@article{SalvadorShityakovFoerster2013,
  author    = {Salvador, Ellaine and Shityakov, Sergey and F{\"o}rster, Carola},
  title     = {Glucocorticoids and endothelial cell barrier function},
  series = {Cell and Tissue Research},
  volume    = {355},
  journal   = {Cell and Tissue Research},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00441-013-1762-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132091},
  pages     = {597-605},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that have inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on a wide variety of cells. They are used as therapy for inflammatory disease and as a common agent against edema. The blood brain barrier (BBB), comprising microvascular endothelial cells, serves as a permeability screen between the blood and the brain. As such, it maintains homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). In many CNS disorders, BBB integrity is compromised. GC treatment has been demonstrated to improve the tightness of the BBB. The responses and effects of GCs are mediated by the ubiquitous GC receptor (GR). Ligand-bound GR recognizes and binds to the GC response element located within the promoter region of target genes. Transactivation of certain target genes leads to improved barrier properties of endothelial cells. In this review, we deal with the role of GCs in endothelial cell barrier function. First, we describe the mechanisms of GC action at the molecular level. Next, we discuss the regulation of the BBB by GCs, with emphasis on genes targeted by GCs such as occludin, claudins and VE-cadherin. Finally, we present currently available GC therapeutic strategies and their limitations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoesingSalvadorGuentzeletal.2020,
  author    = {R{\"o}sing, Nils and Salvador, Ellaine and G{\"u}ntzel, Paul and Kempe, Christoph and Burek, Malgorzata and Holzgrabe, Ulrike and Soukhoroukov, Vladimir and Wunder, Christian and F{\"o}rster, Carola},
  title     = {Neuroprotective Effects of Isosteviol Sodium in Murine Brain Capillary Cerebellar Endothelial Cells (cerebEND) After Hypoxia},
  series = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},
  issn      = {1662-5102},
  doi       = {10.3389/fncel.2020.573950},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215013},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It damages neurons and other supporting cellular elements in the brain. However, the impairment is not only confined to the region of assault but the surrounding area as well. Besides, it also brings about damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which in turn leads to microvascular failure and edema. Hence, this necessitates an on-going, continuous search for intervention strategies and effective treatment. Of late, the natural sweetener stevioside proved to exhibit neuroprotective effects and therapeutic benefits against cerebral ischemia-induced injury. Its injectable formulation, isosteviol sodium (STVNA) also demonstrated favorable results. Nonetheless, its effects on the BBB have not yet been investigated to date. As such, this present study was designed to assess the effects of STVNA in our in vitro stroke model of the BBB.The integrity and permeability of the BBB are governed and maintained by tight junction proteins (TJPs) such as claudin-5 and occludin. Our data show increased claudin-5 and occludin expression in oxygen and glucose (OGD)-deprived murine brain capillary cerebellar endothelial cells (cerebEND) after STVNa treatment. Likewise, the upregulation of the transmembrane protein integrin-αv was also observed. Finally, cell volume was reduced with the simultaneous administration of STVNA and OGD in cerebEND cells. In neuropathologies such as stroke, the failure of cell volume control is a major feature leading to loss of cells in the penumbra as well as adverse outcomes. Our initial findings, therefore, point to the neuroprotective effects of STVNA at the BBB in vitro, which warrant further investigation for a possible future clinical intervention.},
  language  = {en}
}