@phdthesis{Glasenapp2000,
  author    = {Glasenapp, Elisabeth ¬von¬},
  title     = {Lamin C2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3690},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {In der Kernlamina von Spermatozyten von Nagetieren sind die Lamin A-Genprodukte, Lamin A und C, durch eine meiosespezifische Splicingvariante ersetzt. Dieses Lamin C2 unterscheidet sich auffallend von den somatischen Varianten in Struktur, Menge und Verhalten. Durch eine ektopische Expression von Lamin C2 als EGFP-Lamin C2-Fusionsprotein in einer somatischen Zellinie zeigte sich, daß eine neuartige Hexapeptidsequenz (GNAEGR) am N-terminalen Ende des Proteins anstelle der C-terminal gelegenen CaaX-Box somatischer Lamine f{\"u}r die Interaktion mit der Kernh{\"u}lle verantwortlich ist. So erm{\"o}glicht eine posttranslationelle Myristylierung des ersten Glycins ein Membrantargeting, bei dem der hydrophobe Myristins{\"a}urerest vergleichbar dem hydrophoben Farnesylrest am Cystein der Caax-Box mit den Fetts{\"a}ureresten der Kernmembran interagiert. Die Deletion des Hexapeptids im Fusionsprotein EGFP-Lamin C2 und die seine N-terminale Insertion in das Fusionsprotein EGFP-Lamin C - es besitzt keine Caax-Box - best{\"a}tigt, daß allein das Hexapeptid das Membrantargeting steuert: Die Deletionsmutante EGFP-Lamin C2 bleibt diffus im Kern verteilt, w{\"a}hrend sich die Insertionsmutante EGFP-Lamin C im Bereich der Kernperipherie anreichert. Eine weitere Besonderheit stellt die Verteilung von Lamin C2 innerhalb der Kernh{\"u}lle dar, denn es verteilt sich nicht gleichm{\"a}ßig wie alle bisher bekannten Lamine, sondern bildet zahlreiche Aggregate. Nicht nur in der Kernh{\"u}lle von Spermatozyten, sondern auch als Fusionsprotein in somatischen Zellen exprimiert, zeigt Lamin C2 diese Akkumulationen. {\"U}berraschenderweise treten die Synaptonemal-komplexenden nur im Bereich dieser Lamin C2-Aggregate mit der Kernh{\"u}lle in Kontakt. Es wird daher postuliert, daß die Lamin C2-Aggregate der lokalen Verst{\"a}rkung der Kernh{\"u}lle dienen und wichtig f{\"u}r die auf die Prophase beschr{\"a}nkte Anheftung der SC an die Kernh{\"u}lle sind. Da zudem in einer Kurzzeitkultur von Pachyt{\"a}nspermatozyten, in der die Prophase k{\"u}nstlich beschleunigt wird, gezeigt werden konnte, daß Lamin C2 mit Ende der Prophase I noch vor dem Aufl{\"o}sen der eigentlichen Kernh{\"u}lle nicht mehr nachweisbar ist, scheint ein Zusammenhang zwischen Lamin C2 in der Kernh{\"u}lle und der Umorganisation des genetischen Materials zu bestehen.},
  subject      = {Ratte},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Chan2002,
  author    = {Chan, Gordon},
  title     = {The Role of Vav-1, Vav-2 and Lsc in NK T cell development and NK cell cytotoxicity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3645},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {The hematopoietic-specific Rho-family GTP exchange factor (GEF) Vav-1 is a regulator of lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling and mediates normal maturation and activation of B and T cells. Recent findings suggest that Vav-1 also forms part of signaling pathways required for natural and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human NK cells. In this study, I show that Vav-1 is also expressed in murine NK cells. Vav-1-/- mice had normal numbers of splenic NK cells, and these displayed a similar expression profile of NK cell receptors as cells from wild type mice. Unexpectedly, IL-2-activated Vav-1-/- NK cells retained normal ADCC. Fc-receptor mediated activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 was also normal. In contrast, Vav-1-/- NK cells exhibited reduced natural cytotoxicity against EL4, C4.4.25, RMA and RMA/S. Together, these results demonstrate that Vav-1 is dispensable for mainstream NK cell development, but is required for NK cell natural cytotoxicity. Vav-2, a protein homologous to Vav-1 has also been implicated in NK cell functions. However, NK cells from Vav-2-/- mice have normal cytotoxic activities and NK cells that lack both Vav-1 and Vav-2 exhibit similar defect as Vav-1-/- cells. Thus Vav-2 has no apparent function in the development and the activation of NK cells. Although NK cell development is normal in Vav-1-/- mice, their numbers of NKT cells were dramatically diminished. Furthermore, NKT cells from Vav-1 mutant mice failed to produce IL-4 and IFNg following in vivo CD3 stimulation. A similar loss of NKT cells was observed in Vav-1-/-Vav-2-/- mice, but not in Vav-2-/- mice, suggesting that only Vav-1, and not Vav-2, is an essential regulator of NKT cell development and NK cell cytotoxicity. Similar to Vav-1, Lsc is a Rho GEF that is expressed specifically in the hematopoietic system. It contains a regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domain which negatively regulates the Ga12 and Ga13 subunits of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This study shows that NK and NKT cell development are normal in Lsc-/- mice. However, NK cells from mutant mice display enhanced cytotoxic responses towards a panel of tumor cells. These data implicate for the first time a RGS-containing Rho GEF in cytotoxic responses and suggest that Lsc down-modulate NK cell activation.},
  subject      = {Maus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Porsch2002,
  author    = {Porsch, Matthias},
  title     = {OMB and ORG-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3614},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Members of the T-box gene family encode transcription factors that play key roles during embryonic development and organogenesis of invertebrates and vertebrates. The defining feature of T-box proteins is an about 200 aa large, conserved DNA binding motif, the T domain. Their importance for proper development is highlighted by the dramatic phenotypes of T-box mutant animals. My thesis was mainly focused on two Drosophila T-box genes, optomotor-blind (omb) and optomotor-blind related 1 (org-1), and included (i) a genetic analysis of org-1 and (ii) the identification of molecular determinants within OMB and ORG-1 that confer functional specificity. (i) Genetic analysis of org-1 initially based on a behavioral Drosophila mutant, C31. C31 is a X-linked, recessive mutant and was mapped to 7E-F, the cytological region of org-1. This pleiotropic mutant is manifested in walking defects, structural aberrations in the central brain, and "held-out" wings. Molecular analysis revealed that C31 contains an insertion of a 5' truncated I retrotransposon within the 3' untranslated transcript of org-1, suggesting that C31 might represent the first org-1 mutant. Based on this hypothesis, we screened 44.500 F1 female offspring of EMS mutagenized males and C31 females for the "held-out" phenotype, but failed to isolate any C31 or org-1 mutant, although this mutagenesis was functional per se. Since we could not exclude the possibility that our failure is due to an idiosyncracy of C31, we intended not to rely on C31 in further genetic experiments and followed a reverse genetic strategy . All P element lines cytologically mapping to 7E-7F were characterized for their precise insertion sites. 13 of the 19 analyzed lines had P element insertions within a hot-spot 37 kb downstream of org-1. No P element insertions within org-1 could be identified, but several P element insertions were determined on either side of org-1. The org-1 nearest insertions were used for local-hop experiments, in which we associated 6 new genes with P insertions, but failed to target org-1. The closest P elements are still 10 kb away from org-1. Subsequently, we employed org-1 flanking P elements to induce precise deletions in 7E-F spanning org-1. Two org-1 flanking P elements were brought together on a recombinant chromosome. Remobilization of P elements in cis configuration frequently results in deletions with the P element insertion sites as deficiency endpoints. In a first attempt, we expected to identify deficiencies by screening for C31 alleles. 8 new C31 alleles could be isolated. The new C31 chromosomes, however, did not carry the desired deletion. Molecular analysis indicated that C31 is not caused by aberrations in org-1, but by mutations in a distal locus. We repeated the P element remobilization and screened for the absence of P element markers. 4 lethal chromosomes could be isolated with a deletion of the org-1 locus. (ii) The consequences of ectopic org-1 were analyzed using UAS-org-1 transgenic flies and a number of different Gal4 driver lines. Misexpression of org-1 during imaginal development interfered with the normal development of many organs and resulted in flies with a plethora of phenotypes. These include a homeotic transformation of distal antenna (flagellum) into distal leg structures, a strong size reduction of the legs along their proximo-distal axis, and stunted wings. Like ectopic org-1, ectopic omb leads to dramatic changes of normal developmental pathways in Drosophila as well. dpp-Gal4/ UAS-omb flies are late pupal lethal and show an ectopic pair of wings and largely reduced eyes. GMR-Gal4 driven ectopic omb expression in the developing eye causes a degeneration of the photoreceptor cells, while GMR-Gal4/ UAS-org-1 flies have intact eyes. Hence, ectopic org-1 and omb induce profound phenotypes that are qualitatively different for these homologous genes. To begin to address the question where within OMB and ORG-1 the specificity determinants reside, we conceptionally subdivided both proteins into three domains and tested the relevance ofthese domains for functional specificity in vivo. The single domains were cloned and used as modules to assemble all possible omb-org-1 chimeric trans- genes. A method was developed to determine the relative expression strength of different UAS-transgenes, allowing to compare the various transgenic constructs for qualitative differences only, excluding different transgene quantities. Analysis of chimeric omb-org-1 transgenes with the GMR-Gal4 driver revealed that all three OMB domains contribute to functional specificity.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Thom2002,
  author    = {Thom, Corinna},
  title     = {Dynamics and Communication Structures of Nectar Foraging in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3601},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, I examined honey bee nectar foraging with emphasis on the communication system. To document how a honey bee colony adjusts its daily nectar foraging effort, I observed a random sample of individually marked workers during the entire day, and then estimated the number and activity of all nectar foragers in the colony. The total number of active nectar foragers in a colony changed frequently between days. Foraging activity did not usually change between days. A honey bee colony adjusts its daily foraging effort by changing the number of its nectar foragers rather than their activity. I tested whether volatiles produced by a foraging colony activated nectar foragers of a non-foraging colony by connecting with a glass tube two colonies. Each colony had access to a different green house. In 50\% of all experiments, volatile substances from the foraging colony stimulated nectar foragers of the non-foraging colony to fly to an empty feeder. The results of this study show that honey bees can produce a chemical signal or cue that activates nectar foragers. However, more experiments are needed to establish the significance of the activating volatiles for the foraging communication system. The brief piping signal of nectar foragers inhibits forager recruitment by stopping waggle dances (Nieh 1993, Kirchner 1993). However, I observed that many piping signals (approximately 43\%) were produced off the dance floor, a restricted area in the hive where most waggle dances are performed. If the inhibition of waggle dances would be the only function of the brief piping signal, tremble dancers should produce piping signals mainly on the dance floor, where the probability to encounter waggle dancers is highest. To therefore investigate the piping signal in more detail, I experimentally established the foraging context of the brief piping signal, characterized its acoustic properties, and documented for the first time the unique behavior of piping nectar foragers by observing foragers throughout their entire stay in the hive. Piping nectar foragers usually began to tremble dance immediately upon their return into the hive, spent more time in the hive, more time dancing, had longer unloading latencies, and were the only foragers that sometimes unloaded their nectar directly into cells instead of giving it to a nectar receiver bee. Most of the brief piping signals (approximately 99\%) were produced by tremble dancers, yet not all tremble dancers (approximately 48\%) piped. This suggests that piping and tremble dancing have related, but not identical functions in the foraging system. Thus, the brief piping signals may not only inhibit forager recruitment, but have an additional function both on and off the dance floor. In particular, the piping signal might function 1. to stop the recruitment of additional nectar foragers, and 2. as a modulatory signal to alter the response threshold of signal receivers to the tremble dance. The observation that piping tremble dancers often did not experience long unloading delays before they started to dance gave rise to a question. A forager's unloading delay provides reliable information about the relative work capacities of nectar foragers and nectar receivers, because each returning forager unloads her nectar to a nectar receiver before she takes off for the next foraging trip. Queuing delays for either foragers or receivers lower foraging efficiency and can be eliminated by recruiting workers to the group in shortage. Short unloading delays indicate to the nectar forager a shortage of foragers and stimulate waggle dancing which recruits nectar foragers. Long unloading delays indicate a shortage of nectar receivers and stimulate tremble dancing which recruits nectar receivers (Seeley 1992, Seeley et al. 1996). Because the short unloading delays of piping tremble dancers indicated that tremble dancing can be elicited by other factors than long unloading delays, I tested whether a hive-external stimulus, the density of foragers at the food source, stimulated tremble dancing directly. The experiments show that tremble dancing can be caused directly by a high density of foragers at the food source and suggest that tremble dancing can be elicited by a decrease of foraging efficiency either inside (e.g. shortage of receiver bees) or outside (e.g. difficulty of loading nectar) the hive. Tremble dancing as a reaction to hive-external stimuli seems to occur under natural conditions and can thus be expected to have some adaptive significance. The results imply that if the hive-external factors that elicit tremble dancing do not indicate a shortage of nectar receiver bees in the hive, the function of the tremble dance may not be restricted to the recruitment of additional nectar receivers, but might be the inhibition or re-organization of nectar foraging.},
  subject      = {Bienen <Familie>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dornhaus2002,
  author    = {Dornhaus, Anna},
  title     = {The role of communication in the foraging process of social bees},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3468},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In the various groups of social bees, different systems of communication about food sources occur. These communication systems are different solutions to a common problem of social insects: efficiently allocating the necessary number of workers first to the task of foraging and second to the most profitable food sources. The solution chosen by each species depends on the particular ecological circumstances as well as the evolutionary history of that species. For example, the outstanding difference between the bumble bee and the honey bee system is that honey bees can communicate the location of profitable food sources to nestmates, which bumble bees cannot. To identify possible selection pressures that could explain this difference, I have quantified the benefits of communicating location in honey bees. I show that these strongly depend on the habitat, and that communicating location might not benefit bees in temperate habitats. This could be due to the differing spatial distributions of resources in different habitats, in particular between temperate and tropical regions. These distributions may be the reason why the mostly temperate-living bumble bees have never evolved a communication system that allows them to transfer information on location of food sources, whereas most tropical social bees (all honey bees and many stingless bees) are able to recruit nestmates to specific points in their foraging range. Nevertheless, I show that in bumble bees the allocation of workers to foraging is also regulated by communication. Successful foragers distribute in the nest a pheromone which alerts other bees to the presence of food. This pheromone stems from a tergite gland, the function of which had not been identified previously. Usage of a pheromone in the nest to alert other individuals to forage has not been described in other social insects, and might constitute a new mode of communicating about food sources. The signal might be modulated depending on the quality of the food source. Bees in the nest sample the nectar that has been brought into the nest. Their decision whether to go out and forage depends not only on the pheromone signal, but also on the quality of the nectar they have sampled. In this way, foraging activity of a bumble bee colony is adjusted to foraging conditions, which means most bees are allocated to foraging only if high-quality food sources are available. In addition, foraging activity is adjusted to the amount of food already stored. In a colony with full honeypots, no new bees are allocated to foraging. These results help us understand how the allocation of workers to the task of food collection is regulated according to external and internal nest conditions in bumble bees.},
  subject      = {Hummel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Altrock2002,
  author    = {Altrock, Stefanie},
  title     = {Genetische Organisation und Transkription eines Virulenz-assoziierten, instabilen Chromosomenabschnitts von Listeria ivanovii},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3303},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Unter den sechs Arten der Gattung Listeria finden sich nur zwei pathogene Spezies. L. monocytogenes ist pathogen f{\"u}r Mensch und Tier, L. ivanovii nur tierpathogen. Beide Arten besitzen ein Virulenzgencluster, das auch als Pathogenit{\"a}tsinsel LIPI-1 bezeichnet wird. Pathogenit{\"a}tsinseln (PAIs) sind bei gram-negativen Bakterien weit verbreitet, wurden bei gram-positiven Pathogenen bisher jedoch nur selten beschrieben. In L. ivanovii wurde nun ein weiterer Virulenz-assoziierter, instabiler Chromosomenabschnitt entdeckt, der in einem Teilbereich Eigenschaften einer Pathogenit{\"a}tsinsel besitzt. Ausgehend von einem spontanen, aber reproduzierbaren Deletionsereignis eines großen Genomabschnitts, der einige schon bekannte Virulenz-assoziierte Gene umfasst (i-inlE, i-inlF, smcL), wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit den Kooperationspartnern an der "Universidad Complutense de Madrid", insbesondere mit G. Dom{\´i}nguez-Bernal die komplette deletierte Region sowie flankierende Genombereiche genauer analysiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten rechts von dem bereits charakterisierten Gen smcL 13 neue Open Reading Frames (ORFs) bzw. Gene (ydeI, rnaH, norA) von L. ivanovii identifiziert werden, die gr{\"o}ßtenteils in der Deletionsmutante L. ivanovii GD-3 deletiert waren. F{\"u}r die meisten Open Reading Frames konnten Homologien zu ORFs in den Genomsequenzen von L. monocytogenes und der apathogenen Art L. innocua gefunden werden. Eigene experimentelle Analysen zeigten zudem, dass diese ORFs in {\"a}hnlicher Anordnung auch in den apathogenen Arten L. seeligeri und L. welshimeri vorhanden sind, was wahrscheinlich macht, dass sie nicht an der Virulenz von Listerien beteiligt sind. G. Dom{\´i}nguez-Bernal fand im links von smcL liegenden Bereich eine Reihe neuer Internalingene, die alle spezifisch f{\"u}r L. ivanovii sind. F{\"u}r die Gene i-inlE, i-inlF und smcL ist bereits bekannt, dass diese Virulenz-assoziiert sind. Dies f{\"u}hrte zur Definition einer neuen, LIPI-2 genannten Pathogenit{\"a}tsinsel in L. ivanovii, die außer smcL und i-inlFE alle neu gefundenen Internalingene umfasst. In dieser Arbeit durchgef{\"u}hrte Untersuchungen der LIPI-2 flankierenden Bereiche zeigten, dass diese in L. monocytogenes und auch den apathogenen Arten L. innocua, L. seeligeri und L. welshimeri bemerkenswert konserviert sind. Durch Transkriptionsuntersuchungen mittels RT-PCR wurde die Expression der neu identifizierten Gene analysiert. Hierbei wurden verschiedene Kulturbedingungen untersucht sowie die Transkription nach Infektion mehrerer Zelllinien bestimmt. Bei der Sequenzanalyse wurde f{\"u}r fast alle Internalingene eine PrfA-Box identifiziert und es best{\"a}tigte sich in dieser Arbeit, dass die meisten der Internalingene PrfA-abh{\"a}ngig exprimiert werden. Allerdings wiesen die einzelnen Gene kein einheitliches Transkriptionsprofil unter verschiedenen in vitro-Bedingungen auf. Eine Analyse der Genexpression nach Infektion verschiedener Zelllinien zeigte schließlich, dass die Internalingene w{\"a}hrend einer Infektion differentiell transkribiert werden und m{\"o}glicherweise am Infektionsgeschehen beteiligt sind. Das Expressionsmuster der zu LIPI-2 benachbarten Open Reading Frames best{\"a}tigte, dass diese Gene PrfA-unabh{\"a}ngig und unter verschiedenen Bedingungen konstitutiv exprimiert werden. Das Expressionsmuster dieser Gene l{\"a}ßt den Schluss zu, dass sie vermutlich nicht zur Virulenz von L. ivanovii beitragen. Die Untersuchung der Virulenzclustergene in LIPI-1 schließlich zeigte eine deutliche PrfA-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Genexpression. Es konnte best{\"a}tigt werden, dass deren Transkription unter PrfA-induzierenden Bedingungen verst{\"a}rkt wird. Zudem fand sich auch nach Infektion eine deutliche Expression dieser Gene.},
  subject      = {Listeria ivanovii},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wietek2001,
  author    = {Wietek, Irina},
  title     = {Human Interleukin-4 binding protein epitope involved in high-affinity binding of interleukin-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3190},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Mensch},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pfister2002,
  author    = {Pfister, Heiko},
  title     = {Wegener'sche Granulomatose},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3133},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Die Wegener'sche Granulomatose (WG) ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung, die sich typischerweise als chronische Entz{\"u}ndung des oberen Respirationstraktes, Vaskulitis und Glomerulonephritis manifestiert. WG geh{\"o}rt zur Gruppe der sog. "pauci-immunen" Vaskulitiden, die mit Anti-Neutrophilen-Antik{\"o}rpern (ANCA, anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) assoziiert sind. Mit Hilfe der indirekten Immunfluoreszenz lassen sich ANCA im Serum der meisten WG-Patienten nachweisen. Die mit WG assoziierten sog. "klassischen" ANCA (c-ANCA) erkennen spezifisch Konformationsepitope der Serinprotease Proteinase 3 (PR3), die in den azurophilen Granula neutrophiler Granulozyten gespeichert wird. Die enge Korrelation PR3-spezifischer Antik{\"o}rperspiegel mit dem Krankheitsverlauf l{\"a}ßt vermuten, daß sie bei der Pathogenese eine zentrale Rolle spielen k{\"o}nnten. Diese Hypothese wird von Daten aus in vitro Experimenten gest{\"u}tzt: werden Zytokin-stimulierte neutrophile Granulozyten mit Patientenserum oder isolierten c-ANCA inkubiert, erfolgt eine Aktivierung der Neutrophilen, die sich durch Degranulation und Freisetzung von Sauerstoffradikalen {\"a}ußert. c-ANCA k{\"o}nnen so indirekt - aber vermutlich auch direkt - zur Endothelsch{\"a}digung beitragen. Jedoch konnte bisher kein direkter Beweis des pathogenen Potentials von c-ANCA am Tiermodell erbracht werden. Um die Wirkung von c-ANCA an einem Mausmodell zu testen, war zun{\"a}chst ein murines Maus-PR3- (mPR3) spezifisches Antiserum notwendig. Da humane c-ANCA nicht mit mPR3 kreuzreagieren, wurde f{\"u}r die Immunisierung von PR3/Neutrophilen-Elastase (NE)-defizienten M{\"a}usen ein mPR3-Zymogen rekombinant in E. coli als Einschlußk{\"o}rpermaterial (IB, inclusion bodies) hergestellt. Nach Renaturierung des IB-Materials in vitro wurde mit der Dipeptidylaminopeptidase Cathepsin C das N-terminale Propeptid abgespalten. Das gewonnene Enzym besaß die f{\"u}r PR3 und NE spezifische katalytische Aktivit{\"a}t, die durch den physiologischen Inhibitor humaner PR3, a1-Antitrypsin, inhibiert werden konnte. Es ist daher anzunehmen, daß das gewonnene rekombinante Material die korrekte Konformation durch Renaturierung in vitro erhalten hatte. Um nun die pathologische Wirkung von Anti-rmPR3-Antik{\"o}rpern zu testen, wurden PR3/NE-defiziente M{\"a}use mit dem rekombinanten Zymogen (pro-rmPR3) oder der N-terminal prozessierten Form (rmPR3) immunisiert. Die Spezifit{\"a}t der gewonnenen Antiseren wurde durch Festphasenimmunoassay, Western Blotting und indirekte Immunfluoreszenzf{\"a}rbung {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Weiterhin konnte fluoreszenzzytometrisch die Bindung von Anti-mPR3-IgG an die Plasmamembran Zytokin-stimulierter Granulozyten nachgewiesen werden. Die hergestellten Antiseren erf{\"u}llten somit die f{\"u}r c-ANCA-positive Seren von WG-Patienten typischen Eigenschaften hinsichtlich der Antigenspezifit{\"a}t. Wenn c-ANCA alleine hinreichend f{\"u}r die Induktion der f{\"u}r WG charakteristischen Symptome sind, sollte der Antiserumtransfer auf Wildtyp-M{\"a}use WG-{\"a}hnliche Symptome in den Rezipienten hervorrufen. Nach wiederholter intraven{\"o}ser Injektion von Serum pro-rmPR3-immunisierter M{\"a}use ließ sich ein signifikanter Antik{\"o}rperspiegel bei Verd{\"u}nnungen von 1:2000 {\"u}ber den gesamten Behandlungszeitraum von 10 Wochen in den Rezipienten nachweisen. Der anschließende histologische Befund von Niere und Lunge ergab jedoch keine pathologischen Ver{\"a}nderungen. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, daß c-ANCA alleine keine Krankheitssymptome hervorrufen. In dem gegenw{\"a}rtigen Modell f{\"u}r c-ANCA-vermittelte Vaskulitis entfaltet sich die pathogene Wirkung von c-ANCA vor allem dann, wenn neutrophile Granulozyten zus{\"a}tzlich durch proinflammatorische Zytokine wie Tumornekrosefaktor alpha (TNF alpha) stimuliert werden. Erst die Stimulation der Granulozyten erm{\"o}glicht die Bindung von c-ANCA an die Plasmamembran und deren anschließende Aktivierung. Deshalb wurde dieses Modell, das vorwiegend aus Ergebnissen von Experimenten in vitro abgeleitet ist, auf ein lokales Entz{\"u}ndungsmodell der Maus {\"u}bertragen: Durch wiederholte Injektion von TNF alpha in die Haut wurde eine leichte Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion ausgel{\"o}st. Diese Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion ließ sich schließlich durch intraven{\"o}se Verabreichung von pro-rmPR3- oder rmPR3-Antiserum verst{\"a}rken. Dieser Befund ist ein wichtiger Beweis f{\"u}r die verbreitete Ansicht, daß c-ANCA nicht nur ein Epih{\"a}nomen der WG darstellen, sondern selbst ein pathogenes Potential besitzen. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Beteiligung der beiden Serinproteasen NE und PR3 an der Entstehung inflammatorischer Prozesse untersucht. Im Hinblick auf die bei der Pathogenese der WG beteiligten Mechanismen k{\"o}nnten PR3 und NE eine wichtige Rolle spielen. PR3 und NE k{\"o}nnen Proteine der extrazellul{\"a}ren Matrix abbauen, Apoptose in Endothelzellen induzieren und sind an der Regulation entz{\"u}ndlicher Prozesse {\"u}ber verschiedene Wirkmechanismen beteiligt. Um quantitative Unterschiede bei Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktionen zwischen NE/PR3-defizienten M{\"a}usen und kongenen Wildtyp-Tieren zu untersuchen, wurde als Modell einer Typ III Hypersensitivit{\"a}tsreaktion eine lokale passive Arthus-Reaktion induziert. Wildtyp-M{\"a}use entwickelten dabei eine deutlich st{\"a}rkere lokale Entz{\"u}ndung als NE/PR3-defiziente M{\"a}use. Weitere Studien sind n{\"o}tig um die Frage zu kl{\"a}ren, ob eine der beiden Serinproteasen alleine oder in Kooperation mit der anderen diesen Ph{\"a}notyp hervorruft. F{\"u}r einen direkten synergistischen Effekt sprechen indes die Ergebnisse eines in vitro Experiments mit pro-rmPR3 und humaner NE: Bei Inkubation von pro-rmPR3 mit hNE wurde eine Spaltung des Proenzyms beobachtet, die mit einer Verst{\"a}rkung der enzymatischen Bruttoaktivit{\"a}t einherging. Die physiologische Relevanz dieser Beobachtung muß allerdings noch gekl{\"a}rt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit stehen im Einklang mit den neuesten Erkenntnissen {\"u}ber die Rolle der PR3 bei der Wegener'schen Granulomatose: PR3 d{\"u}rfte sowohl aufgrund pleiotroper Effekte auf entz{\"u}ndliche Reaktionen als auch wegen seiner lytischen Eigenschaften zur Gewebesch{\"a}digung beitragen. Dar{\"u}berhinaus konnte eine pathogene Wirkung von mPR3-spezifischen Antik{\"o}rpern in der Maus nachgewiesen werden.},
  subject      = {Granuloma gangraenescens},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Goldau2002,
  author    = {Goldau, Rainer},
  title     = {Clinical evaluation of novel methods to determine dialysis parameters using conductivity cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3125},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {During the last two decades an ongoing discussion about the necessary dose of dialysis brought the result that the urea based Kt/V value is significantly correlated to morbidity of the end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Even if it is not completely accepted, it seems to be more and more agreement of the nephrological community that for good dialysis practice Kt/V should be kept above 1.2 to 1.3 in the usual 3X4 hours per week dialysis schedule for patients without own residual clearance to assure long term quality of life, low morbidity and mortality. K is the clearance of urea the dialysis system can apply, t is the treatment time and V is the urea distribution volume of the patient, which is nearly equal to total body water. Kt/V has the unit of a drug dose (ml of drug per ml of patient volume) and therefore sometimes is called dialysis 'dose', even if this is subject of discussion because it implies that the dose can be described with only one urea related number. This work does not participate in this discussion. The premise of this work is more technical: Whatever the final result of the above discussion will be, a patient-friendly, precise cost-neutral and handy technical solution should be given to the hand of the interested nephrologist to continuously supervise the urea based Kt/V that is applied to the patient. Of course this is combined with the hope that the long term mortality can be decreased if a covering online dialysis success control is facilitated. The technical solution that has been chosen is based on the equivalence of the diffusion coefficients of sodium chloride and urea. It is central subject of the investigation if the diffusive behaviour of sodium is equal to that of urea crossing the dialysis filter membrane. The advantage that makes the principle so handy is that sodium can be measured very precise by standard conductivity cells as they are implemented in dialysis machines in large numbers. The only necessary hardware modification is a second conductivity cell downstream the dialyser to be able to measure the mass balance over the filter. This is more complicated with urea that can only be measured undergoing an enzymatic conversion to ammonium ions. The ammonium ions induce a membrane potential, which is measured with very sensitive amplifiers. A cooling chain for the enzyme must be maintained. To find and approve the conductivity based technical solution two in-vivo studies have been conducted. In the first study a conductivity step profile, varying the conductivity in static levels in a baseline - 7 min high - 7min low- baseline shape, was applied that can be utilised to measure the urea clearance very accurate. This principle has been described in 1982 in a patent application. In a sequence of 206 computer recorded dialysis sessions with 22 patients it was found that urea clearance could be electrolytically measured with a mean error+/-standard deviation of -1.46+/-4.75\% , n=494. The measurement of Kt/V according to a single pool model was of similar accuracy: 2.88+/-4.15\% . Although in accordance with other studies these findings at an average confirmed the high correlation of ionic and urea based clearance measurements, an effect was found that was not consistent with the theory that was existent so far. It was found in the first study that the accuracy of the step profile measurements were dependent of the size of the patient, in particular of the urea distribution volume. Moreover it was of relevance which part of the step profile was used: the high-low states, the baseline- low or the baseline-high states. This was a theoretical lack. Careful analysis led to the result that sodium transfer from and into the patient was the reason for the dependence. This led to the enhancement of the theory that seems to correctly describe the nature of the effect. A new demand now was to minimise the sodium transfer. This was limited using static step profiles because in the time it needs to become stable sodium is shifted. In consequence non-stable, dynamic short conductivity boli were developed that allowed to minimise the amount of sodium to be shifted to the limits of the technical resolution of the measurement systems. Also the associated mathematical tools to evaluate the boli had to be suited to the problem. After termination of this process a second study was conducted to approve the new method found. In this study with 10 patients and 93 sessions, 264 step profile measurements and 173 bolus ionic dialysance measurements it was found that the bolus measurements matched their related blood side urea clearance references with the outstanding accuracy of (error+/-SD) 0.06+/-4.76\%. The result was not significantly different (p=0.87) from the reference by student's t-test for paired data. The Kt/V reference according to the single pool variable volume urea kinetic model (sPVVUKM) was found to be matched by the bolus principle with 5.32+/-3.9\% accuracy and a correlation of 0.98. The remaining difference of 5.32\% can be attributed to the neglect of the urea generation rate. Also the step profile was found to be very precise here. The error versus sPVVUKM was 0.05\%+/-5\%, r=0.96. However it did not image the neglect of urea generation correctly. Also a two pool modelling that comprises an internal compartimentation of the fluid pools of the patient was applied to the continuously recorded data. This two pool urea kinetic model (2PUKM) is regarded to be a more precise theoretical approach and now includes the urea generation. It found the bolus principle to deviate -3.04 +/- 14.3\%, n.s., p=0.13. The high standard deviation is due to the complexity of the model. Further from the developed theory a simplified method to roughly measure the sodium distribution volume could be derived. This method was tested in-vitro versus a container with dialysate of known volume and in-vivo versus the urea distribution volume. The in-vitro results were -19.9+/-34\%, r=0.92, n.s, p=0.916. In-vivo they were found to be -7.4+/-23.2\%, r=0.71, n.s., p=0.39. Due to dilution theory the sodium and urea distribution volumes virtually appear to be very similar using this method, although they absolutely differ significantly. Facing the strong simplifications that were made before applying this theory these results seem to be very encouraging that it could be possible to develop a principle to measure not only K but also V electrolytically. This would allow a true Kt/V measurement. The empirical urea distribution volume measurement using anthropometrical formulas has been compared to analytical methods. It has been found that the use Watson's formula with a -13\% correction gives good results. The correction should be applied with great care because it increases Kt/V just on a arithmetical base to the disadvantage of the patient. Also electrolytical plasma sodium measurement was evaluated and can be measured using a mixed analytic-empirical formula with an accuracy of 4.3+/-1.2\%. In summary, conductivity based methods seem to be a convenient method to measure several dialysis parameters of some clinical interest without effort. The results of this work meanwhile are implemented with substantial numbers into commonly available dialysis machines and the experience of the first time shows that the principle is well accepted by the clinicians.},
  subject      = {H{\"a}modialyse},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Brambrink2002,
  author    = {Brambrink, Tobias},
  title     = {Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines Verfahrens zur Genexpressionsanalyse bei individuellen pr{\"a}implantatorischen S{\"a}ugerembryonen {\"u}ber die cDNA-Array-Technologie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1787},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Untersuchungen der Transkriptionsebene individueller pr{\"a}implantatorischer Embryonalstadien k{\"o}nnen wertvolle Informationen {\"u}ber den physiologischen Status der betrachteten Embryonen, die z.B. zur Verbesserung der Systeme zur In vitro-Produktion von Embryonen genutzt werden k{\"o}nnen, liefern. Bisher fehlte es jedoch an einer geeigneten Technologie, um eine große Anzahl von Transkripten in einzelnen Embryonen zu erfassen. Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, ein Verfahren zur globalen Amplifikation embryonaler mRNA-Pr{\"a}parationen zu entwickeln, das die Analyse der Transkriptionsebene einzelner pr{\"a}implantatorischer Embryonalstadien {\"u}ber die cDNA-Array-Technologie erm{\"o}glicht. Dazu wurde die Strategie gew{\"a}hlt, zwei bereits etablierte Amplifikationsverfahren, Polymerasekettenreaktion und In vitro-Transkription, zu kombinieren, um so synergistische Effekte beider Verfahren zu nutzen. Die Evaluierung des entwickelten Verfahrens zeigte eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit der erhaltenen Genexpressionsdaten und belegte, dass die relativen Mengenverh{\"a}ltnisse einzelner mRNA-Spezies zueinander w{\"a}hrend der globalen mRNA-Amplifikation nur unwesentlich ver{\"a}ndert wurden. Die entwickelte Methodik ist somit geeignet, komplexe Genexpressionsprofile einzelner Blastozysten zu erstellen und Unterschiede in der Expressionsst{\"a}rke einzelner Transkripte zu detektieren. Es konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass es m{\"o}glich ist, {\"u}ber heterologe Hybridisierung Genexpressionsprofile boviner Blastozysten mit cDNA-Arrays, die murine Probensequenzen enthalten, reproduzierbar darzustellen. Neben der Detektion individueller Unterschiede in den Genexpressionsprofilen diverser muriner Embryonalstadien und boviner Blastozysten lag ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit in der Untersuchung der Auswirkungen verschiedener in vitro-Produktionssysteme auf die embryonale Genexpression. Die erhaltenen cDNA-Array Expressionsdaten muriner Oozyten, Zweizeller und Blastozysten befanden sich dabei in {\"U}bereinstimmung mit Daten fr{\"u}herer Publikationen anderer Arbeitsgruppen. Genexpressionsprofile in vitro fertilisierter boviner Blastozysten ließen eine Beurteilung der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Proteinsupplemente des Kulturmediums auf die embryonale Genexpression zu. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zum ersten Mal Genexpressionsprofile einzelner pr{\"a}implantatorischer S{\"a}ugerembryonen {\"u}ber cDNA-Array-Analyse erstellt. Die entwickelte Technologie erm{\"o}glicht es -bei Verwendung entsprechender cDNA-Array-Systeme-, eine theoretisch unbegrenzte Zahl von Transkripten in individuellen S{\"a}ugerembryonen semiquantitativ zu erfassen. Dies ist ein wichtiger Schritt hin zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis komplexer Regulationsabl{\"a}ufe w{\"a}hrend der fr{\"u}hen Embryonalentwicklung und einer besseren Beurteilung der Lebensf{\"a}higkeit und Entwicklungskompetenz in vitro produzierter Embryonen, was f{\"u}r die Verbesserung von In vitro-Produktionssystemen f{\"u}r Embryonen sowohl bei Tieren als auch beim Menschen unerl{\"a}sslich ist.},
  subject      = {Embryo},
  language  = {de}
}