@phdthesis{Solger2021,
  author    = {Solger, Franziska},
  title     = {Central role of sphingolipids on the intracellular survival of \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\) in epithelial cells},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24753},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-247534},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae are Gram-negative bacteria with diplococcal shape. As an obligate human pathogen, it is the causative agent of gonorrhoea, a sexually transmitted disease. Gonococci colonize a variety of mucosal tissues, mainly the urogenital tract in men and women. Occasionally N. gonorrhoeae invades the bloodstream, leading to disseminated gonococcal infection. These bacteria possess a repertoire of virulence factors, which expression patterns can be adapted to the environmental conditions of the host. Through the accumulation of antibiotic resistances and in absence of vaccines, some neisserial strains have the potential to spread globally and represent a major public health threat. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the successful infection and progression of gonococci within their host. This deeper understanding of neisserial infection and survival mechanisms is needed for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this work, the role of host-cell sphingolipids on the intracellular survival of N. gonorrhoeae was investigated. It was shown that different classes of sphingolipids strongly interact with invasive gonococci in epithelial cells. Therefore, novel and highly specific clickable sphingolipid analogues were applied to study these interactions with this pathogen. The formation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine vesicles, which were able to target gonococci, was observed. This direct interaction led to the uptake and incorporation of sphingosine into the neisserial membrane. Together with in vitro results, sphingosine was identified as a potential bactericidal reagent as part of the host cell defence. By using different classes of sphingolipids and their clickable analogues, essential structural features, which seem to trigger the bacterial uptake, were detected. Furthermore, effects of key enzymes of the sphingolipid signalling pathway were tested in a neutrophil infection model. In conclusion, the combination of click chemistry and infection biology made it possible to shed some light on the dynamic interplay between cellular sphingosine and N. gonorrhoeae. Thereby, a possible "catch-and-kill" mechanism could have been observed.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zachary2021,
  author    = {Zachary, Marie},
  title     = {Functional characterization of small non-coding RNAs of \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24582},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245826},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {During infection, bacteria need to adapt to a changing environment and have to endure various stress conditions. Small non-coding RNAs are considered as important regulators of bacterial gene expression and so allow quick adaptations by altering expression of specific target genes. Regulation of gene expression in the human-restricted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, is only poorly understood. The present study aims a better understanding of gene regulation in N. gonorrhoeae by studying small non-coding RNAs. The discovery of antisense RNAs for all opa genes led to the hypothesis of asRNA-mediated degradation of out-of-frame opa transcripts. Analysis of asRNA expression revealed a very low abundance of the transcripts and inclusion of another phase-variable gene in the study indicates that the asRNAs are not involved in degradation of out-of-frame transcripts. This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of trans-acting sRNAs. The sibling sRNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 were discovered as post-transcriptional regulators altering expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, amino acid uptake and transcriptional regulation. A more detailed analysis by in silico and transcriptomic approaches showed that the sRNAs regulate a broad variety of genes coding for proteins of central metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and degradation and several transport processes. Expression levels of the sibling sRNAs depend on the growth phase of the bacteria and on the growth medium. This indicates that NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 are involved in the adaptation of the gonococcal metabolism to specific growth conditions. This work further initiates characterisation of the sRNA NgncR_237. An in silico analysis showed details on sequence conservation and a possible secondary structure. A combination of in silico target prediction and differential RNA sequencing resulted in the identification of several target genes involved in type IV pilus biogenesis and DNA recombination. However, it was not successful to find induction conditions for sRNA expression. Interestingly, a possible sibling sRNA could be identified that shares the target interaction sequence with NgncR_237 and could therefore target the same mRNAs. In conclusion, this thesis provides further insights in gene regulation by non-coding RNAs in N. gonorrhoeae by analysing two pairs of sibling sRNAs modulating bacterial metabolism or possibly type IV pilus biogenesis.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Xian2014,
  author    = {Xian, Yibo},
  title     = {Identification of essential genes and novel virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by transposon mutagenesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-102659},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a human-specific pathogen that causes gonorrhea. It is defined as a super bacterium by the WHO due to the emergence of gonococci that are resistant to a variety of antibiotics and a rapidly increasing infection incidence. Genome-wide investigation of neisserial gene essentiality and novel virulence factors is urgently required in order to identify new targets for anti-neisserial therapeutics. To identify essential genes and new virulence factors, a high-density mutant library in N. gonorrhoeae MS11 was generated by in vitro transposon mutagenesis. The transposon library harbors more than 100,000 individual mutants, a density that is unprecedented in gonococcal research. Essential genes in N. gonorrhoeae were determined by enumerating frequencies of transposon insertion sites (TIS) with Illumina deep sequencing (Tn-seq). Tn-seq indicated an average distance between adjacent TIS of 25 bp. Statistical analysis unequivocally demonstrated 781 genes that were significantly depleted in TIS and thus are essential for Neisseria survival. A subset of the genes was experimentally verified to comprise essential genes and thus support the outcome of the study. The hereby identified candidate essential genes thus may constitute excellent targets for the development of new antibiotics or vaccines. In a second study, the transposon mutant library was applied in a genome-scale "negative-selection strategy" to identify genes that are involved in low phosphate-dependent invasion (LPDI). LPDI is dependent on the Neisseria porin subtype PorBIA which acts as an epithelial cell invasin in absence of phosphate and is associated with severe pathogenicity in disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI). Tn-seq demonstrated 98 genes, which were involved in adherence to host cells and 43 genes involved in host cell invasion. E.g. the hypothetical protein NGFG_00506, an ABC transporter ATP-binding protein NGFG_01643, as well as NGFG_04218 encoding a homolog of mafI in N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 were experimentally verified as new invasive factors in LPDI. NGFG_01605, a predicted protease, was identified to be a common factor involved in PorBIA, Opa50 and Opa57-mediated neisserial engulfment by the epithelial cells. Thus, this first systematic Tn-seq application in N. gonorrhoeae identified a set of previously unknown N. gonorrhoeae invasive factors which demonstrate molecular mechanisms of DGI.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reimer2017,
  author    = {Reimer, Anastasija},
  title     = {Search for novel antimicrobials against \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\) and \(Chlamydia\) \(trachomatis\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143168},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for the widespread sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, which in rare cases also leads to the development of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). DGI is mediated by PorBIA-expressing bacteria that invade host cells under low phosphate condition by interaction with the scavenger receptor-1 (SREC-I) expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. The interaction of PorBIA and SREC-I was analysed using different in vitro approaches, including surface plasmon resonance experiments that revealed a direct phosphate-independent high affinity interaction of SREC-I to PorBIA. However, the same binding affinity was also found for the other allele PorBIB, which indicates unspecific binding and suggests that the applied methods were unsuitable for this interaction analysis. Since N. gonorrhoeae was recently classified as a "super-bug" due to a rising number of antibiotic-resistant strains, this study aimed to discover inhibitors against the PorBIA-mediated invasion of N. gonorrhoeae. Additionally, inhibitors were searched against the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections as well as infections of the upper inner eyelid. 68 compounds, including plant-derived small molecules, extracts or pure compounds of marine sponges or sponge-associated bacteria and pipecolic acid derivatives, were screened using an automated microscopy based approach. No active substances against N. gonorrhoeae could be identified, while seven highly antichlamydial compounds were detected. The pipecolic acid derivatives were synthesized as potential inhibitors of the virulence-associated "macrophage infectivity potentiator" (MIP), which exhibits a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzyme activity. This study investigated the role of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae MIP during infection. The two inhibitors PipN3 and PipN4 decreased the PPIase activity of recombinant chlamydial and neisserial MIP in a dose-dependent manner. Both compounds affected the chlamydial growth and development in epithelial cells. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the contribution of MIP to a prolonged survival of N. gonorrhoeae in the presence of neutrophils, which was significantly reduced in the presence of PipN3 and PipN4. SF2446A2 was one of the compounds that had a severe effect on the growth and development of C. trachomatis. The analysis of the mode of action of SF2446A2 revealed an inhibitory effect of the compound on the mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production of the host cell. However, the chlamydial development was independent of proper functional mitochondria, which excluded the connection of the antichlamydial properties of SF2446A2 with its inhibition of the respiratory chain. Only the depletion of cellular ATP by blocking glycolysis and mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibited the chlamydial growth. A direct effect of SF2446A2 on C. trachomatis was assumed, since the growth of the bacteria N. gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus was also affected by the compound. In summary, this study identified the severe antichlamydial activity of plant-derived naphthoquinones and the compounds derived from marine sponges or sponge-associated bacteria SF2446A2, ageloline A and gelliusterol E. Furthermore, the work points out the importance of the MIP proteins during infection and presents pipecolic acid derivatives as novel antimicrobials against N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}