von Verhaltensrepr{\"a}sentationen wie Zielen und Aktionen entstehen (Moors, 2009). Emotionsentstehung und (intuitives) Entscheiden kann in einem Modell vereint werden sobald man bei beiden Prozessen eine konnektionistische Struktur (z.B. Barnes \& Thagard, 1996) zugrunde legt. Die vorliegende Arbeit kontrastiert beide Perspektiven intuitiv-emotionalen Entscheidens im Hinblick auf Schuld und Kooperation.},
  subject      = {Kooperation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Pfister2011,
  author    = {Pfister, Roland},
  title     = {Wardrobe Malfunctions and the Measurement of Internet Behaviour},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69067},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The wardrobe malfunction—an unanticipated exposure of bodily parts in the public—has become a prevailing issue in concerts, shows and other celebrity events that is reliably reported by the media. The internet as the fastest source for celebrity gossip allows measuring the impact of such wardrobe malfunctions on the public in-terest in a celebrity. This measurement in turn allows conclusions about intention, motivation, and internet be-haviour of a wide variety of internet users. The present study exemplifies the use of an innovative non-reactive measure of active interest—the Search Volume Index—to assess the impact of a variety of internet-related phe-nomena, including wardrobe malfunctions. Results indicate that interest in a celebrity increases immediately af-ter such an event and stays at a high level for about three weeks (the wardrobe plateau). This special form of ce-lebrity gossip thus meets a constant interest of a substantial proportion of internet users.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuenssingerHalderKleihetal.2010,
  author    = {M{\"u}nßinger, Jana I. and Halder, Sebastian and Kleih, Sonja C. and Furdea, Adrian and Raco, Valerio and H{\"o}sle, Adi and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {Brain Painting: first evaluation of a new brain-computer interface application with ALS-patients and healthy volunteers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68168},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable paralyzed patients to communicate; however, up to date, no creative expression was possible. The current study investigated the accuracy and user-friendliness of P300-Brain Painting, a new BCI application developed to paint pictures using brain activity only. Two different versions of the P300-Brain Painting application were tested: A colored matrix tested by a group of ALS-patients (n = 3) and healthy participants (n = 10), and a black and white matrix tested by healthy participants (n = 10). The three ALS-patients achieved high accuracies; two of them reaching above 89\% accuracy. In healthy subjects, a comparison between the P300-Brain Painting application (colored matrix) and the P300-Spelling application revealed significantly lower accuracy and P300 amplitudes for the P300-Brain Painting application. This drop in accuracy and P300 amplitudes was not found when comparing the P300-Spelling application to an adapted, black and white matrix of the P300-Brain Painting application. By employing a black and white matrix, the accuracy of the P300-Brain Painting application was significantly enhanced and reached the accuracy of the P300-Spelling application. ALS-patients greatly enjoyed P300-Brain Painting and were able to use the application with the same accuracy as healthy subjects. P300-Brain Painting enables paralyzed patients to express themselves creatively and to participate in the prolific society through exhibitions.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GerdesWieserMuehlbergeretal.2010,
  author    = {Gerdes, Antje B. M. and Wieser, Matthias J. and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Weyers, Peter and Alpers, Georg W. and Plichta, Michael M. and Breuer, Felix and Pauli, Paul},
  title     = {Brain activations to emotional pictures are differentially associated with valence and arousal ratings},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68153},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Several studies have investigated the neural responses triggered by emotional pictures, but the specificity of the involved structures such as the amygdala or the ventral striatum is still under debate. Furthermore, only few studies examined the association of stimuli's valence and arousal and the underlying brain responses. Therefore, we investigated brain responses with functional magnetic resonance imaging of 17 healthy participants to pleasant and unpleasant affective pictures and afterwards assessed ratings of valence and arousal. As expected, unpleasant pictures strongly activated the right and left amygdala, the right hippocampus, and the medial occipital lobe, whereas pleasant pictures elicited significant activations in left occipital regions, and in parts of the medial temporal lobe. The direct comparison of unpleasant and pleasant pictures, which were comparable in arousal clearly indicated stronger amygdala activation in response to the unpleasant pictures. Most important, correlational analyses revealed on the one hand that the arousal of unpleasant pictures was significantly associated with activations in the right amygdala and the left caudate body. On the other hand, valence of pleasant pictures was significantly correlated with activations in the right caudate head, extending to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings support the notion that the amygdala is primarily involved in processing of unpleasant stimuli, particularly to more arousing unpleasant stimuli. Reward-related structures like the caudate and NAcc primarily respond to pleasant stimuli, the stronger the more positive the valence of these stimuli is.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}