@phdthesis{Mahdiani2017,
  author    = {Mahdiani, Maryam},
  title     = {Quantitative analysis of fatty acids, cholesterol and oxidation products thereof in human breast adipose tissues},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156102},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present work was to determine the breast adipose tissue composition regarding fatty acids, cholesterol and (aut)oxidation products of cholesterol in women without breast cancer and to identify associated variables. Thus the necessary methods were optimized and validated where required and the breast adipose tissues of women without breast cancer were collected and analyzed. The gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was optimized for detection and separation of 37 relevant fatty acids. Fifty breast adipose tissues were analyzed using the optimized method. 26 fatty acids were detected in breast adipose tissues. The median proportion of saturated (sum of 11 fatty acids), monounsaturated (sum of 5 fatty acids), polyunsaturated (sum of 9 fatty acids) and one trans fatty acid were 34.6\%, 53.2\%, 12.1\% and 0.3\% respectively. Moreover, absolute levels of pentadecanoic acid (median: 0.37 mg/g, range: 0.08 - 1.31 mg/g), elaidic acid (median: 0.50 mg/g, range: 0.09 - 1.92 mg/g), linolenic acid (median: 0.88 mg/g, range: 0.10 - 3.06 mg/g) and docosahexaenoic acid (median: 0.31 mg/g, range: 0.04 - 1.80 mg/g) were determined in breast adipose tissues for the first time. These four fatty acids are indicative for consumption of dairy products, processed fats, vegetable oils such as flax seed oil and fish respectively. Furthermore, for the investigation of cholesterol in breast adipose tissues a gas chromatography was optimized and validated. The accuracies of the method in three independent spiked samples with low, medium and high levels of cholesterol were 99.1 ± 10.1\%, 87.0 ± 11.2\%, and 103.4 ± 4.6\% with precisions of 2.1, 2.1, and 0.8\% respectively. Using external calibration with internal standard cholesterol was quantified in samples (median: 1.1 mg/g, range: 0.7 - 1.5 mg/g). In order to detect (aut)oxidation products of cholesterol, gas chromatography coupled triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was optimized and validated. The accuracy was between 81.6\% and 115.7\% and precisions for low, medium and high oxy-cholesterols levels were below 10.0\%. The quantitative determination of (aut)oxidation products of cholesterol was established using external calibration with an internal standard. The most abundant oxy-cholesterol was 5,6β-Epoxy- (median: 147.2 ng/g, range: 25.7 - 624.2 ng/g), followed by 5,6α-Epoxy- (median: 34.6 ng/g, range: 9.9 - 124.7 ng/g), 7-Keto- (median: 19.1 ng/g, range: 7.9 - 220.6 ng/g), 7α-Hydroxy- (median: 10.2 ng/g, range: 3.8 - 111.3 ng/g) and 7β-Hydroxy-Cholesterol (median: 3.5 ng/g, range: 1.0 - 45.6 ng/g) respectively. Median oxy-cholesterol/cholesterol ratios ranged from 0.0001 (5,6β-Epoxy-Cholesterol) to 0.000003 (7β-Hydroxy-Cholesterol). Finally the associations between fatty acids, cholesterol and oxy-cholesterol were investigated using Spearman's rank correlation. Absolute levels of elaidic acid were positively correlated with levels of linolenic and docosahexaenoic acid (R = 0.79, 0.68, p < 0.01). Absolute levels of linolenic acid were positively associated with levels of docosahexaenoic acid (R = 0.81, p < 0.01). Moreover, relative proportions of saturated fatty acids capric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid were negatively correlated with oleic acid (R = -0.36, -0.71, -0.65, -0.39, p < 0.05). Tissue levels of cholesterol were not correlated with levels of 5,6α/β-Epoxy-Cholesterols but were negatively associated with that of 7α-Hydroxy-, 7β-Hydroxy- and 7-Keto-Cholesterol (R = -0.29, -0.32, -0.29 p = 0.04, 0.02, 0.04). Levels of 7-Keto- and 7-Hydoxy-Cholesterol were strongly correlated with each other (R = 0.81, 0.91, p < 0.01) and, weaker, with 5,6α/β-Epoxy-Cholesterols (R = 0.60-0.70, p < 0.01). 5,6α/β-Epoxy-Cholesterols were associated positively with each other (R = 0.90, P < 0.01). Total oxy-cholesterol, 7β-Hydroxy-Cholesterol, and 5,6β-Epoxy-Cholesterol levels were correlated with relative proportions of elaidic acid (R = 0.30, 0.30, and 0.31 respectively, p = 0.04, 0.03, 0.03, respectively), whereas no correlation was observed between levels of oxy-cholesterols and relative proportion of pentadecanoic acid, linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Furthermore, Spearman's rank correlation was performed to investigate the relationship of fatty acids, cholesterol and oxy-cholesterol with age and body mass index. The relative proportions of total saturated fatty acids were negatively correlated with age (R = -0.47, p < 0.01) and body mass index (R = -0.29, p = 0.05). A positive significant correlation was observed between proportions of oleic acid and body mass index (R = 0.32, p = 0.02). There was no correlation between levels of cholesterol and body mass index or age. Likewise, no correlations of oxy-cholesterol levels with age or body mass index were observed. In sum, in this work the quantification methods of cholesterol and oxy-cholesterol were validated. The validation data met the criteria according to the FDA guideline. Using the validated methods the absolute levels of cholesterol and oxy-cholesterols were determined in breast adipose tissue of human females for the first time.},
  subject      = {Lebensmittelchemie},
  language  = {en}
}