@phdthesis{Malkmus2023,
  author    = {Malkmus, Christoph},
  title     = {Establishment of a 3D \(in\) \(vitro\) skin culture system for the obligatory human parasite \(Onchocerca\) \(volvulus\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31717},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317171},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Onchocerciasis, the world's second-leading infectious cause of blindness in humans -prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa - is caused by Onchocerca volvulus (O. volvulus), an obligatory human parasitic filarial worm. Commonly known as river blindness, onchocerciasis is being targeted for elimination through ivermectin-based mass drug administration programs. However, ivermectin does not kill adult parasites, which can live and reproduce for more than 15 years within the human host. These impediments heighten the need for a deeper understanding of parasite biology and parasite-human host interactions, coupled with research into the development of new tools - macrofilaricidal drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines. Humans are the only definitive host for O. volvulus. Hence, no small-animal models exist for propagating the full life cycle of O. volvulus, so the adult parasites must be obtained surgically from subcutaneous nodules. A two-dimensional (2D) culture system allows that O. volvulus larvae develop from the vector-derived infective stage larvae (L3) in vitro to the early pre-adult L5 stages. As problematic, the in vitro development of O. volvulus to adult worms has so far proved infeasible. We hypothesized that an increased biological complexity of a three-dimensional (3D) culture system will support the development of O. volvulus larvae in vitro. Thus, we aimed to translate crucial factors of the in vivo environment of the developing worms into a culture system based on human skin. The proposed tissue model should contain 1. skinspecific extracellular matrix, 2. skin-specific cells, and 3. enable a direct contact of larvae and tissue components. For the achievement, a novel adipose tissue model was developed and integrated to a multilayered skin tissue comprised of epidermis, dermis and subcutis. Challenges of the direct culture within a 3D tissue model hindered the application of the three-layered skin tissue. However, the indirect coculture of larvae and skin models supported the growth of fourth stage (L4) larvae in vitro. The direct culture of L4 and adipose tissue strongly improved the larvae survival. Furthermore, the results revealed important cues that might represent the initial encapsulation of the developing worm within nodular tissue. These results demonstrate that tissue engineered 3D tissues represent an appropriate in vitro environment for the maintenance and examination of O. volvulus larvae.},
  subject      = {Tissue Engineering},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{vonSaintAndrevonArnim2007,
  author    = {von Saint Andr{\´e} - von Arnim, Am{\´e}lie},
  title     = {The Role of Endosymbiotic Wolbachia Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of River Blindness},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31560},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Introduction: This study investigates the role of Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of O. volvulus keratitis in a mouse model. Wolbachia bacteria are essential symbionts of most filarial nematodes of importance for mankind. Methods: Using a mouse model for river blindness in which soluble extracts of filarial nematodes are injected in the corneal stroma, changes in stromal thickness and haze of the cornea are observed by in vivo confocal microscopy, followed by immunohistochemical staining for neutrophils and PECAM-1, as well as ELISA of corneal chemokines. Reactions to filarial extracts containing Wolbachia are compared to those without the endosymbiont. Results: The approach of characterizing Wolbachia's role in river blindness in this study is threefold. Firstly, Wolbachia-depleted extracts from doxycycline treated onchocerciasis patients led to a diminished inflammatory response in corneas of C57BL/6 mice compared to untreated, i.e. Wolbachia containing antigen. The decreased cell recruitment observed with doxycycline treated extracts involved neutrophils, but not eosinophils. This finding demonstrated that the presence of Wolbachia increases neutrophil recruitment. Secondly, extracts from Wolbachia-containing B. malayi revealed markedly more pathology than endosymbiont-free A. viteae antigen. This again pointed at the role of Wolbachia in development of disease. Thirdly, Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) dependence was shown to exist for the inflammatory response to Wolbachia harboring O. volvulus antigen by looking at the corneal pathology in TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice, compared to the wild-type C3H/HeN strain. Investigating further Wolbachia mediated mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment to the cornea, this study also showed that expression of the adhesion molecule PECAM-1 in limbal vessels, as well as upregulation of the CXC chemokines KC and MIP-2 were dependent on the presence of functional TLR4 and Wolbachia respectively. Conclusions: This study indicates that the innate immune system and Wolbachia endobacteria play an important role in the inflammatory response associated with the pathogenesis of onchocerca keratitis, suggesting a complete alteration in our understanding of the immunopathology of filariasis.},
  subject      = {Onchozerkose},
  language  = {en}
}