@phdthesis{Rathod2012,
  author    = {Rathod, Reenaben Jagdishbhai},
  title     = {Study of local protein synthesis in growth cones of embryonic mouse motor neurons},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72045},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In cultured motoneurons of a mouse model for the motoneuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), reduced levels of the protein SMN (survival of motoneurons) cause defects in axonal growth. This correlates with reduced β-actin mRNA and protein in growth cones, indicating that anterograde transport and local translation of β-actin mRNA are crucial for motoneuron function. However, direct evidence that indeed local translation is a physiological phenomenon in growth cones of motoneurons was missing. Here, a lentiviral GFP-based reporter construct was established to monitor local protein synthesis of β-actin mRNA. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in living motoneurons revealed that β-actin is locally translated in the growth cones of embryonic motoneurons. Interestingly, local translation of the β-actin reporter construct was differentially regulated by different laminin isoforms, indicating that laminins provide extracellular cues for the regulation of local translation in growth cones. Notably, local translation of β-actin mRNA was deregulated when motoneurons of a mouse model for type I SMA (Smn-/-; SMN2) were analyzed. In situ hybridization revealed reduced levels of β-actin mRNA in the axons of Smn-/-; SMN2 motoneurons. The distribution of the β-actin mRNA was not modified by different laminin isoforms as revealed by in situ hybridization against the mRNA of the eGFP encoding element of the β-actin reporter. In case of the mRNA of α-actin and γ-actin isoforms, the endogenous mRNA did not localize to the axons and the localization pattern was not affected by the SMN levels expressed in the cell. Taken together our findings suggest that regulation of local translation of β-actin in growth cones of motoneurons critically depends on laminin signaling and the amount of SMN protein. Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived motoneurons are an excellent in vitro system to sort out biochemical and cellular pathways which are defective in neurodegenerative diseases like SMA. Here, a protocol for the differentiation and antibody-mediated enrichment of ESC-derived motoneurons is presented, which was optimized during the course of this study. Notably, this study contributes the production and purification of highly active recombinant sonic hedgehog (Shh), which was needed for the efficient differentiation of mouse ESCs to motoneurons. ESC-derived motoneurons will now offer high amounts of cellular material to allow the biochemical identification of disease-relevant molecular components involved in regulated local protein synthesis in axons and growth cones of motoneurons.},
  subject      = {Motoneuron},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraeusslingWagnerSchartl2011,
  author    = {Kraeussling, Michael and Wagner, Toni Ulrich and Schartl, Manfred},
  title     = {Highly Asynchronous and Asymmetric Cleavage Divisions Accompany Early Transcriptional Activity in Pre-Blastula Medaka Embryos},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68906},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In the initial phase of development of fish embryos, a prominent and critical event is the midblastula transition (MBT). Before MBT cell cycle is rapid, highly synchronous and zygotic gene transcription is turned off. Only during MBT the cell cycle desynchronizes and transcription is activated. Multiple mechanisms, primarily the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, are supposed to control MBT activation. Unexpectedly, we find in the small teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) that at very early stages, well before midblastula, cell division becomes asynchronous and cell volumes diverge. Furthermore, zygotic transcription is extensively activated already after the 64-cell stage. Thus, at least in medaka, the transition from maternal to zygotic transcription is uncoupled from the midblastula stage and not solely controlled by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.},
  subject      = {Fische},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Li2009,
  author    = {Li, Naixin},
  title     = {Dorso-ventral Differentiation and Specification of the Mesencephalon in Early Chick Embryos},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32950},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The chick midbrain is subdivided into functionally distinct ventral and dorsal domains, tegmentum and optic tectum. In the mature tectum, neurons are organized in layers, while they form discrete nuclei in the tegmentum. An interesting characteristic of the embryonic brain is the development of a large optic tectum, of which the growth becomes obvious at embryonic day 3 (E3). Dorsoventral (DV) specification of the early midbrain should thus play a crucial role for the organization of the neuronal circuitry in optic tectum and tegmentum. In the first part of my thesis, I investigated regional commitment and establishment of cellular differences along the midbrain DV axis. I examined the commitment of gene expression patterns in isolated ventral and dorsal tissue in vivo and in vitro, and studied their cell mixing properties. Explant cultures, and grafting of dorsal midbrain into a ventral environment or vice versa, revealed a gradual increase in the autonomy of region-specific gene regulation between, which was accompanied by a gradual increase in differential adhesive properties from E2 to E3, once the DV axis polarity was fixed. These events happened at a time-point when the majority of midbrain cells are not yet differentiated. Long-term transplantation (6 - 9 days) using quail cells from ventral midbrain as grafts showed the same result. Hence, the results suggest that progressive specification of the midbrain DV axis is accompanied by progressively reduced cell mixing between dorsal and ventral precursors, leading to a partial regionalization of midbrain tissue into autonomous units of precursor cell populations. In the second part I investigated the genes that might be involved in regulating the growth of the tectum. In particular, I focused on the role of Pax7 transcription factor, a paired domain protein. The results suggested that Pax7 was involved in regulating the medial-lateral extension of the tectum. Over expression of Pax7 in dorsal midbrain led to an enlarged tectum accompanied by a raise in cell division, while Pax7 knockdown by shrank caused a reduction in tectum. The overall pattern of neuronal differentiation was not disturbed by an up or down regulation of Pax7. Pax7 also positively regulated Pax3, another pair-ruled gene expressed dorsally. These results suggest that Pax7 very likely together with Pax3 could facilitate or maintain neural cell proliferation in the midbrain at early stages and that a regulation of the size in that region does not influence the neuronal patterning of the developmental field. I further checked the expression and function of a GFPase Rab 23, that was suggested to be involved in the DV patterning in mouse neural tube as a negative regulator of Shh signaling. Overexpression of Rab23 indicated that it facilitated the expression of Pax7 and Pax3 in the neural tube and suppressed ventral genes like Nkx6.1 cell autonomously, however, it did not disturb neuronal patterning. Interestingly, a thorough expression study of Rab 23 during chick early development revealed that Rab23 is already expressed very early and asymmetrically during gastrulation, suggesting a possible role of Rab23 on the left-right determination of Hensen's node. In combination with the result that Rab23 is expressed in the notochord early in development, I assume that both Rab23 and Shh exist in all neural progenitor cells initially, and when their expression patterns separate gradually the neural cells adopt a ventral or dorsal fate according to their location along the dorsoventral axis. The avian embryo is a classic system used widely to investigate questions of vertebrate development. The easy and cheap accessibility of the embryo for in ovo or ex ovo experiments all around the year make it an ideal animal model to work with. The only recently developed method of over expressing genes in specific cells or regions in the chick embryo by electroporation enabled me to study different ways of gene suppression using this way of gene transfection. Thus, I compared the effect of long-hairpin and short hairpin dsRNA in different vectors and antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. The results revealed that all hairpin dsRNA constructs did reduce gene and protein expression often accompanied by morphological changes. Most efficiently were shRNAi constructs cloned into a siRNA-specific vector - pSilencer 1.0-U6. Gene silencing was already well observed 36 hours after transfection. In comparison antisense morpholino oligonucleotides did not show such big gene reduction as the shRNA in pSilencer. Taken together, this methodical research proposes that the shRNA in the pSilencer vector was a good and effective tool to reduce gene and protein expression locally.},
  subject      = {Differenzierung},
  language  = {en}
}