@phdthesis{Seo2012,
  author    = {Seo, Ean Jeong},
  title     = {Construction of recombinant E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) strains for the expression and secretion of defensins},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72005},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Der probiotische Escherichia coli Stamm Nissle 1917 (EcN) ist eines der wenigen Probiotika, die als aktive Komponente eines Medikaments in mehreren L{\"a}ndern zugelassen sind. Am besten ist die Wirksamkeit des EcN f{\"u}r die Remissionserhaltung von an Colitis Ulcerosa leidenden Patienten dokumentiert. Diese F{\"a}higkeit ist vermutlich darauf zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren, dass EcN in der Lage ist die Produktion des humanen beta-Defensins 2 (HBD2) mittels seiner Flagelle zu Induzieren. In dieser Studie wurden rekombinante EcN St{\"a}mme konstruiert, die ein Defensin zu produzieren verm{\"o}gen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Kodon-optimierte Defensingene in Expressionsplasmidvektoren kloniert, die entweder die Proform mit der Signalsequenz oder die reife Defensinform des humanen -Defensins 5 (HD5) oder des humanen -Defensins 2 (HBD2) unter der Kontrolle des T7-Promotors kodieren. Die Synthese dieser Defensine wurde mittels Western-Blot nach der Induktion der Expression und der Lyse der rekombinanten EcN St{\"a}mme demonstriert. Das rekombinante reife HBD2 mit einem N-terminalen His-Tag konnte mittels Ni-S{\"a}ulen-Chromatographie aufgereinigt werden. Das so gewonnene HBD2 zeigte antimikrobielle Aktivit{\"a}t gegen E. coli, Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium und Listeria monocytogenes. In einem zweiten Ansatz wurde der Teil des HBD2-Gens mit dem yebF-Gen fusioniert, der das reife HBD2 kodiert. Das resultierende Fusionsprotein YebFMHBD2 wurde von dem entsprechenden EcN Stamm nach Induktion der Expression sekretiert. Die Pr{\"a}senz von YebFMHBD2 im Medium war nicht das Ergebnis von Zellyse wie Western-Blots spezifisch f{\"u}r die -Galaktosidase und das Maltose-Bindeprotein mit dem Kultur{\"u}berstand zeigten. Dieser Kultur{\"u}berstand inhibierte das Wachstum von E. coli, Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium und Listeria monocytogenes nach Dialyse und Aufkonzentration sowohl in Agardiffusionsassays als auch in Fl{\"u}ssigcokultur. Damit konnte gezeigt werden, dass EcN ein f{\"u}r die Produktion von bestimmten humanen Defensinen geeignetes Probiotikum darstellt. EcN ist bei der Behandlung von Morbus Crohn Patienten nicht aktiv. Dies ist vermutlich in der genetisch bedingten Unf{\"a}higkeit zur ausreichenden Defensinproduktion solcher Individuen begr{\"u}ndet. Als ein erster Schritt in der Entwicklung von alternativen Ans{\"a}tzen zur Behandlung Morbus Crohn Patienten wurden in dieser Arbeit EcN St{\"a}mme konstruiert, die in der Lage sind HD5 oder HBD2 zu produzieren.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Aminake2012,
  author    = {Aminake, Makoah Nigel},
  title     = {Towards malaria combination therapy: Characterization of hybrid molecules for HIV/malaria combination therapy and of thiostrepton as a proteasome-targeting antibiotic with a dual mode of action},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71841},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Malaria and HIV are among the most important global health problems of our time and together are responsible for approximately 3 million deaths annually. These two diseases overlap in many regions of the world including sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, leading to a higher risk of co-infection. In this study, we generated and characterized hybrid molecules to target P. falciparum and HIV simultaneously for a potential HIV/malaria combination therapy. Hybrid molecules were synthesized by covalent fusion between azidothymidine (AZT) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), tetraoxane or chloroquine (CQ); and a small library was generated and tested for antiviral and antimalarial activity. Our data suggest that dihyate is the most potent molecule in vitro, with antiplasmodial activity comparable to that of DHA (IC50 = 26 nM, SI > 3000), a moderate activity against HIV (IC50 = 2.9 µM; SI > 35) and safe to HeLa cells at concentrations used in the assay (CC50 > 100 µM). Pharmacokinetic studies further revealed that dihyate is metabolically unstable and is cleaved following an O-dealkylation once in contact with cytochrome P450 enzymes. The later further explains the uneffectiveness of dihyate against the CQ-sensitive P. berghei N strain in mice when administered by oral route at 20 mg/kg. Here, we report on a first approach to develop antimalarial/anti-HIV hybrid molecules and future optimization efforts will aim at producing second generation hybrid molecules to improve activity against HIV as well as compound bioavailability. With the emergence of resistant parasites against all the counterpart drugs of artemisinin derivatives used in artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs), the introduction of antibiotics in the treatment of malaria has renewed interest on the identification of antibiotics with potent antimalarial properties. In this study we also investigated the antiplasmodial potential of thiostrepton and derivatives, synthesized using combinations of tail truncation, oxidation, and addition of lipophilic thiols to the terminal dehydroamino acid. We showed that derivatives SS231 and SS234 exhibit a better antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 1 µM SI > 59 and SI > 77 respectively) than thiostrepton (IC50 = 8.95 µM, SI = 1.7). The antiplasmodial activity of these derivatives was observed at concentrations which are not hemolytic and non-toxic to human cell lines. Thiostrepton and derivatives appeared to exhibit transmission blocking properties when administered at their IC50 or IC90 concentrations and our data also showed that they attenuate proteasome activity of Plasmodium, which resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins after incubation with their IC80 concentrations. Our results indicate that the parasite's proteasome could be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this regard, thiostrepton derivatives are promising candidates by dually acting on two independent targets, the proteasome and the apicoplast, with the capacity to eliminate both intraerythrocytic asexual and transmission stages of the parasite. To further support our findings, we evaluated the activity of a new class of antimalarial and proteasome inhibitors namely peptidyl sulfonyl fluorides on gametocyte maturation and analogues AJ34 and AJ38 were able to completely suppress gametocytogenesis at IC50 concentrations (0.23 µM and 0.17 µM respectively) suggesting a strong transmission blocking potential. The proteasome, a major proteolytic complex, responsible for the degradation and re-cycling of non-functional proteins has been studied only indirectly in P. falciparum. In addition, an apparent proteasome-like protein with similarity to bacterial ClpQ/hslV threonine-peptidases was predicted in the parasite. Antibodies were generated against the proteasome subunits alpha type 5 (α5-SU), beta type 5 (β5-SU) and pfhslV in mice and we showed that the proteasome is expressed in both sexual and asexual blood stages of P. falciparum, where they localize in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. However, expression of PfhslV was only observed in trophozoites and shizonts. The trafficking of the studied proteasome subunits was further investigated by generating parasites expressing GFP tagged proteins. The expression of α5-SU-GFP in transgenic parasite appeared to localize abundantly in the cytoplasm of all blood stages, and no additional information was obtained from this parasite line. In conclusion, our data highlight two new tools towards combination therapy. Hybrid molecules represent promising tools for the cure of co-infected individuals, while very potent antibiotics with a wide scope of activities could be useful in ACTs by eliminating resistant parasites and limiting transmission of both, resistances and disease.},
  subject      = {Malaria},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Oschatz2012,
  author    = {Oschatz, Chris Tina},
  title     = {Mechanisms and functions of the mast cell-activated contact system in inflammatory reactions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71539},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {SUMMARY Mast cell activation in allergic and inflammatory disease causes increased vascular permeability and edema. This thesis identifies a paracrine mechanism, by which heparin released from intracellular granules, is involved in mast cell-evoked alteration of endothelial barrier function in vivo. Negatively charged heparin initiated factor XII-driven contact activation. Activated factor XII triggered the formation of the inflammatory mediator bradykinin in plasma. Congenital deficiency and pharmacological targeting of factor XII and kinin B2 receptor provided protection from mast cell-heparin-induced leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and hypotension in rats and mice. Intravital laser scanning microscopy and tracer measurements showed that heparin increased leakage with fluid extravasation in skin microvessels in mice. Deficiency in factor XII or kinin B2 receptor conferred resistance to heparin-induced skin edema and largely protected mice from endothelial barrier dysfunction, caused by allergen-induced mast cell activation and anaphylactic reactions. In contrast, heparin and mast cell activation caused excessive edema formation in mice, deficient in the major inhibitor of factor XII, C1 esterase inhibitor. Hereditary angioedema patients, lacking C1 esterase inhibitor, suffered from allergeninduced edema. The data indicate that mast cell-heparin-initiated bradykinin formation plays a fundamental role in defective barrier function of pathological mast cell-mediated inflammation, hypotension and edema formation.},
  subject      = {Heparin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Salvador2011,
  author    = {Salvador, Ellaine Riciel P.},
  title     = {Characterization of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ABU) Escherichia coli Isolates: virulence traits and host-pathogen interactions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. It accounts for a million hospital visits annually in the United States. Among the many uropathogenic bacteria, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common causative agent of UTI. However, not all E. coli that inhabit the urinary tract can cause UTI. Some of them thrive for long periods of time in the urinary bladder without causing overt symptoms of infection. This carrier state is called asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). E. coli ABU isolates can live in the host without inducing host response due to deletions, insertions and point mutations in the genome leading to the attenuation of virulence genes. They therefore behave in the same way as commensals. Since bacteria that inhabit the urinary tract are said to originate from the lower intestinal tract and ABU behave in a similar way as commensals, this study compared various phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ABU and commensal E. coli fecal isolates. The two groups did not show a strict clustering with regards to phylogenetic lineage since there appears to be overlaps in their distribution in some clonal complexes. In addition, it was observed that the UPEC virulence genes were more frequently inactivated in ABU than in fecal isolates. Hence, ABU tend to have less functional virulence traits compared to the fecal isolates. The ABU model organism E. coli 83972 which is known not only for its commensal behavior in the urinary bladder but its ability to outcompete other bacteria in the urinary tract is currently being used as prophylactic treatment in patients who have recurrent episodes of UTI at the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden. The pilot studies showed that upon deliberate long-term colonization of the patients with E. coli 83972, they become protected from symptomatic UTI. In this study, the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of eight re-isolates taken from initially asymptomatically colonized patients enrolled in the deliberate colonization study who reported an episode of symptoms during the colonization period were investigated. Two out of the eight re-isolates were proven to be a result of super infection by another uropathogen. Six re-isolates, on the other hand, were E. coli 83972. The urine re-isolates confirmed to be E. coli 83972 were phenotypically heterogeneous in that they varied in colony size as well as in swarming motility. Four of these re-isolates were morphologically homogenous and similar to the parent isolate E. coli 83972 whereas one of them appeared phenotypically heterogenous as a mixture of smaller and normal-sized colonies. Still another re-isolate phenotypically resembled small colony variants. Meanwhile, three of the six re-isolates did not differ from the parent isolate with regards to motility. On the other hand, three exhibited a markedly increased motility compared to the parent isolate. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated the upregulation of a cascade of genes involved in flagellar expression and biosynthesis in one of the three motile re-isolates. However, upon further investigation, it was found out that the expression of flagella had no effect on bacterial adhesion to host cells in vitro as well as to the induction of host inflammatory markers. Thus, this implies that the increased motility in the re-isolates is used by the bacteria as a fitness factor for its benefit and not as a virulence factor. In addition, among the various deregulated genes, it was observed that gene regulation tends to be host-specific in that there is no common pattern as to which genes are deregulated in the re-isolates. Taken together, results of this study therefore suggest that the use of E. coli 83972 for prophylactic treatment of symptomatic UTI remains to be very promising.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eschbach2011,
  author    = {Eschbach, Claire},
  title     = {Classical and operant learning in the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70583},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In dieser Doktorarbeit studiere ich einige psychologische Aspekte im Verhalten der Drosophila, insbesondere von Drosophila Larven. Nach einer Einleitung, in der ich den wissenschaftlichen Kontext darstelle und die Mechanismen der olfaktorischen Wahrnehmung sowie des klassichen und operanten Lernens beschreibe, stelle ich die verschiedenen Experimente meiner Doktorarbeit vor. Wahrnehmung Das zweite Kapitel behandelt die Art, in der adulte Drosophila zwischen Einzeld{\"u}ften und Duftgemischen generaliseren. Ich habe gefunden, daß die Fliegen eine Mischung aus zwei D{\"u}ften als gleich verschieden von ihren beiden Elementen wahrnehmen; und daß die Intensit{\"a}t sowie die chemisch-physikalische Natur der Elemente das Ausmass der Generalisierung zwischen der Mischung und ihren beiden Elementen beeinflusst. Diese Entdeckungen sollten f{\"u}r die weitere Forschung anregend sein, wie zum Beispiel zum functional imaging. Ged{\"a}chtnis Das dritte Kapitel stellt die Etablierung eines neuen Protokolls zur klassischen Konditionierung bei Drosophila Larven dar. Es handelt sich um Experimente, bei denen ein Duft mit einer mechanischen St{\"o}rung als Strafreiz verkn{\"u}pft wird. Das Protokoll wird einen Vergleich zwischen zwei Arten vom aversiven Ged{\"a}chtnissen (Geschmack vs. mechanische St{\"o}rung als Strafreize) erm{\"o}glichen, einschliesslich eines Vergleiches ihrer neurogenetischen Grundlagen; zudem kann nun geforscht werden, ob die jeweiligen Ged{\"a}chtnisse spezifisch f{\"u}r die Art des verwendeten Strafreizes sind. Selbstgestaltung Das vierte Kapitel umfasst unsere Versuche, operantes Ged{\"a}chtnis bei Drosophila Larven zu beobachten. Zumindest f{\"u}r die unmittelbar ersten Momente des Tests konnte ich zeigen, dass die Larven ihr Verhalten entsprechend dem Training ausrichten. Dieses Ged{\"a}chtnis scheint jedoch im Laufe des Tests schnell zu verschwinden. Es ist daher geraten, diese Ergebnisse {\"u}ber operantes Lernen zu wiederholen, eventuell das experimentelle Protokoll zu verbessern, um so eine systematische Analyse der Bedingungen und Mechanismen f{\"u}r das operante Lernen bei der Drosophila Larve zu erlauben. Im f{\"u}nften Kapitel verwende ich die im Rahmen des vierten Kapitels entwickelten Methoden f{\"u}r eine Analyse der Fortbewegung der Larven. Ich habe insbesondere die Wirkung des pflanzlichen ‚cognitive enhancers' Rhodiola rosea untersucht, sowie die Auswirkungen von Mutationen in den Genen, welche f{\"u}r Synapsin und SAP47 kodieren; schliesslich habe ich getestet, ob die Geschmacksqualit{\"a}t der Testsituation lokomotorische Parameter ver{\"a}ndert. Diese Dissertation erbringt also eine Reihe neuer Aspekte zur Psychologie der Drosophila und wird hoffentlich in diesem Bereich der Forschung neue Wege {\"o}ffnen.},
  subject      = {Lernen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Foertsch2012,
  author    = {F{\"o}rtsch, Christina},
  title     = {Pneumolysin: the state of pore-formation in context to cell trafficking and inflammatory responses of astrocytes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70892},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Pneumolysin, a protein toxin, represents one of the major virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This pathogen causes bacterial meningitis with especially high disease rates in young children, elderly people and immunosuppressed patients. The protein toxin belongs to the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, which require membrane cholesterol in order to bind and to be activated. Upon activation, monomers assemble in a circle and undergo conformational change. This conformational change leads to the formation of a pore, which eventually leads to cell lysis. This knowledge was obtained by studies that used a higher concentration compared to the concentration of pneumolysin found in the cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients. Thus, a much lower concentration of pneumolysin was used in this work in order to investigate effects of this toxin on primary mouse astrocytes. Previously, a small GTPase activation, possibly leading to cytoskeletal changes, was found in a human neuroblastoma cell line. This led to the hypothesis that pneumolysin can lead to similar cytoskeletal changes in primary cells. The aim of this work was to investigate and characterise the effects of pneumolysin on primary mouse astrocytes in terms of a possible pore formation, cellular trafficking and immunological responses. Firstly, the importance of pore-formation on cytoskeletal changes was to be investigated. In order to tackle this question, wild-type pneumolysin and two mutant variants were used. One variant was generated by exchanging one amino acid in the cholesterol recognising region, the second variant was generated by deleting two amino acids in a protein domain that is essential for oligomerisation. These variants should be incapable of forming a pore and were compared to the wild-type in terms of lytic capacities, membrane binding, membrane depolarisation, pore-formation in artificial membranes (planar lipid bilayer) and effects on the cytoskeleton. These investigations resulted in the finding that the pore-formation is required for inducing cell lysis, membrane depolarisation and cytoskeletal changes in astrocytes. The variants were not able to form a pore in planar lipid bilayer and did not cause cell lysis and membrane depolarisation. However, they bound to the cell membrane to the same extent as the wild-type toxin. Thus, the pore-formation, but not the membrane binding was the cause for these changes. Secondly, the effect of pneumolysin on cellular trafficking was investigated. Here, the variants showed no effect, but the wild-type led to an increase in overall endocytotic events and was itself internalised into the cell. In order to characterise a possible mechanism for internalisation, a GFP-tagged version of pneumolysin was used. Several fluorescence-labelled markers for different endocytotic pathways were used in a co-staining approach with pneumolysin. Furthermore, inhibitors for two key-players in classical endocytotic pathways, dynamin and myosin II, were used in order to investigate classical endocytotic pathways and their possible involvement in toxin internalisation. The second finding of this work is that pneumolysin is taken up into the cell via dynamin- and caveolin-independent pinocytosis, which could transfer the toxin to caveosomes. From there, the fate of the toxin remains unknown. Additionally, pneumolysin leads to an overall increase in endocytotic events. This observation led to the third aim of this work. If the toxin increases the overall rate of endocytosis, the question arises whether toxin internalisation favours bacterial tissue penetration of the host or whether it serves as a defence mechanism of the cell in order to degrade the protein. Thus, several proinflammatory cytokines were investigated, as previous studies describe an effect of pneumolysin on cytokine production. Surprisingly, only interleukin 6-production was increased after toxin-treatment and no effect of endocytotic inhibitors on the interleukin 6-production was observed. The conclusion from this finding is that pneumolysin leads to an increase of interleukin 6, which would not depend on the endocytotic uptake of pneumolysin. The production of interleukin 6 would enhance the production of acute phase proteins, T-cell activation, growth and differentiation. On the one hand, this activation could serve pathogen clearance from infected tissue. On the other hand, the production of interleukin 6 could promote a further penetration of pathogen into host tissue. This question should be further investigated.},
  subject      = {Streptococcus pneumoniae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hupp2012,
  author    = {Hupp, Sabrina},
  title     = {Modulation of Actin Dynamics by the Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin Pneumolysin - a novel mechanism beyond pore formation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70889},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major causes of bacterial meningitis, which mainly affects young infants in the developing countries of Africa, Asia (esp. India) and South America, and which has case fatality rates up to 50\% in those regions. Bacterial meningitis comprises an infection of the meninges and the sub-meningeal cortex tissue of the brain, whereat the presence of pneumolysin (PLY), a major virulence factor of the pneumococcus, is prerequisite for the development of a severe outcome of the infection and associated tissue damage (e. g. apoptosis, brain edema, and ischemia). Pneumolysin belongs to the family of pore forming, cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), bacterial protein toxins, which basically use membrane-cholesterol as receptor and oligomerize to big aggregates, which induce cell lysis and cell death by disturbance of membrane integrity. Multiple recent studies, including this work, have revealed a new picture of pneumolysin, whose cell-related properties go far beyond membrane binding, pore formation and the induction of cell death and inflammatory responses. For a long time, it has been known that bacteria harm the tissues of their hosts in order to promote their own survival and proliferation. Many bacterial toxins aim to rather hijack cells than to kill them, by interacting with cellular components, such as the cytoskeleton or other endogenous proteins. This study was able to uncover a novel capacity of pneumolysin to interact with components of the actin machinery and to promote rapid, actin-dependent cell shape changes in primary astrocytes. The toxin was applied in disease-relevant concentrations, which were verified to be sub-lytic. These amounts of toxin induced a rapid actin cortex collapse in horizontal direction towards the cell core, whereat membrane integrity was preserved, indicating an actin severing function of pneumolysin, and being consistent with cell shrinkage, displacement, and blebbing observed in live cell imaging experiments. In contrast to neuroblastoma cells, in which pneumolysin led to cytoskeleton remodeling and simultaneously to activation of Rac1 and RhoA, in primary astrocytes the cell shape changes were seen to be primarily independent of small GTPases. The level of activated Rac1 and RhoA did not increase at the early time points after toxin application, when the initial shape changes have been observed, but at later time points when the actin-dependent displacement of cells was slower and less severe, probably presenting the cell's attempt to re-establish proper cytoskeleton function. A GUV (giant unilamellar vesicle) approach provided insight into the effects of pneumolysin in a biomimetic system, an environment, which is strictly biochemical, but still comprises cellular components, limited to the factors of interest (actin, Arp2/3, ATP, and Mg2+ on one side, and PLY on the other side). This approach was able to show that the wildtype-toxin, but not the Δ6 mutant (mutated in the unfolding domain, and thus non-porous), had the capacity to exhibit its functions through a membrane bilayer, meaning it was able to aggregate actin, which was located on the other side of the membrane, either via direct interaction with actin or in an Arp2/3 activating manner. Taking a closer look at these two factors with the help of several different imaging and biochemical approaches, this work unveiled the capacity of pneumolysin to bind and interact both with actin and Arp2 of the Arp2/3 complex. Pneumolysin was capable to slightly stabilize actin in an actin-pyrene polymerization assay. The same experimental setup was applied to show that the toxin had the capacity to lead to actin polymerization through activation of the Arp2/3 complex. This effect was additionally confirmed with the help of fluorescent microscopy of rhodamine (TRITC)-tagged actin. Strongest Arp2/3 activation, and actin nucleation/polymerization is achieved by the VCA domain of the WASP family proteins. However, addition of PLY to the Arp2/3-VCA system led to an enhanced actin nucleation, suggesting a synergistic activation function of pneumolysin. Hence, two different effects of pneumolysin on the actin cytoskeleton were observed. On the one hand an actin severing property, and on the other hand an actin stabilization property, both of which do not necessarily exclude each other. Actin remodeling is a common feature of bacterial virulence strategies. This is the first time, however, that these properties were assigned to a toxin of the CDC family. Cytoskeletal dysfunction in astrocytes leads to dysfunction and unregulated movement of these cells, which, in context of bacterial meningitis, can favor bacterial penetration and spreading in the brain tissue, and thus comprises an additional role of pneumolysin as a virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumonia in the context of brain infection.},
  subject      = {Hirnhautentz{\"u}ndung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{AlcantarinoMenescal2012,
  author    = {Alcantarino Menescal, Luciana},
  title     = {In vivo characterization of genetic factors involved in Xmrk driven melanoma formation in Medaka (Oryzias latipes): a closer look at braf, Stat5 and c-myc},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70762},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes and is one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. In fish of the genus Xiphophorus, melanoma development, although very rarely, happens spontaneously in nature and can be induced by interspecific crossing. The oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, Xmrk, is responsible for melanoma formation in these fishes. Since Xiphophorus are live-bearing fishes and therefore not compatible with embryonic manipulation and transgenesis, the Xmrk melanoma model was brought to the medaka (Oryzias latipes) system. Xmrk expression under the control of the pigment cell specific mitf promoter leads to melanoma formation with 100\% penetrance in medaka. Xmrk is an orthologue of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activates several downstream signaling pathways. Examples of these pathways are the direct phosphorylation of BRAF and Stat5, as well as the enhanced transcription of C-myc. BRAF is a serine-threonine kinase which is found mutated at high frequencies in malignant melanomas. Stat5 is a transcription factor known to be constitutively activated in fish melanoma. C-myc is a transcription factor that is thought to regulate the expression of approximately 15\% of all human genes and is involved in cancer progression of a large number of different tumors. To gain new in vivo information on candidate factors known to be involved in melanoma progression, I identified and analysed BRAF, Stat5 and C-myc in the laboratory fish model system medaka. BRAF protein motifs are highly conserved among vertebrates and the results of this work indicate that its function in the MAPK signaling is maintained in medaka. Transgenic medaka lines carrying a constitutive active version of BRAF (V614E) showed more pigmented skin when compared to wild type. Also, some transiently expressing BRAF V614E fishes showed a disrupted eye phenotype. In addition, I was able to identify two Stat5 copies in medaka, named Stat5ab/a and Stat5ab/b. Sequence analysis revealed a higher similarity between both Stat5 sequences when compared to either human Stat5a or Stat5b. This suggests that the two Stat5 copies in medaka arose by an independent duplication processes. I cloned these two Stat5 present in medaka, produced constitutive active and dominant negative gene versions and successfully established transgenic lines carrying each version under the control of the MITF promoter. These lines will help to elucidate questions that are still remaining in Stat5 biology and its function in melanoma progression, like the role of Stat5 phosphorylation on tumor invasiveness. In a third project during my PhD work, I analysed medaka C-myc function and indentified two copies of this gene in medaka, named c-myc17 and c-myc20, according to the chromosome where they are located. I produced conditional transgenic medaka lines carrying the c-myc17 gene coupled to the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor to enable specific transgene activation at a given time point. Comparable to human C-myc, medaka C-myc17 is able to induce proliferation and apoptosis in vivo after induction. Besides that, C-myc17 long-term activation led to liver hyperplasia. In summary, the medaka models generated in this work will be important to bring new in vivo information on genes involved in cancer development. Also, the generated transgenic lines can be easily crossed to the melanoma developing Xmrk medaka lines, thereby opening up the possibility to investigate their function in melanoma progression. Besides that, the generated medaka fishes make it possible to follow the whole development of melanocytes, since the embryos are transparent and can be used for high throughput chemical screens.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zanucco2011,
  author    = {Zanucco, Emanuele},
  title     = {Role of oncogenic and wild type B-RAF in mouse lung tumor models},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69603},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Von Wachstumsfaktoren regulierte Signalkaskaden sind Schl{\"u}sselelemente in der Gewebeentwicklung und Geweberegeneration. Eine Deregulation dieser Kaskaden f{\"u}hrt zu Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen und neoplastischen Krankheiten. F{\"u}r viele humane Krebsformen sind aktivierende Mutationen der Kinasen der RAF Familie verantwortlich. Das erste Projekt dieser Doktorarbeit fokussiert auf der Rolle des B-RAF V600E, welches als eine der am h{\"a}ufigsten vorkommenden Mutantionen in humanen Krebszellen identifiziert worden ist. Um die onkogene Funktion des B-RAF V600E zu untersuchen, haben wir transgene Mauslinien hergestellt, welche das aktivierte Onkogen spezifisch in alveolaren Lungenepithelzellen des Typ II exprimieren. Konstitutive Expression des B-RAF V600E f{\"u}hrte zu einer abnormen alveolaren Epithelzellbildung und zu Emphysem-{\"a}hnlichen L{\"a}sionen. Diese L{\"a}sionen wiesen Zeichen einer Gewebsumstrukturierung auf, oft in Assoziation mit chronischer Inflammation und geringer Inzidenz von Lungentumoren. Die Infiltration der entz{\"u}ndlichen Zellen erfolgte erst nach der Entstehung von Emphysem-{\"a}hnlichen L{\"a}sionen und k{\"o}nnte zur sp{\"a}teren Tumorbildung beigetragen haben. Diese Ergebnisse unterst{\"u}tzen ein Modell, in welchem der kontinuierliche regenerative Prozess eine tumorf{\"o}rdernde Umgebung schafft. Dabei induziert die Aktivit{\"a}t des onkogenen B-RAF eine alveolare St{\"o}rung, welche urs{\"a}chlich verantwortlich ist f{\"u}r den kontinuierlichen regenerativen Prozess. Das zweite Projekt fokussiert auf die Rolle von endogenem (wildtypischen) B-RAF in einem durch onkogenes C-RAF induzierten Maus Lungentumormodell. F{\"u}r unsere Untersuchungen haben wir eine Mauslinie geschaffen, in welcher B-RAF in den C-RAF Lungentumoren konditionell eliminiert werden kann. Eine konditionelle Eliminierung des B-RAF hat die Entstehung von Lungentumoren nicht blockiert, aber zu reduziertem Tumorwachstum gef{\"u}hrt. Dieses reduzierte Tumorwachstum konnte auf eine reduzierte Zellproliferation zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Außerdem konnten wir durch die B-RAF Elimination eine Reduktion der Intensit{\"a}t der mitogenen Signalkaskade beobachten. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass das onkogene Potential von C-RAF in vivo unabh{\"a}ngig von B-RAF ist und eine Kooperation von B-RAF und C-RAF jedoch f{\"u}r die vollst{\"a}ndige Aktivierung der mitogenen Signalkaskade wichtig ist.},
  subject      = {Lungenkrebs},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Roth2011,
  author    = {Roth, Heide Marie},
  title     = {Nucleotide Excision Repair: From Recognition to Incision of damaged DNA},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57098},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway is able to remove a vast diversity of structurally unrelated DNA lesions and is the only repair mechanism in humans responsible for the excision of UV induced DNA damages. The NER mechanism raises two fundamental questions: 1) How is DNA damage recognition achieved discriminating damaged from non damaged DNA? 2) How is DNA incision regulated preventing endonucleases to cleave DNA non specifically but induce and ensure dual incision of damaged DNA? Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms leading from recognition to incision of damaged DNA. To decipher the underlying process of damage recognition in a prokaryotic model system, the intention of the first part of this work was to co crystallize the helicase UvrB form Bacillus caldotenax together with a DNA substrate comprising a fluorescein adducted thymine as an NER substrate. Incision assays were performed to address the question whether UvrB in complex with the endonuclease UvrC is able to specifically incise damaged DNA employing DNA substrates with unpaired regions at different positions with respect to the DNA lesion. The results presented here indicate that the formation of a specific pre incision complex is independent of the damage sensor UvrA. The preference for 5' bubble substrate suggests that UvrB is able to slide along the DNA favorably in a 5' → 3' direction until it directly encounters a DNA damage on the translocating strand to then recruit the endonuclease UvrC. In the second part of this work, the novel endonuclease Bax1 from Thermoplasma acidophilum was characterized. Due to its close association to archaeal XPB, a potential involvement of Bax1 in archaeal NER has been postulated. Bax1 was shown to be a Mg2+ dependent, structure specific endonuclease incising 3' overhang substrates in the single stranded region close to the ssDNA/dsDNA junction. Site directed mutagenesis of conserved amino acids was employed to identify putative active site residues of Bax1. In complex with the helicase XPB, however, incision activity of Bax1 is altered regarding substrate specificity. The presence of two distinct XPB/Bax1 complexes with different endonuclease activities indicates that XPB regulates Bax1 incision activity providing insights into the physical and functional interactions of XPB and Bax1.},
  subject      = {DNS-Reparatur},
  language  = {en}
}