@phdthesis{Schubert2015,
  author    = {Schubert, Andreas},
  title     = {Protein kinases as targets for the development of novel drugs against alveolar echinococcosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113694},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The metacestode larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), one of the most lethal zoonosis of the northern hemisphere. The development of metacestode vesicles by asexual multiplication and the almost unrestricted infiltrative growth within the host organs is ensured from a population of undifferentiated, proliferative cells, so-called germinative cells. AE treatment options include surgery, if possible, as well as Benzimidazole-based chemotherapy (BZ). Given that the cellular targets of BZs, the -tubulins, are highly conserved between cestodes and humans, the chemotherapy is associated with considerable side-effects. Therefore, BZ can only be applied in parasitostatic doses and has to be given lifelong. Furthermore, the current anti-AE chemotherapy is ineffective in eliminating the germinative cell population of the parasite, which leads to remission of parasite growth as soon as therapy is discontinued. This work focuses on protein kinases involved in the proliferation and development of the parasite with the intention of developing novel anti-AE therapies. Polo-like kinases (Plks) are important regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle and are involved in the regulation and formation of the mitotic spindles during the M-phase of the cell cycle. Plks have already been shown to be associated with deregulated cellular growth in human cancers and have been investigated as novel drug targets in the flatworm parasite Schistosoma mansoni. In the first part of this work, the characterisation of a novel and druggable parasite enzyme, EmPlk1, which is homologous to the polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) of humans and S. mansoni (SmPlk1), is presented. Through in situ hybridisation, it could be demonstrated that emplk1 is specifically expressed in the Echinococcus germinative cells. Upon heterologous expression in the Xenopus oocyte system, EmPlk1 induced germinal vesicle breakdown, thus indicating that it is an active kinase. Furthermore, BI 2536, a compound originally designed to inhibit the human ortholog of EmPlk1, inhibited the EmPlk1 activity at a concentration of 25 nM. In vitro treatment of parasite vesicles with similar concentrations of BI 2536 led to the elimination of the germinative cells from Echinococcus larvae, thus preventing the growth and further development of the parasite. In in vitro cultivation systems for parasite primary cells, BI 2536 effectively inhibited the formation of new metacestode vesicles from germinative cells. Thus, BI 2536 has profound anti-parasitic activities in vitro at concentrations well within the range of plasma levels measured after the administration of safe dosages to patients (50 nM after 24 h). This implies that EmPlk1 is a promising new drug target for the development of novel anti-AE drugs that would specifically affect the parasite's stem cell population, namely the only parasite cells capable of proliferation. In addition to the chemotherapeutic aspects of this work, the inhibitor BI 2536 could be further used to study the function of stem cells in this model organism, utilising a method of injection of parasite stem cells into metacestode vesicles, for instance, as has been developed in this work. In the second part of this work, a novel receptor tyrosine kinase, the Venus flytrap kinase receptor (EmVKR) of E. multilocularis has been characterised. Members of this class of single-pass transmembrane receptors have recently been discovered in the related trematode S. mansoni and are associated with the growth and differentiation of sporocyst germinal cells and ovocytes. The ortholog receptor in EmVKR is characterised by an unusual domain composition of an extracellular Venus flytrap module (VFT), which shows significant similarity to GABA receptors, such as the GABAB receptor (γ-amino butyric acid type B) and is linked through a single transmembrane domain to an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain with similarities to the kinase domains of human insulin receptors. Based upon the size (5112bp) of emvkr and nucleotide sequence specificities, efforts have been made to isolate the gene from cell culture samples to study the ligand for the activation of this receptor type in Xenopus oocytes. To date, this type of receptor has only been described in invertebrates, thus making it an attractive target for drug screening. In a first trial, the ATP competitive inhibitor AG 1024 was tested in our in vitro cell culture. In conclusion, the EmVKR represents a novel receptor tyrosine kinase in E. multilocularis. Further efforts have to be made to identify the activating ligand of the receptor and its cellular function, which might strengthen the case for EmVKR as a potential drug target. The successful depletion of stem cells in the metacestode vesicle by the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 gives rise to optimising the chemical component for EmPlk1 as a new potential drug target. Furthermore, this inhibitor opens a new cell culture technique with high potential to study the cellular behaviour and influencing factors of stem cells in vitro.},
  subject      = {Chemotherapie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hanisch2006,
  author    = {Hanisch, Anja},
  title     = {Regulation of mitotic progression : Focus on Plk1 function and the novel Ska complex at kinetochores},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21467},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {During mitosis the duplicated chromosomes have to be faithfully segregated into the nascent daughter cells in order to maintain genomic stability. This critical process is dependent on the rearrangement of the interphase microtubule (MT) network, resulting in the formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle. For proper chromosome segregation all chromosomes have to become connected to MTs emanating from opposite spindle poles. The MT attachment sites on the chromosomes are the kinetochores (KTs), which are also required to monitor the integrity of KT-MT interactions via the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). The first part of this work concerns the action of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Plk1 is one of the most prominent mitotic kinases and is involved in the regulation of multiple essential steps during mitosis consistent with its dynamic localisation to spindle poles, KTs and the central spindle. Despite a nice model of Plk1 targeting to different mitotic structures via its phosphopeptide binding Polo-box domain (PBD), the exact molecular details of Plk1 functioning, in particular at the KTs, remain obscure. By two different approaches we obtained cells with an unlocalised Plk1 kinase activity: first by generating stable HeLa S3 cell lines, which upon induction expressed the PBD and thus displaced endogenous Plk1 from its sites of action. Secondly, by rescuing cells RNAi-depleted of Plk1 with the catalytic Plk1 domain only. Centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle assembly and loss of cohesion between the chromatid arms proceeded normally in either cells, in contrast to Plk1-depleted cells, arguing that PBD-mediated targeting of Plk1 is less critical for the tested functions. Remarkably, however, both the PBD expressing as well as the Plk1-depleted cells rescued with the catalytic domain of Plk1 arrested in early mitosis in a SAC-dependent manner with uncongressed chromosomes. These data disclose a so far unrecognised role of Plk1 in proper chromosome congression and point at a particular requirement for PBD-mediated localised Plk1 activity at the KTs. In the second part of the thesis, we characterised a novel spindle and KT associated protein, termed Ska1, which was originally identified in a spindle inventory. Ska1 associated with KTs following MT attachment during prometaphase and formed a complex with at least another novel protein of identical localisation, called Ska2. Ska1 was required for Ska2 stability in vivo and depletion of either Ska1 or Ska2 resulted in the loss of both proteins from the KTs. The absence of Ska proteins did not disrupt overall KT structure but most strikingly induced cells to undergo a prolonged SAC-dependent delay in a metaphase-like state. The delay was characterised by weakened kinetochore-fibre stability, recruitment of Mad2 protein to a few KTs and the occasional loss of individual chromosomes from the metaphase plate. These data indicate that the Ska1/2 complex plays a critical role in the maintenance of a KT-MT attachments and/or SAC silencing.},
  subject      = {Mitose},
  language  = {en}
}