@phdthesis{Loewe2008, author = {L{\"o}we, Tobias}, title = {Untersuchung von gene-drive-Strategien als neue Interventionsstrategien zur Eind{\"a}mmung der Malaria}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28750}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit haben wir unter Nutzung bioinformatischer Methoden eine innovative Strategie zur Eind{\"a}mmung der Malaria entwickelt. Die genetische Modifikationsstrategie beinhaltet sowohl Manipulationen aufseiten des gef{\"a}hrlichsten Erregers, Plasmodium falciparum, als auch des Hauptvektors, Anopheles gambiae. In den Genomen beider Spezies wurden eine Reihe neuer konkreter targets identifiziert. Auch bereits beschriebene targets und Ans{\"a}tze wurden in die Strategie einbezogen bzw. weiter ausgestaltet. Bez{\"u}glich der Vektormoskitos wird die Verbreitung eines gegen{\"u}ber Plasmodien resistenten Genotyps angestrebt. Es werden einerseits effiziente nat{\"u}rliche und k{\"u}nstliche Resistenzgene diskutiert und andererseits eine bekannte Strategie zur Fixierung nat{\"u}rlicher Resistenzallele in nat{\"u}rlichen Populationen verbessert. Auf der Seite der Plasmodien erweiterten wir einen bereits von A. Burt (2003) beschriebenen Eradikationsansatz um weitere targets. Aus ethischen und evolutionsbiologischen Erw{\"a}gungen bevorzugen wir jedoch eine alternative Strategie, welche die Etablierung von in ihrer Virulenz gemilderten Parasiten zum Ziel hat. Der attenuierte Genotyp wird unter anderem durch komplexe Pathway-Remodellierungen beschrieben (L{\"o}we, Sauerborn, Schirmer, Dandekar, A refined genome engineering strategy against parasites and vectors, Manuskript beim Journal „Genome Biology" eingereicht). Da sich Mutanten in der Natur gegen Wildtyp-Organismen kaum durchsetzen k{\"o}nnen, werden zwei drive-Systeme beschrieben, welche f{\"u}r die Implementierung der genetischen Manipulationsstrategie entwickelt wurden. Beide Konstrukte wurden zur Patentierung angemeldet (Patentanmeldung U30010 DPMA bzw. Aktenzeichen 102006029354.1). Zus{\"a}tzlich zur deutschen wurde f{\"u}r eines der beiden Konstrukte eine PCT-Anmeldung eingereicht, welche in Zukunft einen internationalen Patentschutz erm{\"o}glichen soll. Es werden Kalkulationen vorgelegt, welche die Verbreitungstendenzen der Konstrukte in nat{\"u}rlichen Populationen vorhersagen. Die Beschreibung der entwickelten Konstrukte beschr{\"a}nkt sich nicht auf das prim{\"a}re Anwendungsgebiet der Arbeit (Malaria), sondern beinhaltet auch andere Anwendungsgebiete, vor allem im Bereich der Medizin und Molekularbiologie.}, subject = {Malaria tropica}, language = {de} } @article{BiscottiCarducciBaruccaetal.2020, author = {Biscotti, Maria Assunta and Carducci, Federica and Barucca, Marco and Gerdol, Marco and Pallavicini, Alberto and Schartl, Manfred and Canapa, Adriana and Contar Adolfi, Mateus}, title = {The transcriptome of the newt Cynops orientalis provides new insights into evolution and function of sexual gene networks in sarcopterygians}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {10}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-62408-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227326}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Amphibians evolved in the Devonian period about 400 Mya and represent a transition step in tetrapod evolution. Among amphibians, high-throughput sequencing data are very limited for Caudata, due to their largest genome sizes among terrestrial vertebrates. In this paper we present the transcriptome from the fire bellied newt Cynops orientalis. Data here presented display a high level of completeness, comparable to the fully sequenced genomes available from other amphibians. Moreover, this work focused on genes involved in gametogenesis and sexual development. Surprisingly, the gsdf gene was identified for the first time in a tetrapod species, so far known only from bony fish and basal sarcopterygians. Our analysis failed to isolate fgf24 and foxl3, supporting the possible loss of both genes in the common ancestor of Rhipidistians. In Cynops, the expression analysis of genes described to be sex-related in vertebrates singled out an expected functional role for some genes, while others displayed an unforeseen behavior, confirming the high variability of the sex-related pathway in vertebrates.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dornhaus2002, author = {Dornhaus, Anna}, title = {The role of communication in the foraging process of social bees}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3468}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2002}, abstract = {In the various groups of social bees, different systems of communication about food sources occur. These communication systems are different solutions to a common problem of social insects: efficiently allocating the necessary number of workers first to the task of foraging and second to the most profitable food sources. The solution chosen by each species depends on the particular ecological circumstances as well as the evolutionary history of that species. For example, the outstanding difference between the bumble bee and the honey bee system is that honey bees can communicate the location of profitable food sources to nestmates, which bumble bees cannot. To identify possible selection pressures that could explain this difference, I have quantified the benefits of communicating location in honey bees. I show that these strongly depend on the habitat, and that communicating location might not benefit bees in temperate habitats. This could be due to the differing spatial distributions of resources in different habitats, in particular between temperate and tropical regions. These distributions may be the reason why the mostly temperate-living bumble bees have never evolved a communication system that allows them to transfer information on location of food sources, whereas most tropical social bees (all honey bees and many stingless bees) are able to recruit nestmates to specific points in their foraging range. Nevertheless, I show that in bumble bees the allocation of workers to foraging is also regulated by communication. Successful foragers distribute in the nest a pheromone which alerts other bees to the presence of food. This pheromone stems from a tergite gland, the function of which had not been identified previously. Usage of a pheromone in the nest to alert other individuals to forage has not been described in other social insects, and might constitute a new mode of communicating about food sources. The signal might be modulated depending on the quality of the food source. Bees in the nest sample the nectar that has been brought into the nest. Their decision whether to go out and forage depends not only on the pheromone signal, but also on the quality of the nectar they have sampled. In this way, foraging activity of a bumble bee colony is adjusted to foraging conditions, which means most bees are allocated to foraging only if high-quality food sources are available. In addition, foraging activity is adjusted to the amount of food already stored. In a colony with full honeypots, no new bees are allocated to foraging. These results help us understand how the allocation of workers to the task of food collection is regulated according to external and internal nest conditions in bumble bees.}, subject = {Hummel}, language = {en} } @article{HoehneProkopovKuhletal.2021, author = {H{\"o}hne, Christin and Prokopov, Dmitry and Kuhl, Heiner and Du, Kang and Klopp, Christophe and Wuertz, Sven and Trifonov, Vladimir and St{\"o}ck, Matthias}, title = {The immune system of sturgeons and paddlefish (Acipenseriformes): a review with new data from a chromosome-scale sturgeon genome}, series = {Reviews in Aquaculture}, volume = {13}, journal = {Reviews in Aquaculture}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1111/raq.12542}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239865}, pages = {1709 -- 1729}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Sturgeon immunity is relevant for basic evolutionary and applied research, including caviar- and meat-producing aquaculture, protection of wild sturgeons and their re-introduction through conservation aquaculture. Starting from a comprehensive overview of immune organs, we discuss pathways of innate and adaptive immune systems in a vertebrate phylogenetic and genomic context. The thymus as a key organ of adaptive immunity in sturgeons requires future molecular studies. Likewise, data on immune functions of sturgeon-specific pericardial and meningeal tissues are largely missing. Integrating immunological and endocrine functions, the sturgeon head kidney resembles that of teleosts. Recently identified pattern recognition receptors in sturgeon require research on downstream regulation. We review first acipenseriform data on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed in membranes and endosomes, initiating inflammation and host defence by molecular pattern-induced activation. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like (RIG-like) receptors of sturgeons present RNA and key sensors of virus infections in most cell types. Sturgeons and teleosts share major components of the adaptive immune system, including B cells, immunoglobulins, major histocompatibility complex and the adaptive cellular response by T cells. The ontogeny of the sturgeon innate and onset of adaptive immune genes in different organs remain understudied. In a genomics perspective, our new data on 100 key immune genes exemplify a multitude of evolutionary trajectories after the sturgeon-specific genome duplication, where some single-copy genes contrast with many duplications, allowing tissue specialization, sub-functionalization or both. Our preliminary conclusion should be tested by future evolutionary bioinformatics, involving all >1000 immunity genes. This knowledge update about the acipenseriform immune system identifies several important research gaps and presents a basis for future applications.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pinkert2008, author = {Pinkert, Stefan}, title = {The human proteome is shaped by evolution and interactions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35566}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Das menschliche Genom ist seit 2001 komplett sequenziert. Ein Großteil der Proteine wurde mittlerweile beschrieben und t{\"a}glich werden bioinformatische Vorhersagen praktisch best{\"a}tigt. Als weiteres Großprojekt wurde k{\"u}rzlich die Sequenzierung des Genoms von 1000 Menschen gestartet. Trotzdem ist immer noch wenig {\"u}ber die Evolution des gesamten menschlichen Proteoms bekannt. Proteindom{\"a}nen und ihre Kombinationen sind teilweise sehr detailliert erforscht, aber es wurden noch nicht alle Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen des Menschen in ihrer Gesamtheit miteinander verglichen. Der verwendete große hochqualitative Datensatz von Protein-Protein-Interaktionen und Komplexen stammt aus dem Jahr 2006 und erm{\"o}glicht es erstmals das menschliche Proteom mit einer vorher nicht m{\"o}glichen Genauigkeit analysieren zu k{\"o}nnen. Hochentwickelte Cluster Algorithmen und die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von großer Rechenkapazit{\"a}t bef{\"a}higen uns neue Information {\"u}ber Proteinnetzwerke ohne weitere Laborarbeit zu gewinnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert das menschliche Proteom auf drei verschiedenen Ebenen. Zuerst wurde der Ursprung von Proteinen basierend auf ihrer Dom{\"a}nenarchitektur analysiert, danach wurden Protein-Protein-Interaktionen untersucht und schließlich erfolgte Einteilung der Proteine nach ihren vorhandenen und fehlenden Interaktionen. Die meisten bekannten Proteine enthalten mindestens eine Dom{\"a}ne und die Proteinfunktion ergibt sich aus der Summe der Funktionen der einzelnen enthaltenen Dom{\"a}nen. Proteine, die auf der gleichen Dom{\"a}nenarchitektur basieren, das heißt die die gleichen Dom{\"a}nen in derselben Reihenfolge besitzen, sind homolog und daher aus einem gemeinsamen urspr{\"u}nglichen Protein entstanden. Die Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen der urspr{\"u}nglichen Proteine wurden f{\"u}r 750000 Proteine aus 1313 Spezies bestimmt. Die Gruppierung von Spezies und ihrer Proteine ergibt sich aus taxonomischen Daten von NCBI-Taxonomy, welche mit zus{\"a}tzlichen Informationen basierend auf molekularen Markern erg{\"a}nzt wurden. Der resultierende Datensatz, bestehend aus 5817 Dom{\"a}nen und 32868 Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen, war die Grundlage f{\"u}r die Bestimmung des Ursprungs der Proteine aufgrund ihrer Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass nur ein kleiner Teil der neu evolvierten Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen eines Taxons gleichzeitig auch im selben Taxon neu entstandene Proteindom{\"a}nen enth{\"a}lt. Ein weiteres Ergebnis war, dass Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen im Verlauf der Evolution l{\"a}nger und komplexer werden, und dass so verschiedene Organismen wie der Fadenwurm, die Fruchtfliege und der Mensch die gleiche Menge an unterschiedlichen Proteinen haben, aber deutliche Unterschiede in der Anzahl ihrer Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen aufweisen. Der zweite Teil besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Frage wie neu entstandene Proteine Bindungen mit dem schon bestehenden Proteinnetzwerk eingehen. In fr{\"u}heren Arbeiten wurde gezeigt, dass das Protein-Interaktions-Netzwerk ein skalenfreies Netz ist. Skalenfreie Netze, wie zum Beispiel das Internet, bestehen aus wenigen Knoten mit vielen Interaktionen, genannt Hubs, und andererseits aus vielen Knoten mit wenigen Interaktionen. Man vermutet, dass zwei Mechanismen zur Entstehung solcher Netzwerke f{\"u}hren. Erstens m{\"u}ssen neue Proteine um auch Teil des Proteinnetzwerkes zu werden mit Proteinen interagieren, die bereits Teil des Netzwerkes sind. Zweitens interagieren die neuen Proteine, gem{\"a}ß der Theorie der bevorzugten Bindung, mit h{\"o}herer Wahrscheinlichkeit mit solchen Proteinen im Netzwerk, die schon an zahlreichen weiteren Protein-Interaktionen beteiligt sind. Die Human Protein Reference Database stellt ein auf Informationen aus in-vivo Experimenten beruhendes Proteinnetzwerk f{\"u}r menschliche Proteine zur Verf{\"u}gung. Basierend auf den in Kapitel I gewonnenen Informationen wurden die Proteine mit dem Ursprungstaxon ihrer Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen versehen. Dadurch wurde gezeigt, dass ein Protein h{\"a}ufiger mit Proteinen, die im selben Taxon entstanden sind, interagiert, als mit Proteinen, die in anderen Taxa neu aufgetreten sind. Es stellte sich heraus, dass diese Interaktionsraten f{\"u}r alle Taxa deutlich h{\"o}her waren, als durch das Zufallsmodel vorhergesagt wurden. Alle Taxa enthalten den gleichen Anteil an Proteinen mit vielen Interaktionen. Diese zwei Ergebnisse sprechen dagegen, dass die bevorzugte Bindung der alleinige Mechanismus ist, der zum heutigen Aufbau des menschlichen Proteininteraktion-Netzwerks beigetragen hat. Im dritten Teil wurden Proteine basierend auf dem Vorhandensein und der Abwesenheit von Interaktionen in Gruppen eingeteilt. Proteinnetzwerke k{\"o}nnen in kleine hoch vernetzte Teile zerlegt werden, die eine spezifische Funktion aus{\"u}ben. Diese Gruppen k{\"o}nnen mit hoher statistischer Signifikanz berechnet werden, haben meistens jedoch keine biologische Relevanz. Mit einem neuen Algorithmus, welcher zus{\"a}tzlich zu Interaktionen auch Nicht-Interaktionen ber{\"u}cksichtigt, wurde ein Datensatz bestehend aus 8,756 Proteinen und 32,331 Interaktionen neu unterteilt. Eine Einteilung in elf Gruppen zeigte hohe auf Gene Ontology basierte Werte und die Gruppen konnten signifikant einzelnen Zellteilen zugeordnet werden. Eine Gruppe besteht aus Proteinen, welche wenige Interaktionen miteinander aber viele Interaktionen zu zwei benachbarten Gruppen besitzen. Diese Gruppe enth{\"a}lt eine signifikant erh{\"o}hte Anzahl an Transportproteinen und die zwei benachbarten Gruppen haben eine erh{\"o}hte Anzahl an einerseits extrazellul{\"a}ren und andererseits im Zytoplasma und an der Membran lokalisierten Proteinen. Der Algorithmus hat damit unter Beweis gestellt das die Ergebnisse nicht bloß statistisch sondern auch biologisch relevant sind. Wenn wir auch noch weit vom Verst{\"a}ndnis des Ursprungs der Spezies entfernt sind, so hat diese Arbeit doch einen Beitrag zum besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis der Evolution auf dem Level der Proteine geleistet. Im Speziellen wurden neue Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber die Beziehung von Proteindom{\"a}nen und Dom{\"a}nenarchitekturen, sowie ihre Pr{\"a}ferenzen f{\"u}r Interaktionspartner im Interaktionsnetzwerk gewonnen.}, subject = {Evolution}, language = {en} } @article{BorgesLinkEngstleretal.2021, author = {Borges, Alyssa R. and Link, Fabian and Engstler, Markus and Jones, Nicola G.}, title = {The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor: A Linchpin for Cell Surface Versatility of Trypanosomatids}, series = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology}, issn = {2296-634X}, doi = {10.3389/fcell.2021.720536}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-249253}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The use of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to anchor proteins to the cell surface is widespread among eukaryotes. The GPI-anchor is covalently attached to the C-terminus of a protein and mediates the protein's attachment to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. GPI-anchored proteins have a wide range of functions, including acting as receptors, transporters, and adhesion molecules. In unicellular eukaryotic parasites, abundantly expressed GPI-anchored proteins are major virulence factors, which support infection and survival within distinct host environments. While, for example, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is the major component of the cell surface of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes, procyclin is the most abundant protein of the procyclic form which is found in the invertebrate host, the tsetse fly vector. Trypanosoma cruzi, on the other hand, expresses a variety of GPI-anchored molecules on their cell surface, such as mucins, that interact with their hosts. The latter is also true for Leishmania, which use GPI anchors to display, amongst others, lipophosphoglycans on their surface. Clearly, GPI-anchoring is a common feature in trypanosomatids and the fact that it has been maintained throughout eukaryote evolution indicates its adaptive value. Here, we explore and discuss GPI anchors as universal evolutionary building blocks that support the great variety of surface molecules of trypanosomatids.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mitesser2006, author = {Mitesser, Oliver}, title = {The evolution of insect life history strategies in a social context}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22576}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {This thesis extends the classical theoretical work of Macevicz and Oster (1976, expanded by Oster and Wilson, 1978) on adaptive life history strategies in social insects. It focuses on the evolution of dynamic behavioural patterns (reproduction and activity) as a consequence of optimal allocation of energy and time resources. Mathematical modelling is based on detailed empirical observations in the model species Lasioglossum malachurum (Halictidae; Hymenoptera). The main topics are field observations, optimisation models for eusocial life histories, temporal variation in life history decisions, and annual colony cycles of eusocial insects.}, subject = {Schmalbienen}, language = {en} } @article{SiegerHovestadt2020, author = {Sieger, Charlotte Sophie and Hovestadt, Thomas}, title = {The degree of spatial variation relative to temporal variation influences evolution of dispersal}, series = {Oikos}, volume = {129}, journal = {Oikos}, number = {11}, doi = {10.1111/oik.07567}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239049}, pages = {1611 -- 1622}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In the face of ongoing global climate and land use change, organisms have multiple possibilities to cope with the modification of their environment. The two main possibilities are to either adapt locally or disperse to a more suitable habitat. The evolution of both local adaptation and dispersal interacts and can be influenced by the spatial and temporal variation (of e.g. temperature or precipitation). In an individual based model (IBM), we explore evolution of phenotypes in landscapes with varying degree of spatial relative to global temporal variation in order to examine its influence on the evolution of dispersal, niche optimum and niche width. The relationship between temporal and spatial variation did neither influence the evolution of local adaptation in the niche optimum nor of niche widths. Dispersal probability is highly influenced by the spatio-temporal relationship: with increasing spatial variation, dispersal probability decreases. Additionally, the shape of the distribution of the trait values over patch attributes switches from hump- to U-shaped. At low spatial variance more individuals emigrate from average habitats, at high spatial variance more from extreme habitats. The comparatively high dispersal probability in extreme patches of landscapes with a high spatial variation can be explained by evolutionary succession of two kinds of adaptive response. Early in the simulations, extreme patches in landscapes with a high spatial variability act as sink habitats, where population persistence depends on highly dispersive individuals with a wide niche. With ongoing evolution, local adaptation of the remaining individuals takes over, but simultaneously a possible bet-hedging strategy promotes higher dispersal probabilities in those habitats. Here, in generations that experience extreme shifts from the temporal mean of the patch attribute, the expected fitness becomes higher for dispersing individuals than for philopatric individuals. This means that under certain circumstances, both local adaptation and high dispersal probability can be selected for for coping with the projected environmental changes in the future.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ankenbrand2018, author = {Ankenbrand, Markus Johannes}, title = {Squeezing more information out of biological data - development and application of bioinformatic tools for ecology, evolution and genomics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156344}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {New experimental methods have drastically accelerated the pace and quantity at which biological data is generated. High-throughput DNA sequencing is one of the pivotal new technologies. It offers a number of novel applications in various fields of biology, including ecology, evolution, and genomics. However, together with those opportunities many new challenges arise. Specialized algorithms and software are required to cope with the amount of data, often requiring substantial training in bioinformatic methods. Another way to make those data accessible to non-bioinformaticians is the development of programs with intuitive user interfaces. In my thesis I developed analyses and programs to tackle current problems with high-throughput data in biology. In the field of ecology this covers the establishment of the bioinformatic workflow for pollen DNA meta-barcoding. Furthermore, I developed an application that facilitates the analysis of ecological communities in the context of their traits. Information from multiple public databases have been aggregated and can now be mapped automatically to existing community tables for interactive inspection. In evolution the new data are used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees from multiple genes. I developed the tool bcgTree to automate this process for bacteria. Many plant genomes have been sequenced in current years. Sequencing reads of those projects also contain data from the chloroplasts. The tool chloroExtractor supports the targeted extraction and analysis of the chloroplast genome. To compare the structure of multiple genomes specialized software is required for calculation and visualization of the relationships. I developed AliTV to address this. In contrast to existing programs for this task it allows interactive adjustments of produced graphics. Thus, facilitating the discovery of biologically relevant information. Another application I developed helps to analyze transcriptomes even if no reference genome is present. This is achieved by aggregating the different pieces of information, like functional annotation and expression level, for each transcript in a web platform. Scientists can then search, filter, subset, and visualize the transcriptome. Together the methods and tools expedite insights into biological systems that were not possible before.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{Dandekar2007, author = {Dandekar, Thomas}, title = {Some general system properties of a living observer and the environment he explores}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33537}, year = {2007}, abstract = {In a nice assay published in Nature in 1993 the physicist Richard God III started from a human observer and made a number of witty conclusions about our future prospects giving estimates for the existence of the Berlin Wall, the human race and all the rest of the universe. In the same spirit, we derive implications for "the meaning of life, the universe and all the rest" from few principles. Adams´ absurd answer "42" tells the lesson "garbage in / garbage out" - or suggests that the question is non calculable. We show that experience of "meaning" and to decide fundamental questions which can not be decided by formal systems imply central properties of life: Ever higher levels of internal representation of the world and an escalating tendency to become more complex. An observer, "collecting observations" and three measures for complexity are examined. A theory on living systems is derived focussing on their internal representation of information. Living systems are more complex than Kolmogorov complexity ("life is NOT simple") and overcome decision limits (G{\"o}del theorem) for formal systems as illustrated for cell cycle. Only a world with very fine tuned environments allows life. Such a world is itself rather complex and hence excessive large in its space of different states - a living observer has thus a high probability to reside in a complex and fine tuned universe.}, subject = {Komplex }, language = {en} }