@phdthesis{Keller2002,
  author    = {Keller, Andreas},
  title     = {Genetic Intervention in Sensory Systems of a Fly},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-680},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit vergleicht Transgene, die in Drosophila Neuronen exprimiert wurden, um diese abzut{\"o}ten oder zu blockieren. Tetanus Neurotoxin erwies sich als sehr effizient, um chemische Synapsen zu blockieren. Synapsen, die aus einer chemischen und einer elektrischen Komponente bestehen, ließen sich dagegen mit einem ektopisch exprimierten humanen Kalium-Kanal zuverl{\"a}ssiger ausschalten. Es wurden drei M{\"o}glichkeiten verglichen, eine zeitliche Kontrolle {\"u}ber die Funktion von Neuronen zu erlangen. Keines der getesteten Systeme erwies sich als universell anwendbar, aber die durch Rekombination induzierte Tetanus Neurotoxin Expression ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Die aus dieser vergleichenden methodischen Studie gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden angewendet, um die Rolle von Neuronen in sensorischen Systemen bei der Verarbeitung verschiedener sensorischer Informationen zu untersuchen. Chemische und mechanische Rezeptorneuronen konnten den olfaktorisch gesteuerten Verhaltensweisen beziehungsweise den lokomotorischen Leistungen, denen sie zu Grunde liegen, zugeordnet werden. Hauptthema der Arbeit ist die Suche nach Neuronen, die an der Bewegungsdetektion im visuellen System beteiligt sind. Dabei zeigte sich, daß weder L2 noch L4 Neuronen im ersten visuellen Neuropil essentiell f{\"u}r die Detektion von Bewegung sind. Vielmehr deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, daß die Bewegungsdetektion {\"u}ber das Netzwerk der amacrinen Zellen (a) erfolgt. Die f{\"u}r vertikale Bewegung sensitiven VS Zellen in der Lobula Platte erwiesen sich als nicht notwendig f{\"u}r die Verhaltensreaktionen auf vertikale Bewegungsreize. Daraus folgt auch, daß in der Strukturmutante optomotor blind das Fehlen der VS Zellen nicht urs{\"a}chlich f{\"u}r die stark eingeschr{\"a}nkten Reaktionen auf vertikale Bewegung ist. Ein anderer Defekt in optomotor blind muß daf{\"u}r verantwortlich sein. Die Arbeit zeigt das große Potential der beschriebenen Methoden zur Untersuchung der Informationsverarbeitung im Nervensystem von Drosophila. Einzelne Neuronengruppen konnten komplexen Verhaltensweisen zugeordnet werden und Theorien {\"u}ber die Informationsverarbeitung konnten in Verhaltensexperimenten mit transgenen Fliegen getestet werden. Eine weitere Verfeinerung der Methodik zur genetischen Intervention wird das Drosophila Gehirn zu einem noch besseren Modell f{\"u}r die Informationsverarbeitung in Nervensystemen machen.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Brandstaetter2010,
  author    = {Brandstaetter, Andreas Simon},
  title     = {Neuronal correlates of nestmate recognition in the carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55963},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Cooperation is beneficial for social groups and is exemplified in its most sophisticated form in social insects. In particular, eusocial Hymenoptera, like ants and honey bees, exhibit a level of cooperation only rarely matched by other animals. To assure effective defense of group members, foes need to be recognized reliably. Ants use low-volatile, colony-specific profiles of cuticular hydrocarbons (colony odor) to discriminate colony members (nestmates) from foreign workers (non-nestmates). For colony recognition, it is assumed that multi-component colony odors are compared to a neuronal template, located in a so far unidentified part of the nervous system, where a mismatch results in aggression. Alternatively, a sensory filter in the periphery of the nervous system has been suggested to act as a template, causing specific anosmia to nestmate colony odor due to sensory adaptation and effectively blocking perception of nestmates. Colony odors are not stable, but change over time due to environmental influences. To adjust for this, the recognition system has to be constantly updated (template reformation). In this thesis, I provide evidence that template reformation can be induced artificially, by modifying the sensory experience of carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus; Chapter 1). The results of the experiments showed that template reformation is a relatively slow process taking several hours and this contradicts the adaptation-based sensory filter hypothesis. This finding is supported by first in-vivo measurements describing the neuronal processes underlying template reformation (Chapter 5). Neurophysiological measurements were impeded at the beginning of this study by the lack of adequate technical means to present colony odors. In a behavioral assay, I showed that tactile interaction is not necessary for colony recognition, although colony odors are of very low volatility (Chapter 2). I developed a novel stimulation technique (dummy-delivered stimulation) and tested its suitability for neurophysiological experiments (Chapter 3). My experiments showed that dummy-delivered stimulation is especially advantageous for presentation of low-volatile odors. Colony odor concentration in headspace was further increased by moderately heating the dummies, and this allowed me to measure neuronal correlates of colony odors in the peripheral and the central nervous system using electroantennography and calcium imaging, respectively (Chapter 4). Nestmate and non-nestmate colony odor elicited strong neuronal responses in olfactory receptor neurons of the antenna and in the functional units of the first olfactory neuropile of the ant brain, the glomeruli of the antennal lobe (AL). My results show that ants are not anosmic to nestmate colony odor and this clearly invalidates the previously suggested sensory filter hypothesis. Advanced two-photon microscopy allowed me to investigate the neuronal representation of colony odors in different neuroanatomical compartments of the AL (Chapter 5). Although neuronal activity was distributed inhomogeneously, I did not find exclusive representation restricted to a single AL compartment. This result indicates that information about colony odors is processed in parallel, using the computational power of the whole AL network. In the AL, the patterns of glomerular activity (spatial activity patterns) were variable, even in response to repeated stimulation with the same colony odor (Chapter 4\&5). This finding is surprising, as earlier studies indicated that spatial activity patterns in the AL reflect how an odor is perceived by an animal (odor quality). Under natural conditions, multi-component odors constitute varying and fluctuating stimuli, and most probably animals are generally faced with the problem that these elicit variable neuronal responses. Two-photon microscopy revealed that variability was higher in response to nestmate than to non-nestmate colony odor (Chapter 5), possibly reflecting plasticity of the AL network, which allows template reformation. Due to their high variability, spatial activity patterns in response to different colony odors were not sufficiently distinct to allow attribution of odor qualities like 'friend' or 'foe'. This finding challenges our current notion of how odor quality of complex, multi-component odors is coded. Additional neuronal parameters, e.g. precise timing of neuronal activity, are most likely necessary to allow discrimination. The lower variability of activity patterns elicited by non-nestmate compared to nestmate colony odor might facilitate recognition of non-nestmates at the next level of the olfactory pathway. My research efforts made the colony recognition system accessible for direct neurophysiological investigations. My results show that ants can perceive their own nestmates. The neuronal representation of colony odors is distributed across AL compartments, indicating parallel processing. Surprisingly, the spatial activity patterns in response to colony are highly variable, raising the question how odor quality is coded in this system. The experimental advance presented in this thesis will be useful to gain further insights into how social insects discriminate friends and foes. Furthermore, my work will be beneficial for the research field of insect olfaction as colony recognition in social insects is an excellent model system to study the coding of odor quality and long-term memory mechanisms underlying recognition of complex, multi-component odors.},
  subject      = {Neuroethologie},
  language  = {en}
}