@article{WidmannArtingerBiesingeretal.2016,
  author    = {Widmann, Annekathrin and Artinger, Marc and Biesinger, Lukas and Boepple, Kathrin and Peters, Christina and Schlechter, Jana and Selcho, Mareike and Thum, Andreas S.},
  title     = {Genetic Dissection of Aversive Associative Olfactory Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae},
  series = {PLoS Genetics},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS Genetics},
  number    = {10},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1006378},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166672},
  pages     = {e1006378},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Memory formation is a highly complex and dynamic process. It consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. In adult Drosophila it was shown that memory formation after aversive Pavlovian conditioning includes—besides other forms—a labile short-term component that consolidates within hours to a longer-lasting memory. Accordingly, memory formation requires the timely controlled action of different neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and molecules that were initially identified by classical forward genetic approaches. Compared to adult Drosophila, memory formation was only sporadically analyzed at its larval stage. Here we deconstruct the larval mnemonic organization after aversive olfactory conditioning. We show that after odor-high salt conditioning larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component that depends on cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and synapsin gene function. In addition, we show for the first time for Drosophila larvae an anesthesia resistant component, which relies on radish and bruchpilot gene function, protein kinase C activity, requires presynaptic output of mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopamine function. Given the numerical simplicity of the larval nervous system this work offers a unique prospect for studying memory formation of defined specifications, at full-brain scope with single-cell, and single-synapse resolution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{XiuGeigerKlaver2015,
  author    = {Xiu, Daiming and Geiger, Maximilian J. and Klaver, Peter},
  title     = {Emotional face expression modulates occipital-frontal effective connectivity during memory formation in a bottom-up fashion},
  series = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
  number    = {90},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00090},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143211},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This study investigated the role of bottom-up and top-down neural mechanisms in the processing of emotional face expression during memory formation. Functional brain imaging data was acquired during incidental learning of positive ("happy"), neutral and negative ("angry" or "fearful") faces. Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) was applied on the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to characterize effective connectivity within a brain network involving face perception (inferior occipital gyrus and fusiform gyrus) and successful memory formation related areas (hippocampus, superior parietal lobule, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex). The bottom-up models assumed processing of emotional face expression along feed forward pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex. The top-down models assumed that the orbitofrontal cortex processed emotional valence and mediated connections to the hippocampus. A subsequent recognition memory test showed an effect of negative emotion on the response bias, but not on memory performance. Our DCM findings showed that the bottom-up model family of effective connectivity best explained the data across all subjects and specified that emotion affected most bottom-up connections to the orbitofrontal cortex, especially from the occipital visual cortex and superior parietal lobule. Of those pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex the connection from the inferior occipital gyrus correlated with memory performance independently of valence. We suggest that bottom-up neural mechanisms support effects of emotional face expression and memory formation in a parallel and partially overlapping fashion.},
  language  = {en}
}