@phdthesis{Simann2015,
  author    = {Simann, Meike},
  title     = {Aufkl{\"a}rung der Effekte von Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktor 1 und 2 auf die Adipogenese und Osteogenese von prim{\"a}ren humanen Knochenmark-Stroma-Zellen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119322},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Regulating and reverting the adipo-osteogenic lineage decision of trabecular human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) represents a promising approach for osteoporosis therapy and prevention. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and its subfamily member FGF2 were scored as lead candidates to exercise control over lineage switching processes (conversion) in favor of osteogenesis previously. However, their impact on differentiation events is controversially discussed in literature. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of these FGFs on the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and conversion of primary hBMSCs. Moreover, involved downstream signaling mechanisms should be elucidated and, finally, the results should be evaluated with regard to the possible therapeutic approach. This study clearly revealed that culture in the presence of FGF1 strongly prevented the adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs as well as the adipogenic conversion of pre-differentiated osteoblastic cells. Lipid droplet formation was completely inhibited by a concentration of 25 ng/µL. Meanwhile, the expression of genetic markers for adipogenic initiation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARg2) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPa), as well as subsequent adipocyte maturation, fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), were significantly downregulated. Yet, the genetic markers of osteogenic commitment and differentiation were not upregulated during adipogenic differentiation and conversion under FGF supplementation, not supporting an event of osteogenic lineage switching. Moreover, when examining the effects on the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and the osteogenic conversion of pre-differentiated adipocytic cells, culture in the presence of FGF1 markedly decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Additionally, the gene expression of the osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly reduced and ALP enzyme activity was decreased. Furthermore, genetic markers of osteogenic commitment, like the master regulator runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), as well as markers of osteogenic differentiation and ECM formation, like collagen 1 A1 (COL1A1) and integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), were downregulated. In contrast, genes known to inhibit ECM mineralization, like ANKH inorganic pyrophosphate transport regulator (ANKH) and osteopontin (OPN), were upregulated. ANKH inhibition revealed that its transcriptional elevation was not crucial for the reduced matrix mineralization, perhaps due to decreased expression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) that likely annulled ANKH upregulation. Like FGF1, also the culture in the presence of FGF2 displayed a marked anti-adipogenic and anti-osteogenic effect. The FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) was found to be crucial for mediating the described FGF effects in adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and conversion. Yet, adipogenic conversion displayed a lower involvement of the FGFR1. For adipogenic differentiation and osteogenic differentiation/conversion, downstream signal transduction involved the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1/2), probably via the phosphorylation of FGFR docking protein FGFR substrate 2a (FRS2a) and its effector Ras/MAPK. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38-MAPK, and protein kinase C (PKC) were not crucial for the signal transduction, yet were in part responsible for the rate of adipogenic and/or osteogenic differentiation itself, in line with current literature. Taken together, to the best of our knowledge, our study was the first to describe the strong impact of FGF1 and FGF2 on both the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and conversion processes of primary hBMSCs in parallel. It clearly revealed that although both FGFs were not able to promote the differentiation and lineage switching towards the osteogenic fate, they strongly prevented adipogenic differentiation and lineage switching, which seem to be elevated during osteoporosis. Our findings indicate that FGF1 and FGF2 entrapped hBMSCs in a pre-committed state. In conclusion, these agents could be applied to potently prevent unwanted adipogenesis in vitro. Moreover, our results might aid in unraveling a pharmacological control point to eliminate the increased adipogenic differentiation and conversion as potential cause of adipose tissue accumulation and decreased osteoblastogenesis in bone marrow during aging and especially in osteoporosis.},
  subject      = {Mesenchymzelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{LeBlancSoto2017,
  author    = {Le Blanc Soto, Solange},
  title     = {Role of FGF signaling in the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells in a three-dimensional \(in\) \(vitro\) model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147659},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Adult human skeletal stem cells are considered to give rise to the bone marrow stromal compartment, including bone-forming osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes. Reduced osteogenesis and enhanced adipogenesis of these skeletal progenitors may contribute to the bone loss and marrow fat accumulation observed during aging and osteoporosis, the main disorder of bone remodeling. Concordantly, in vitro evidence indicates that adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) display an inverse relationship under numerous conditions. Hence, the identification of factors modulating inversely both differentiation pathways is of great therapeutic interest. Based on mRNA expression analysis of inversely regulated genes after switching differentiation conditions, our group had previously proposed that fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) might play such a modulator role in hBMSC differentiation. The main aim of this work was, therefore, to investigate the role of FGF1 signaling in the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs using a three-dimensional (3D) culture system based on collagen type I hydrogels in order to better mimic the natural microenvironment. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs embedded in collagen gels was successfully established. Treatment with recombinant human FGF1 (rhFGF1), as well as rhFGF2, throughout differentiation induction was found to exert a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on adipogenesis in hBMSCs. This inhibitory effect was found to be reversible and dependent on FGF receptors (FGFR) signaling, given that simultaneous pharmacological blockage of FGFRs rescued adipogenic differentiation. Additionally, matrix mineralization under osteogenic induction was also inhibited by rhFGF1 and rhFGF2 in a dose-dependent manner. A transient treatment with rhFGF1 and rhFGF2 during an expansion phase, however, enhanced proliferation of hBMSCs without affecting the differentiation capacity, although matrix mineralization under osteogenic conditions was hindered. Additionally, rhFGF1 and rhFGF2 treatments affected the matrix remodeling ability of hBMSCs, which displayed alterations in the cytoskeletal phenotype and the expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). On the other hand, inhibition of FGFR signaling throughout differentiation induction elicited a strong enhancement of matrix mineralization under osteogenic conditions but had no significant effect on adipocyte formation under adipogenic induction. IX In conclusion, FGF1 and FGF2 signaling was found to support the expansion of bone marrow stromal precursors with adipogenic and osteogenic capacities, to hinder adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation if continuously present during differentiation induction and to alter the matrix remodeling ability of hBMSCs within a 3D collagenous microenvironment.},
  subject      = {Fettzelle},
  language  = {en}
}