@phdthesis{Koenig2024,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Sebastian Thomas},
  title     = {Temperature-driven assembly processes of Orthoptera communities: Lessons on diversity, species traits, feeding interactions, and associated faecal microorganisms from elevational gradients in Southern Germany (Berchtesgaden Alps)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35460},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-354608},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Chapter I: Introduction Temperature is a major driver of biodiversity and abundance patterns on our planet, which becomes particularly relevant facing the entanglement of an imminent biodiversity and climate crisis. Climate shapes the composition of species assemblages either directly via abiotic filtering mechanisms or indirectly through alterations in biotic interactions. Insects - integral elements of Earth's ecosystems - are affected by climatic variation such as warming, yet responses vary among species. While species' traits, antagonistic biotic interactions, and even species' microbial mutualists may determine temperature-dependent assembly processes, the lion's share of these complex relationships remains poorly understood due to methodological constraints. Mountains, recognized as hotspots of diversity and threatened by rapidly changing climatic conditions, can serve as natural experimental settings to study the response of insect assemblages and their trophic interactions to temperature variation, instrumentalizing the high regional heterogeneity of micro- and macroclimate. With this thesis, we aim to enhance our mechanistic understanding of temperature-driven assembly processes within insect communities, exemplified by Orthoptera, that are significant herbivores in temperate mountain grassland ecosystems. Therefore, we combined field surveys of Orthoptera assemblages on grassland sites with molecular tools for foodweb reconstruction, primarily leveraging the elevational gradients offered by the complex topography within the Berchtesgaden Alpine region (Bavaria, Germany) as surrogate for temperature variation (space-for-time substitution approach). In this framework, we studied the effects of temperature variation on (1) species richness, abundance, community composition, and interspecific as well as intraspecific trait patterns, (2) ecological feeding specialisation, and (3) previously neglected links to microbial associates found in the faeces. Chapter II: Temperature-driven assembly processes Climate varies at multiple scales. Since microclimate is often overlooked, we assessed effects of local temperature deviations on species and trait compositions of insect communities along macroclimatic temperature gradients in Chapter II. Therefore, we employed joint species distribution modelling to explore how traits drive variation in the climatic niches of Orthoptera species at grassland sites characterized by contrasting micro- and macroclimatic conditions. Our findings revealed two key insights: (1) additive effects of micro- and macroclimate on the diversity, but (2) interactive effects on the abundance of several species, resulting in turnover and indicating that species possess narrower climatic niches than their elevational distributions might imply. This chapter suggests positive effects of warming on Orthoptera, but also highlights that the interplay of macro- and microclimate plays a pivotal role in structuring insect communities. Thus, it underscores the importance of considering both elements when predicting the responses of species to climate change. Additionally, this chapter revealed inter- and intraspecific effects of traits on the niches and distribution of species. Chapter III: Dietary specialisation along climatic gradients A crucial trait linked to the position of climatic niches is dietary specialisation. According to the 'altitudinal niche-breadth hypothesis', species of high-elevation habitats should be less specialized compared to their low-elevation counterparts. However, empirical evidence on shifts in specialization is scarce for generalist insect herbivores and existing studies often fail to control for the phylogeny and abundance of interaction partners. In Chapter III, we used a combination of field observations and amplicon sequencing to reconstruct dietary relationships between Orthoptera and plants along an extensive temperature gradient. We did not find close but flexible links between individual grasshopper and plant taxa in space. While interaction network specialisation increased with temperature, the corrected dietary specialisation pattern peaked at intermediate elevations on assemblage level. These nuanced findings demonstrate that (1) resource availability, (2) phylogenetic relationships, and (3) climate can affect empirical foodwebs intra- and interspecifically and, hence, the dietary specialisation of herbivorous insects. In this context, we discuss that the underlying mechanisms involved in shaping the specialisation of herbivore assemblages may switch along temperature clines. Chapter IV: Links between faecal microbe communities, feeding habits, and climate Since gut microbes affect the fitness and digestion of insects, studying their diversity could provide novel insights into specialisation patterns. However, their association with insect hosts that differ in feeding habits and specialisation has never been investigated along elevational climatic gradients. In Chapter IV, we utilized the dietary information gathered in Chapter III to characterize links between insects with distinct feeding behaviour and the microbial communities present in their faeces, using amplicon sequencing. Both, feeding and climate affected the bacterial communities. However, the large overlap of microbes at site level suggests that common bacteria are acquired from the shared feeding environment, such as the plants consumed by the insects. These findings emphasize the influence of a broader environmental context on the composition of insect gut microbial communities. Chapter V: Discussion \& Conclusions Cumulatively, the sections of this dissertation provide support for the hypothesis that climatic conditions play a role in shaping plant-herbivore systems. The detected variation of taxonomic and functional compositions contributes to our understanding of assembly processes and resulting diversity patterns within Orthoptera communities, shedding light on the mechanisms that structure their trophic interactions in diverse climates. The combined results presented suggest that a warmer climate could foster an increase of Orthoptera species richness in Central European semi-natural grasslands, also because the weak links observed between insect herbivores and plants are unlikely to limit decoupled range shifts. However, the restructuring of Orthoptera communities in response to warmer temperatures depends on species' traits such as moisture preferences or phenology. Notably, we were able to demonstrate a crucial role of microclimate for many species, partly unravelling narrower climatic niches than their elevational ranges suggest. We found evidence that not only Orthoptera community composition, specialisation, and traits varied along elevational gradients, but even microbial communities in the faeces of Orthoptera changed, which is a novel finding. This complex restructuring and reassembly of communities, coupled with the nonlinear specialisation of trophic interactions and a high diversity of associated bacteria, emphasize our currently incomplete comprehension of how ecosystems will develop under future climatic conditions, demanding caution in making simplified predictions for biodiversity change under climate warming. Since these predictions may benefit from including biotic interactions and both, micro- and macroclimate based on our findings, conservation authorities and practitioners must not neglect improving microclimatic conditions to ensure local survival of a diverse set of threatened and demanding species. In this context, mountains can play a pivotal role for biodiversity conservation since these offer heterogeneous microclimatic conditions in proximity that can be utilized by species with distinct niches.},
  subject      = {Heuschrecken},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kunz2008,
  author    = {Kunz, Britta K.},
  title     = {Frugivory and Seed Dispersal: Ecological Interactions between Baboons, Plants, and Dung Beetles in the Savanna-Forest Mosaic of West Africa},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37519},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Das Guinea-Savanne-Wald-Mosaik Westafrikas weist einen hohen Reichtum an Pflanzenarten auf, deren Samen durch Frugivore ausgebreitet werden. Afrikanische Savannen beherbergen zudem die artenreichste Dungk{\"a}ferfauna weltweit. Dennoch wurden Interaktionen zwischen Fruchtpflanzen, Primaten und Dungk{\"a}fern in Savannen{\"o}kosysteme bisher kaum erforscht. Meine Untersuchungen am Anubispavian (Papio anubis Lesson 1827, Cercopithecinae) im Como{\´e} Nationalpark (CNP), im NO der Elfenbeink{\"u}ste, zeigten, dass sich westafrikanische Pavianpopulationen in verschiedener Hinsicht von Populationen in Ostafrika unterscheiden. Paviane werden zumeist vornehmlich als Pr{\"a}datoren der Samen ihrer Nahrungspflanzen angesehen. Im Savannen-Wald-Mosaik Westafrikas ern{\"a}hren sie sich jedoch {\"u}berwiegend frugivor und sind bedeutende Samenausbreiter einer Vielzahl von Geh{\"o}lzpflanzenarten mit unterschiedlichen Fruchttypen und Samengr{\"o}ßen. Sie breiten intakte Samen von mind. 22\% der regionalen Geh{\"o}lzpflanzenarten aus. Ihr "Ausbreitungspotential" bzgl. Samenzahl und Samengr{\"o}ße ist mit dem der großen Menschenaffen vergleichbar. Der Anteil der Baumarten im Nahrungsspektrum der Paviane ist signifikant h{\"o}her als es aufgrund des Anteils im regionalen Artenpool der Geh{\"o}lzpflanzen zu erwarten w{\"a}re. Fruchtarten, die von Pavianen gefressen wurden, waren signifikant gr{\"o}ßer als nicht konsumierte Arten. Von verschiedenen morphologischen Fruchtmerkmalen eignen sich Fruchttyp und Farbe am besten, um vorherzusagen, ob die Fr{\"u}chte einer Art Nahrungsbestandteil der Paviane im CNP sind. Fruchttyp und Samengr{\"o}ße wiederum sind am besten geeignet, um auf die Art der Nutzung (Samenausbreitung bzw. -pr{\"a}dation) zu schließen. Die Samengr{\"o}ße einer Pflanze ist ein wichtiges Fitnessmerkmal, das verschiedene Abschnitte von der Fruchtentwicklung bis zur Etablierung des Keimlings beeinflussen kann. Sie weist bei vielen Pflanzenarten erhebliche intraspezifische Schwankungen auf. Primaten k{\"o}nnten aus unterschiedlichen Gr{\"u}nden Fr{\"u}chte mit bestimmter Samengr{\"o}ße ausw{\"a}hlen, zum Beispiel um unverdaulichen Ballast zu reduzieren oder um den Fruchtfleischgewinn pro Frucht zu optimieren. Bei acht von zehn untersuchten Pflanzenarten, die sich in Fruchttyp, Samenzahl und Samengr{\"o}ße unterscheiden, erwiesen sich die Paviane als selektiv in Bezug auf die Samengr{\"o}ße. F{\"u}r die intraspezifische Fruchtauswahl der Paviane scheint unter anderem das je nach Frucht- und Samenform unterschiedlich variierende Verh{\"a}ltnis von Fruchtfleisch zu Samen eine Rolle zu spielen. Als Habitatgeneralisten (mit einer Pr{\"a}ferenz f{\"u}r Waldhabitate), die relativ große Gebiete durchstreifen, scheinen Paviane besonders wichtig f{\"u}r den genetischen Austausch der Pflanzen zwischen entfernten Waldinseln. Da die meisten Geh{\"o}lzpflanzenarten im Savannen-Wald-Mosaik des CNP mittelgroße bis große Fr{\"u}chte und Samen haben, kommt den Pavianen eine herausragende Rolle bei der Samenausbreitung und nat{\"u}rlichen Regeneration dieses {\"O}kosystems zu. Die Bedeutung der Paviane f{\"u}r die Samenausbreitung von Pflanzenarten mit kleinen Fr{\"u}chten sollte jedoch nicht untersch{\"a}tzt werden. Meine Untersuchungen an typischen "vogelausgebreiteten" Baumarten, von denen V{\"o}gel fast ausschließlich unreife Fr{\"u}chte fraßen, weisen darauf hin, dass eine qualitative und quantitative Beurteilung verschiedener Frugivorengruppen allein aufgrund der Fruchtsyndrome nicht immer zuverl{\"a}ssig ist. Anubispaviane breiten in der Regel mehrere Pflanzensamen in einzelnen F{\"a}zes aus was {\"u}blicherweise als ung{\"u}nstig f{\"u}r die Pflanze angesehen wird. Die Samen aller Pflanzenarten, die in Pavianf{\"a}zes im CNP w{\"a}hrend Zeiten saisonal hoher Dungk{\"a}feraktivit{\"a}t zu finden waren, k{\"o}nnen jedoch potentiell von Dungk{\"a}fern ausgebreitet werden. Die Dungk{\"a}fer-Aktivit{\"a}t im Untersuchungsgebiet an Pavianf{\"a}zes war hoch, es wurden 99 Arten aus 26 Gattungen nachgewiesen. Sowohl die Wahrscheinlichkeit sekund{\"a}rer Samenausbreitung durch Dungk{\"a}fer als auch das sekund{\"a}re r{\"a}umliche Ausbreitungsmuster h{\"a}ngen von der Struktur und Zusammensetzung der Dungk{\"a}fergemeinschaft am Ort der prim{\"a}ren Ausbreitung ab. Die Dungk{\"a}fergemeinschaft wiederum scheint stark von der Vegetation beeinflusst zu sein. Im Savannen-Wald-Mosaik Westafrikas erwartete ich daher deutliche Unterschiede in der sekund{\"a}ren Ausbreitung zwischen Samen, die von Pavianen in die Savanne bzw. in den Wald ausgebreitet werden. Experimente ergaben, dass Samen, die von Pavianen in die Savanne ausgebreitet werden, eine h{\"o}here Wahrscheinlichkeit haben (a) {\"u}berhaupt sekund{\"a}r durch Dungk{\"a}fer ausgebreitet zu werden, (b) horizontal von Telekopriden vom Ort der prim{\"a}ren Ausbreitung wegbewegt zu werden, (c) relativ schnell aus den F{\"a}zes entfernt zu werden und (d) {\"u}ber relativ gr{\"o}ßere Distanzen ausgebreitet zu werden als Samen im Wald. Generell sollten Savannenpflanzen und Habitatgeneralisten unter den Pflanzenarten, deren Samen von Pavianen in die Savanne ausgebreitet werden, am ehesten von sekund{\"a}rer Ausbreitung durch Dungk{\"a}fer profitieren.},
  subject      = {Anubispavian},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Saundarya2023,
  author    = {Saundarya,},
  title     = {Food Cultures: Dynamics of Caste, Gender, Religion, and Class in India},
  series = {Global Cultural Studies? Engaged Scholarship between National and Transnational Frames},
  booktitle = {Global Cultural Studies? Engaged Scholarship between National and Transnational Frames},
  editor    = {Jetter, Tobias},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-207-2-101},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-305901},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {101-111},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Kulturwissenschaften},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Meule2014,
  author    = {Meule, Adrian},
  title     = {Food craving as a central construct in the self-regulation of eating behavior},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-104597},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Food craving refers to an intense desire to consume a specific kind of food of which chocolate is the most often craved one. It is this intensity and specificity that differentiates food craving from feelings of hunger. Although food craving and hunger often co-occur, an energy deficit is not a prerequisite for experiencing food craving, that is, it can also occur without being hungry. Food craving often precedes and predicts over- or binge eating which makes it a reasonable target in the treatment of eating disorders or obesity. One of the arguably most extensively validated measures for the assessment of food craving are the Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs), which measure food craving on a state (FCQ-S) and trait (FCQ-T) level. Specifically, the FCQ-S measures the intensity of current food craving whereas the FCQ-T measures the frequency of food craving experiences in general. The aims of the present thesis were to provide a German measure for the assessment of food craving and to investigate cognitive, behavioral, and physiological correlates of food craving. For this purpose, a German version of the FCQs was presented and its reliability and validity was evaluated. Using self-reports, relationships between trait food craving and dieting were examined. Cognitive-behavioral correlates of food craving were investigated using food-related tasks assessing executive functions. Psychophysiological correlates of food craving were investigated using event-related potentials (ERPs) in the electroencephalogram and heart rate variability (HRV). Possible intervention approaches to reduce food craving were derived from results of those studies. Methods: The FCQs were translated into German and their psychometric properties and correlates were investigated in a questionnaire-based study (articles \#1 \& \#2). The relationship between state and trait food craving with executive functioning was examined with behavioral tasks measuring working memory performance and behavioral inhibition which involved highly palatable food-cues (articles \#3 \& \#4). Electrophysiological correlates of food craving were tested with ERPs during a craving regulation task (article \#5). Finally, a pilot study on the effects of HRV-biofeedback for reducing food craving was conducted (article \#6). Results: The FCQs demonstrated high internal consistency while their factorial structure could only partially be replicated. The FCQ-T also had high retest-reliability which, expectedly, was lower for the FCQ-S. Validity of the FCQ-S was shown by positive relationships with current food deprivation and negative affect. Validity of the FCQ-T was shown by positive correlations with related constructs. Importantly, scores on the subscales of the FCQ-T were able to discriminate between non-dieters and successful and unsuccessful dieters (article \#1). Furthermore, scores on the FCQ-T mediated the relationship between rigid dietary control strategies and low dieting success (article \#2). With regard to executive functioning, high-calorie food-cues impaired working memory performance, yet this was independent of trait food craving and rarely related to state food craving (article \#3). Behavioral disinhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues was predicted by trait food craving, particularly when participants were also impulsive (article \#4). Downregulation of food craving by cognitive strategies in response to high-calorie food-cues increased early, but not later, segments of the Late Positive Potential (LPP) (article \#5). Few sessions of HRV-biofeedback reduced self-reported food cravings and eating and weight concerns in high trait food cravers (article \#6). Conclusions: The German FCQs represent sound measures with good psychometric properties for the assessment of state and trait food craving. Although state food craving increases during cognitive tasks involving highly palatable food-cues, impairment of task performance does not appear to be mediated by current food craving experiences. Instead, trait food craving is associated with low behavioral inhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues, but not with impaired working memory performance. Future studies need to examine if trait food craving and, subsequently, food-cue affected behavioral inhibition can be reduced by using food-related inhibition tasks as a training. Current food craving and ERPs in response to food-cues can easily be modulated by cognitive strategies, yet the LPP probably does not represent a direct index of food craving. Finally, HRV-biofeedback may be a useful add-on element in the treatment of disorders in which food cravings are elevated. To conclude, the current thesis provided measures for the assessment of food craving in German and showed differential relationships between state and trait food craving with self-reported dieting behavior, food-cue affected executive functioning, ERPs and HRV-biofeedback. These results provide promising starting points for interventions to reduce food craving based on (1) food-cue-related behavioral trainings of executive functions, (2) cognitive craving regulation strategies, and (3) physiological parameters such as HRV-biofeedback.},
  subject      = {Craving},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hoefling2008,
  author    = {H{\"o}fling, Atilla},
  title     = {Beggars cannot be choosers - The influence of food deprivation on food related disgust},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34609},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The main goals of the present thesis were to investigate how food deprivation influences food related disgust and to identify mental mechanisms that might underlie alterations in food related disgust. For this purpose, 9 studies were conducted that employed direct and indirect measures of attitudes, biological measures of affect as well as measures of real eating behavior and food choice, and compared responses of deprived and non deprived subjects on each of these measures. Spontaneous facial reactions were assessed via EMG and revealed that food deprived subjects showed weaker disgust reactions than satiated participants when being confronted with photographs of disgusting foods. Interestingly, deprived and non deprived subjects evaluated disgusting foods equally negative on a conscious level of information processing, indicating that food deprivation has the potential to attenuate food related disgust irrespective of conscious evaluations. Furthermore, it was found that food deprived participants readily consumed disgust related foods ("genetically modified foods"), while satiated participants rejected those foods. Again, no difference emerged between deprived and non deprived subjects in respect to their conscious evaluations of genetically modified foods (that were negative in both experimental groups). The dissociation between conscious evaluations and actual eating behavior that was observed amongst food deprived participants resembles the dissociation between conscious evaluations and facial reactions, thereby corroborating the assumption that alterations in food related disgust might directly influence eating behavior without changing conscious evaluations of foods. The assumption that a shift in automatic attitudes towards disgusting foods might be responsible for these effects received only partial support. That is, there was only a non significant tendency for food deprived subjects to evaluate disgusting foods more positive than satiated subjects on an automatic level of information processing. Instead, the results of the present thesis suggest that food deprived subjects exhibit a stronger motivation than satiated subjects to approach disgusting foods immediately. More precisely, food deprived participants exhibited strong approach motivational tendencies towards both, palatable and disgusting foods in an "Approach- Avoidance Task" whereas satiated participants only approached palatable (but not disgusting) foods on an automatic level of information processing. Moreover, food deprivation seems to change the subjective weighting of hedonic and functional food attributes in the context of more elaborated decisions about which foods to pick for consumption and which foods to reject. It was found that individual taste preferences were of minor importance for food deprived subjects but very important for satiated subjects when actually choosing between several food alternatives. In contrast, functional food attributes (e.g., immediate availability of a given food, large portion size) were more important selection criteria for food deprived subjects than for satiated subjects. Thus, food deprived participants were less picky than satiated participants, but showed a clear preference for those food alternatives that were functional in ending a state of food deprivation quickly - even if this meant choosing a food that was not considered tasty. Taken together, the present thesis shows that physiological need states (e.g., food deprivation) are tightly linked to the affective and motivational processing of need relevant cues. This link is so strong that food deprivation even modulates affective and motivational reactions as well as eating behavior and choice behavior towards disgusting (but need relevant) foods.},
  subject      = {Ekel},
  language  = {en}
}